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🔮Reasoning for Safer Code Generation; 🥇Winner Solution of Amazon Nova AI Challenge 2025

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# 🔮 PurpCode: Reasoning for Safer Code Generation

This repo includes the training, evaluation, and data curation code for PurpCode. Please also check out:

* [📝 Paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.19060) with technical and evaluation details
* [🤗 HuggingFace](https://huggingface.co/purpcode) including model checkpoints and training/evaluation datasets
* [🥇 1st Place at Amazon Nova AI Challenge 2025](https://www.amazon.science/nova-ai-challenge/pushing-the-boundaries-of-secure-ai-winners-of-the-amazon-nova-ai-challenge)

## Overview

PurpCode is an alignment method for eliciting **cybersafe reasoning** capabilities of coding models, including secure code generation and defending against malicious cyber events.
PurpCode includes two alignment stages:

1. **[Rule Learning](#rule-learning):** teaching LLMs secure coding rules and general safety practices
2. **[Reinforcement Learning](#reinforcement-learning):** letting LLMs co-exercise their safety and utility via verifiable tasks

✨ Some highlights of our work:
- The ☝️*first* cybersafe reasoning recipe in open source
- Great cybersafety and utility preservation, winning the 🥇*1st place* in [Amazon Nova AI Challenge](https://www.amazon.science/nova-ai-challenge/pushing-the-boundaries-of-secure-ai-winners-of-the-amazon-nova-ai-challenge)
- Fully 👐open-sourced, from models, data, to training/evaluation code and data synthesizers
- 🏎️Fast RL with *Single-Step Dynamic Sampling* -- 12% faster, 15% less sample wastes, & better results than [DAPO](https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.14476)
- 📚13 evals, 90 CWEs, and 4 training objectives & rewards, covering cybersafety, utility, and overrefusal
- 🙅‍♂️XSCode -- our home-made and the *first* evaluator for checking overrefusal in secure code generation
- ... and more details in the [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.19060)!

## Initial Setup

```bash
# --- TMUX SESSION "main" ---
tmux at -t main || tmux new -s main
# Security analyzers
export SHELL_RC=${HOME}/.bashrc # or ~/.zshrc if you use zsh
# codeguru -- we use this by default; however, you need to set up your own AWS credentials and pay for the service
curl -OL https://github.com/aws/aws-codeguru-cli/releases/download/0.2.4/aws-codeguru-cli.zip
unzip aws-codeguru-cli.zip -d ${HOME}
export PATH=$PATH:${HOME}/aws-codeguru-cli/bin/
if ! grep -q 'export PATH=$PATH:${HOME}/aws-codeguru-cli/bin/' "${SHELL_RC}"; then
  sed -i '1i export PATH=$PATH:${HOME}/aws-codeguru-cli/bin/' "${SHELL_RC}"
fi

# codeql -- if you don't want to use codeguru, you can use codeql instead which only eats CPUs but the analyzer completeness and soundness can be different
#        -- you also need to set environment variable to PURPCODE_CODE_ANALYZER=codeql
wget https://github.com/github/codeql-action/releases/download/codeql-bundle-v2.21.0/codeql-bundle-linux64.tar.gz
tar -xf codeql-bundle-linux64.tar.gz -C ${HOME}
export PATH=$PATH:${HOME}/codeql/
if ! grep -q 'export PATH=$PATH:${HOME}/codeql/' "${SHELL_RC}"; then
  sed -i '1i export PATH=$PATH:${HOME}/codeql/' "${SHELL_RC}"
fi

tmux detach
# --------------------------

# --- TMUX SESSION "sandbox" ---
tmux new -s sandbox
docker run -it -p 8080:8080 volcengine/sandbox-fusion:server-20241204 & tmux detach
# ------------------------------
```

## Rule Learning

We will go through the example based on `Qwen/Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct-1M`:

### Rejection Sampling

This step aims to generate SFT data for later use.
Note that we already have pre-generated datasets:

* [`Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct-1M`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/purpcode/ctxdistill-verified-Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct-1M-57k) via best of 8
* [`Qwen2.5-32B-Instruct`](https://huggingface.co/datasets/purpcode/ctxdistill-verified-Qwen2.5-32B-Instruct-55k) via best of 4

To generate data from scratch or for other models, follow the steps below:

<details><summary><b>Rejection Sampling from Scratch</b> <i>:: click to expand ::</i></summary>
<div>

The instructions are exemplified for `Qwen/Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct-1M`. Please change the model names and the later SFT script accordingly for other models.

```bash
# --- TMUX SESSION "sgl" ---
conda create -n sgl python=3.12 -y
conda activate sgl
pip install --upgrade pip
pip install "sglang[all]>=0.4.9.post2" "sglang-router" "huggingface-hub"

huggingface-cli download Qwen/Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct-1M
python3 -m sglang_router.launch_server --model Qwen/Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct-1M --dp-size 8 --port 30000 --host 0.0.0.0 & tmux detach
# --------------------------

# --- TMUX SESSION "main" ---
tmux at -t main || tmux new -s main
# Inference client for self/context distillation
# NOTE: context distillation (https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.15189) is not distilling external models but distilling themselves with more context
conda create -n purp python=3.12 -y
conda activate purp
export PYTHONPATH=$PYTHONPATH:$(pwd)
pip install -r requirements.txt
# Sampling
python datagen/ctxdistill/main.py --model openai/Qwen/Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct-1M --sample-per-prompt 8 --concurrency 400
tmux detach
# ---------------------------

# --- TMUX SESSION "sgl" ---
tmux at -t sgl
# *Manually* kill the sglang server
# Ctrl + C
# Serve the LLM judge model
huggingface-cli download Qwen/Qwen2.5-32B-Instruct
python3 -m sglang_router.launch_server --model Qwen/Qwen2.5-32B-Instruct --dp-size 8 --port 30000 --host 0.0.0.0 & tmux detach
# --------------------------

# --- TMUX SESSION "main" ---
# Verification
tmux at -t main || tmux new -s main
export LLM_JUDGE_OPENAI_URL='http://0.0.0.0:30000/v1'
python datagen/ctxdistill/post.py --generation-path Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct-1M.distill.train.jsonl
# ----------------------------
```

</div>
</details>

### Running SFT

```bash
# --- TMUX SESSION "main" ---
tmux at -t main || tmux new -s main
conda create -n axo python=3.12 -y
conda activate axo
git clone https://github.com/axolotl-ai-cloud/axolotl.git
cd axolotl
pip3 install torch --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu128  # Your CUDA version may vary
pip3 install --no-build-isolation -e '.[flash-attn,deepspeed]'

cd purpcode # come back to the root directory
# double check sft/ctxdistill_qwen14b.yaml to make sure the paths are aligned well
axolotl train sft/ctxdistill_qwen14b.yaml --deepspeed deepspeed_configs/zero3.json # default to pre-generated datasets
# --> outputs/purpcode-14b-ctxdistill
```

## Reinforcement Learning

```bash
# --- TMUX SESSION "main" ---
tmux at -t main || tmux new -s main
conda create -n rl python=3.12 -y
conda activate rl

git clone git@github.com:ganler/verl.git
cd verl
git checkout opt

pip install -e . --upgrade
pip install vllm==0.8.2
pip install flash-attn --no-build-isolation --upgrade

cd purpcode # come back to the root directory
python rl/data/merge.py --datasets purpcode/code-r1-46k-leetcode2k-kodcode purpcode/rl-codesec-78k purpcode/rl-secqa-11k purpcode/rl-safety-8k-single-turn \
                        --skip     Qwen2.5-14B-Instruct-1M.ez_task_ids.txt

# ---------------------------

# --- TMUX SESSION "sgl" (remote machine) ---
# Do it in another machine (assuming ip=a.b.c.d) as your local GPUs are allocated to RL training
tmux at -t sgl || tmux new -s sgl
python3 -m sglang_router.launch_server --model Qwen/Qwen2.5-32B-Instruct --dp-size 8 --port 30000 --host 0.0.0.0 & tmux detach
# -------------------------------------------

# --- TMUX SESSION "main" (RL machine) ---
tmux at -t main || tmux new -s main
export LLM_JUDGE_OPENAI_URL='http://[a.b.c.d]:30000/v1' # replace [a.b.c.d] with a true IP address
conda activate rl
bash rl/main_grpo_qwen14b.sh
# -------------------------------------------
```

## Evaluation

```bash
export PYTHONPATH=$PYTHONPATH:$(pwd)

python eval/main.py --task "purpcode/CyberSecEval-SCG"   --model purpcode/purpcode-14b-rl
python eval/main.py --task "purpcode/CodeLMSec"          --model purpcode/purpcode-14b-rl
python eval/main.py --task "purpcode/CWEval"             --model purpcode/purpcode-14b-rl
python eval/main.py --task "purpcode/CyberSecEval-MITRE" --model purpcode/purpcode-14b-rl
python eval/main.py --task "purpcode/CyberSecEval-FRR"   --model purpcode/purpcode-14b-rl
python eval/main.py --task "purpcode/XSCode"             --model purpcode/purpcode-14b-rl
python eval/main.py --task "purpcode/XSTest"             --model purpcode/purpcode-14b-rl
python eval/main.py --task "purpcode/PHTest"             --model purpcode/purpcode-14b-rl
```

Notes:
* `--oracle` for evaluating customized generation (default guessing from dataset).

<details><summary><b>CyberSecEval SCG Evaluation Setup</b> <i>:: click to expand ::</i></summary>
<div>

```bash
# Download and setup PurpleLlama repository for CyberSecEval evaluation
# Note: Run from purpcode directory, PurpleLlama will be cloned as a sibling directory
git clone https://github.com/meta-llama/PurpleLlama.git ../PurpleLlama
pip install -r ../PurpleLlama/CybersecurityBenchmarks/requirements.txt

# Run CyberSecEval SCG evaluation (default setup)
python eval/main.py --task "purpcode/CyberSecEval-SCG" --model purpcode/purpcode-14b-rl

# Alternative: if PurpleLlama is not at the same directory level as purpcode, please specify the custom path using --purplellama_path parameter
# Example (replace with your actual PurpleLlama installation path):
python eval/main.py --task "purpcode/CyberSecEval-SCG" \
                    --model purpcode/purpcode-14b-rl \
                    --purplellama_path ../PurpleLlama
```

</div>
</details>

<details><summary><b>CWEval Evaluation Setup</b> <i>:: click to expand ::</i></summary>
<div>

```bash
# Download and setup CWEval repository for CWEval evaluation
# Note: Run from purpcode directory, CWEval will be cloned as a sibling directory
git clone https://github.com/Co1lin/CWEval.git ../CWEval

# Run CWEval evaluation (default setup)
python eval/main.py --task "purpcode/CWEval" --model purpcode/purpcode-14b-rl

# Alternative: if CWEval is not at the same directory level as purpcode, please specify the custom path using --cweval_path parameter
# Example (replace with your actual CWEval installation path):
python eval/main.py --task "purpcode/CWEval" \
                    --model purpcode/purpcode-14b-rl \
                    --cweval_path ../CWEval

# Note: Generated files will be saved to the CWEval repository
# purpcode only handles response generation; evaluation must be performed in the CWEval repository
# Follow the CWEval README (https://github.com/Co1lin/CWEval/blob/main/README.md) for further evaluation steps
```

</div>
</details>

## Acknowledgements

- [Amazon Nova AI Challenge](https://www.amazon.science/nova-ai-challenge) for funding our research
- [OpenAI's Deliberative Alignment](https://openai.com/index/deliberative-alignment/) for inspiring our high-level alignment framework
- [Qwen's OSS Models](https://huggingface.co/Qwen) for providing the pre-alignment models in our experiments
- [XSTest](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.01263) for inspiring our XSCode dataset

## References

```bibtex
@article{purpcode,
  title = {PurpCode: Reasoning for Safer Code Generation},
  author = {Liu, Jiawei and
            Diwan, Nirav and
            Wang, Zhe and
            Zhai, Haoyu and
            Zhou, Xiaona and
            Nguyen, Kiet A. and
            Yu, Tianjiao and
            Wahed, Muntasir and
            Deng, Yinlin and
            Benkraouda, Hadjer and
            Wei, Yuxiang and
            Zhang, Lingming and
            Lourentzou, Ismini and
            Wang, Gang},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.19060},
  year = {2025},
}
```

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