arm-pcie-gpu-patches

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arm-pcie-gpu-patches

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Linux kernel patches for running external GPUs on various Arm hardware.

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# arm-pcie-gpu-patches
This repository contains a set of patches that enable external GPUs on Arm platforms with non-standard PCIe integrations. It is based on the [Ampere Altra Linux patches](https://github.com/AmpereComputing/linux-ampere-altra-erratum-pcie-65), with additional fixes to support a wider range of systems and kernel versions.

## Supported hardware
### AMD
All AMD cards supported by the `amdgpu` driver should work fine.

Testing has been done on an RK3588-based SBC with an AMD Radeon RX 580 connected via a cheap M.2 to PCIe x4 adapter.

### NVIDIA
See the [nvidia-wip](https://github.com/mariobalanica/arm-pcie-gpu-patches/tree/nvidia-wip) branch. It contains patches for both the open and proprietary NVIDIA kernel modules, along with experimental `nouveau` patches. Also check out the [open-gpu-kernel-modules pull request](https://github.com/NVIDIA/open-gpu-kernel-modules/pull/972).

On RK3588 running [EDK2](https://github.com/edk2-porting/edk2-rk3588) built from the latest source + patched NVIDIA modules, no kernel changes are necessary. U-Boot/DT boot may require `0004-PCI-dwrockchip-Disable-root-port-BARs.patch` with DT changes to correct the PCIe MMIO regions.

### Background
Most Arm SoCs suffer from the same PCIe memory access and caching issues, which the current patches try to address. Additionally, some SoCs may also:
* lack sufficient contiguous MMIO space to accomodate the large VRAM BAR of GPUs (e.g. RX 580 needs over 256 MB, while the older RK3399 only has 30 MB).
* have a 32-bit (or less...) DMA constraint (might be an issue for > 4 GB RAM with some drivers).
* have a strict 32-bit access requirement for MMIO (i.e. even a 64-bit aligned access will not work).

These latter limitations can make the hardware totally unsuitable for GPU usage.

## How to use
### 1) Clone the Linux kernel and install the necessary build tools
If your device is not supported upstream, then you'll need to use the BSP provided by the vendor.

### 2) Clone this repository and apply the patches onto the kernel tree
```bash
~/linux$ git am -3 ../arm-pcie-gpu-patches/linux/<VERSION>/*.patch
```

> [!NOTE]
> The patches apply to kernel 6.1 and later (verified up to 6.17).
>
> Use the latest `<VERSION>` that is less than or equal to your kernel version. E.g. for kernel 6.6, use the 6.1 patch set.

### 3) Configure and build the kernel
Make sure that the relevant DRM GPU drivers and workarounds provided here are enabled in the kernel config.

All workarounds default to `Y` (as intended for RK3588), but some platforms may not require everything. For instance:
* `CONFIG_ARM64_FORCE_PCIE_MMIO_DEVICE_MAPPINGS` impacts performance and should be disabled if unaligned accesses to PCIe MMIO work correctly.
* `CONFIG_DRM_FORCE_DMA_WRITE_COMBINED_MAPPINGS` may cause issues on cache-coherent PCIe (can disable for Altra).

### 4) Install the new kernel and additional firmware
GPU devices require non-free firmware. E.g. for AMD GPUs on Debian, install `firmware-amd-graphics`.

## UEFI support
It is also possible to get UEFI GOP support on these systems. A fully fledged UEFI implementation is required, i.e. EDK2-based.

GPUs bundle an x64 UEFI driver in the OpROM, which can be executed through an [emulator](https://github.com/andreiw/MultiArchUefiPkg).

### AMD
AMD's x64 OpROM driver assumes cache-coherent PCIe, which may not be the case on your system leading to a corrupted display image.

Instead, you need to use the [AArch64 drivers](https://www.amd.com/en/resources/support-articles/release-notes/RN-AAR.html).

The drivers above (along with the emulator) need to be loaded by the firmware somehow. They can be:
* [injected into the firmware image](https://github.com/pbatard/EfiFs/wiki/Adding-a-driver-to-a-UEFI-firmware)

* [flashed into the card's OpROM](https://www.workofard.com/2020/12/aarch64-option-roms-for-amd-gpus/)

* included as part of the firmware build process (if the firmware is open). See:
  * <https://github.com/edk2-porting/edk2-rk3588/tree/824e6c12168a51cf72470fb43da60642e835198f/edk2-rockchip-non-osi/Drivers/AMD/Gop>
  * <https://github.com/edk2-porting/edk2-rk3588/blob/824e6c12168a51cf72470fb43da60642e835198f/edk2-rockchip/Silicon/Rockchip/Rockchip.dsc.inc#L638-L640>
  * <https://github.com/edk2-porting/edk2-rk3588/blob/824e6c12168a51cf72470fb43da60642e835198f/edk2-rockchip/Silicon/Rockchip/FvMainModules.fdf.inc#L131-L133>

Note: if you're not getting any display output and the card has a dual BIOS switch, try toggling it. The GOP driver will not load if the VBIOS is modded with a mismatched signature.

### NVIDIA
Support may vary based on the card.

The x64 OpROM driver in an RTX 3050 has been verified to run correctly under the emulator (with a small caveat that the driver does not support MMIO translation for the framebuffer).

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