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Linux namespaces and seccomp-bpf sandbox

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# Firejail

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[![Packaging status (Repology)](https://repology.org/badge/tiny-repos/firejail.svg)](https://repology.org/project/firejail/versions)

Firejail is a lightweight security tool intended to protect a Linux system by
setting up a restricted environment for running (potentially untrusted)
applications.

More specifically, it is an SUID sandbox program that reduces the risk of
security breaches by using Linux namespaces, seccomp-bpf and Linux
capabilities.  It allows a process and all its descendants to have their own
private view of the globally shared kernel resources, such as the network
stack, process table and mount table.  Firejail can work in an SELinux or
AppArmor environment, and it is integrated with Linux Control Groups.

Written in C with virtually no dependencies, the software runs on any Linux
computer with a 3.x kernel version or newer.  It can sandbox any type of
processes: servers, graphical applications, and even user login sessions.  The
software includes sandbox profiles for a number of more common Linux programs,
such as Mozilla Firefox, Chromium, VLC, Transmission etc.

The sandbox is lightweight, the overhead is low.  There are no complicated
configuration files to edit, no socket connections open, no daemons running in
the background.  All security features are implemented directly in Linux kernel
and available on any Linux computer.

## Videos

<td>
<a href="https://odysee.com/@netblue30:9/install" target="_blank">
<img src="https://thumbs.odycdn.com/f19bcfa08c2b35658dc18f4e2fd63f3f.webp"
alt="Quick Start" width="240" height="142" border="10" />
<br/>Quick Start
</a>
</td>

<td>
<a href="https://odysee.com/@netblue30:9/firefox" target="_blank">
<img src="https://thumbs.odycdn.com/acf4b1c66737feb97640fb1d28a7daa6.png"
alt="Advanced Browser Security" width="240" height="142" border="10" />
<br/>Advanced Browser Security
</a>
</td>

<td>
<a href="https://odysee.com/@netblue30:9/tor" target="_blank">
<img src="https://thumbs.odycdn.com/f6aa82bd7b86b2f17caed03ccb870d2b.webp"
alt="Tor Browser Security" width="240" height="142" border="10" />
<br/>Tor Browser Security
</a>
</td>

</tr>
</table>

## Links

* Project webpage: <https://firejail.wordpress.com/>
* IRC: <https://web.libera.chat/#firejail>
* Download and Installation: <https://firejail.wordpress.com/download-2/>
* Features: <https://firejail.wordpress.com/features-3/>
* Documentation: <https://firejail.wordpress.com/documentation-2/>
* FAQ: <https://github.com/netblue30/firejail/wiki/Frequently-Asked-Questions>
* Wiki: <https://github.com/netblue30/firejail/wiki>
* GitHub Actions: <https://github.com/netblue30/firejail/actions>
* GitLab CI: <https://gitlab.com/Firejail/firejail_ci/pipelines>
* Debian CI: <https://salsa.debian.org/reiner/firejail>
* Debian Package Tracker: <https://tracker.debian.org/pkg/firejail>
* Ubuntu PPA: <https://launchpad.net/~deki/+archive/ubuntu/firejail>
* Video Channel: <https://odysee.com/@netblue30:9?order=new>
* Backup Video Channel: <https://www.bitchute.com/profile/JSBsA1aoQVfW/>

## Security vulnerabilities

See [SECURITY.md](SECURITY.md).

## Installing

For the supported versions, see [SECURITY.md](SECURITY.md).

### Debian

Note: The versions from Debian stable and backports are likely to be outdated,
so currently we recommend either downloading and installing the .deb package
from the latest release:

* <https://github.com/netblue30/firejail/releases/latest>

Or [building from source](#building).

<details>
<summary>Old instructions</summary>

Debian stable (bullseye): We recommend to use the
[backports](https://packages.debian.org/bullseye-backports/firejail) package.

</details>

### Ubuntu

Note: The versions from the distribution and PPA are likely to be outdated, so
currently we recommend either downloading and installing the .deb package from
the latest release:

* <https://github.com/netblue30/firejail/releases/latest>

Or [building from source](#building).

<details>
<summary>Old instructions</summary>

Note: The PPA recommendation is mainly for firejail itself; it should be fine
to install firetools and firejail-related tools directly from the distribution
if they are not in the PPA as they tend to be updated less frequently.

For Ubuntu 18.04+ and derivatives (such as Linux Mint), users are **strongly
advised** to use the
[PPA](https://launchpad.net/~deki/+archive/ubuntu/firejail).

How to add and install from the PPA:

```sh
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deki/firejail
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install firejail firejail-profiles
```

Reason: The firejail package for Ubuntu 20.04 has been left vulnerable to
CVE-2021-26910 for months after a patch for it was posted on Launchpad:

* [CVE-2021-26910](https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-2q4h-h5jp-942w)
* [firejail version in Ubuntu 20.04 LTS is vulnerable to
  CVE-2021-26910](https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/firejail/+bug/1916767)

See also <https://wiki.ubuntu.com/SecurityTeam/FAQ>:

> What software is supported by the Ubuntu Security team?
>
> Ubuntu is currently divided into four components: main, restricted, universe
> and multiverse.  All binary packages in main and restricted are supported by
> the Ubuntu Security team for the life of an Ubuntu release, while binary
> packages in universe and multiverse are supported by the Ubuntu community.

Additionally, the PPA version is likely to be more recent and to contain more
profile fixes.

See the following discussions for details:

* [Should I keep using the version of firejail available in my distro
  repos?](https://github.com/netblue30/firejail/discussions/4666)
* [How to install the latest version on Ubuntu and
  derivatives](https://github.com/netblue30/firejail/discussions/4663)

</details>

### Other

Firejail is available in multiple Linux distributions:

<details>
<summary>Repology</summary>
<p>

[![Packaging status (Repology)](https://repology.org/badge/vertical-allrepos/firejail.svg)](https://repology.org/project/firejail/versions)

</p>
</details>

Other than the [aforementioned exceptions](#installing), as long as your
distribution provides a [supported version](SECURITY.md) of firejail, it's
generally a good idea to install it from the distribution.

The version can be checked with `firejail --version` after installing.

You can also install one of the [released
packages](https://github.com/netblue30/firejail/releases).

## Building

Instructions for building and installing the current development version from
source.

It is recommended to use the distribution-specific instructions below when
applicable, as they generate native packages, which should make integration
with the rest of the system and package management easier.

For other distributions, see the [generic instructions](#generic).

See also [.gitlab-ci.yml](.gitlab-ci.yml) for how distribution-specific builds
are done in CI.

### Arch

Note: The AUR package is not maintained by us.

Install [firejail-git](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/firejail-git) from
the AUR.

Example:

```sh
yay -S firejail-git
```

### Debian

For Debian, Ubuntu and derivatives:

Note: Any ./configure flags should be passed to [`mkdeb.sh`](mkdeb.sh)
(such as `./mkdeb.sh --enable-foo`).

```sh
sudo apt-get update -qy
sudo apt-get install -qy \
  git build-essential fakeroot lintian libapparmor-dev pkg-config gawk
git clone 'https://github.com/netblue30/firejail.git' &&
cd firejail &&
./configure &&
make dist &&
./mkdeb.sh &&
sudo dpkg -i ./*.deb &&
make installcheck
```

### Fedora

For Fedora and derivatives:

Note: Any ./configure flags should be passed to [`mkrpm.sh`](platform/rpm/mkrpm.sh)
(such as `./platform/rpm/mkrpm.sh --enable-foo`).

```sh
sudo dnf update -y
sudo dnf install -y rpm-build gcc make
git clone 'https://github.com/netblue30/firejail.git' &&
cd firejail &&
./configure &&
make dist &&
./platform/rpm/mkrpm.sh &&
sudo rpm -i ./*.rpm &&
make installcheck
```

### Generic

Generic build/install instructions:

```sh
git clone 'https://github.com/netblue30/firejail.git' &&
cd firejail &&
./configure &&
make -j "$(nproc)" &&
sudo make install-strip &&
make installcheck
```

On Debian/Ubuntu you will need to install git and gcc.

To build with AppArmor support (which is usually used on Debian, Ubuntu,
openSUSE and derivatives), install the AppArmor development libraries and
pkg-config and use the `--enable-apparmor` ./configure option:

```sh
sudo apt-get install git build-essential libapparmor-dev pkg-config gawk
```

To build with SELinux support (which is usually used on Fedora, RHEL and
derivatives), install libselinux1-dev (libselinux-devel on Fedora) and use the
`--enable-selinux` ./configure option.

Detailed information on using firejail from git is available on the
[wiki](https://github.com/netblue30/firejail/wiki/Using-firejail-from-git).

## Running the sandbox

Note: Make sure to use the full path to the program (for example, `firejail
/usr/bin/firefox` instead of `firejail firefox`) to avoid potential
firejail-in-firejail issues (see
[#2877](https://github.com/netblue30/firejail/issues/2877)).

To start the sandbox, prefix your command with `firejail`:

```sh
firejail /usr/bin/firefox            # starting Mozilla Firefox
firejail /usr/bin/transmission-gtk   # starting Transmission BitTorrent
firejail /usr/bin/vlc                # starting VideoLAN Client
sudo firejail /etc/init.d/nginx start
```

Run `firejail --list` in a terminal to list all active sandboxes.  Example:

```console
$ firejail --list
1617:netblue:/usr/bin/firejail /usr/bin/firefox-esr
7719:netblue:/usr/bin/firejail /usr/bin/transmission-qt
7779:netblue:/usr/bin/firejail /usr/bin/galculator
7874:netblue:/usr/bin/firejail /usr/bin/vlc --started-from-file file:///home/netblue/firejail-whitelist.mp4
7916:netblue:firejail --list
```

## Desktop integration

Integrate your sandbox into your desktop by running the following two commands:

```sh
firecfg --fix-sound
sudo firecfg
```

The first command solves some shared memory/PID namespace bugs in PulseAudio
software prior to version 9.  The second command integrates Firejail into your
desktop.  You would need to logout and login back to apply PulseAudio changes.

Start your programs the way you are used to: desktop manager menus, file
manager, desktop launchers.

The integration applies to any program supported by default by Firejail.  There
are over 900 default applications in the current Firejail version, and the
number goes up with every new release.

We keep the application list in
[src/firecfg/firecfg.config](src/firecfg/firecfg.config)
(/etc/firejail/firecfg.config when installed).

## Security profiles

Most Firejail command line options can be passed to the sandbox using profile
files.

You can find the profiles for all supported applications in [etc/](etc/)
(/etc/firejail/ when installed).

We also keep a list of profile fixes for previous released versions in
[etc-fixes/](etc-fixes/).

If you keep additional Firejail security profiles in a public repository,
please give us a link:

* <https://github.com/chiraag-nataraj/firejail-profiles>
* <https://github.com/triceratops1/fe>

Use this issue to request new profiles:

* [Profile requests](https://github.com/netblue30/firejail/issues/1139)

You can also use this tool to get a list of syscalls needed by a program:

* [contrib/syscalls.sh](contrib/syscalls.sh)

## Uninstalling

firecfg creates symlinks in /usr/local/bin, so to fully remove firejail, run
the following before uninstalling:

```sh
sudo firecfg --clean
```

See `man firecfg` for details.

Note: Broken symlinks are ignored when searching for an executable in `$PATH`,
so uninstalling without doing the above should not cause issues.

## Latest released version: 0.9.80

## Current development version: 0.9.81

### Landlock support - ongoing/experimental

* Added on #6078, which is based on #5315 from ChrysoliteAzalea/landlock
* Compile-time detection based on linux/landlock.h - if the header is found,
  the feature is compiled in
* Runtime detection based on whether Landlock is supported by the kernel and is
  enabled on the system

```text
LANDLOCK
       Landlock is a Linux security module first introduced in version 5.13 of
       the  Linux  kernel.  It allows unprivileged processes to restrict their
       access to the filesystem.  Once imposed, these restrictions  can  never
       be  removed,  and  all child processes created by a Landlock-restricted
       processes inherit these restrictions.  Firejail supports Landlock as an
       additional  sandboxing  feature.  It can be used to ensure that a sand‐
       boxed application can only access files and directories that it was ex‐
       plicitly  allowed  to access.  Firejail supports populating the ruleset
       with both a basic set of rules (see --landlock) and with a  custom  set
       of rules.

Important notes:

- A process can install a Landlock ruleset only if it has either
              CAP_SYS_ADMIN in its effective capability set, or  the  "No  New
              Privileges"  restriction enabled.  Because of this, enabling the
              Landlock feature will also cause Firejail to enable the "No  New
              Privileges"  restriction,  regardless  of  the  profile  or  the
              --nonewprivs command line option.

- Access to the /proc directory is managed through  the  --land‐
              lock.proc command line option.

-  Access  to  the  /etc directory is automatically allowed.  To
              override this, use the --writable-etc command line option.   You
              can  also use the --private-etc option to restrict access to the
              /etc directory.

To enable Landlock self-restriction on top of your current Firejail se‐
       curity  features,  pass  --landlock flag to Firejail command line.  You
       can also use --landlock.read, --landlock.write, --landlock.special  and
       --landlock.execute  options  together with --landlock or instead of it.
       Example:

$ firejail --landlock --landlock.read=/media --landlock.proc=ro /usr/bin/mc
```

### Profile Statistics

A small tool to print profile statistics.  Compile and install as usual.  The
tool is installed in the /usr/lib/firejail directory.

Run it over the profiles in /etc/profiles:

```console
$ /usr/lib/firejail/profstats /etc/firejail/*.profile
No include .local found in /etc/firejail/noprofile.profile
Warning: multiple caps in /etc/firejail/tidal-hifi.profile
Warning: multiple caps in /etc/firejail/tqemu.profile
Warning: multiple caps in /etc/firejail/transmission-daemon.profile
Warning: multiple caps in /etc/firejail/trivalent.profile

Stats:
    profiles			1342
    include local profile	1341   (include profile-name.local)
    include globals		1307   (include globals.local)
    blacklist ~/.ssh		1201   (include disable-common.inc)
    seccomp			1213
    capabilities		1335
    noexec			1214   (include disable-exec.inc)
    noroot			1105
    memory-deny-write-execute	320
    restrict-namespaces		1048
    apparmor			869
    private-bin			817
    private-dev			1172
    private-etc			842
    private-cache		865
    private-lib			86
    private-tmp			1036
    whitelist home directory	662
    whitelist var		975   (include whitelist-var-common.inc)
    whitelist run/user		1305   (include whitelist-runuser-common.inc
					or blacklist ${RUNUSER})
    whitelist usr/share		760   (include whitelist-usr-share-common.inc
    net none			452
    dbus-user none 		766
    dbus-user filter 		206
    dbus-system none 		970
    dbus-system filter 		13

```

firejail

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