bqml_ga_demo

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### What does this Looker Block do for me?
**(1) Machine Learning** - utilize BigQuery's new Machine Learning functionality with Looker! In this example, we use a binary machine learning model to determine, out of all the visitors that come to our website each day, specifically which of those customers will make a conversion.

**(2) Combine Multiple Data Sources** - Combine your GA data with data from AdWords, DoubleClick, Facebook Ads, Salesforce, and more to get a holistic view of all your customer data in one central view (see bottom of this page for instructions).

**(3) Replicate Existing GA Reports + More** - Replicate all your existing GA reports and dashboards in a matter of minutes or hours to make the switch to Looker seamless. Plus, enjoy all the additional value-add analysis that comes turnkey with this plug-and-play model and dashboards. Time-to-value for a new data tool has never been quicker.

**(4) Compare Multiple Dimensions and Metrics** - rather than being limited to viewing 1 dimension, and 2-4 metrics at a time, Looker allows you to compare any number of dimensions and metrics, including retroactive goals and custom user segments, on the same visualization or dashboard.

**(5) Enterprise Data Platform** - Take advantage of Looker's data platform functionality, including [data actions](https://discourse.looker.com/t/data-actions/3573), scheduling, permissions, alerting, parameterization (each user can only see their own data), and more

**(6) Multiple GA Properties in One Dashboard** - Elevate your analysis beyond the limited "Roll-Up Reporting" and see all properties in one dashboard and explore interface! The parameterize user permissions as necessary (so analyst for website A can't see data for website B) to give each user a live view into the data that matters to them

**(7) Usable / Shareable Dashboards** - create centralized dashboards for the entire team, and departmental or individual dashboards for each user, and rest easy knowing everyone is looking at the same information at all times. Then schedule the dashboard for emails or alerts, period-end reporting, anomaly detection, or whatever else serves your use-case.

### BQML Overview

#### The models: 
* **Inputs**: In the view file for the “predictions” in this block, we start by creating two Native Derived Tables: one for training and one for testing. In principle these could be changed for anything that we want to predict (in this  case it is a prediction of future purchases from any given session). It is important that these two have the exact same columns in them.
* **ML Models**: The next step is to create a machine learning model using BQML’s syntax, as a derived table with Looker’s  `sql_create:` tag. This allows us full control over the parameters of the ML model. In this example we are using Logistic Regression, which will inform what model statistics come out of the ML Model. 
* **Evaluation and Training statistics**: The next 3 explores (future_purchase_model_evaluation, future_purchase_model_training_info and roc_curve) need to additional modification. These enable our dashboard to give us the metrics we need to evaluate our ML model.
* **Future predictions**: The last NDT should have identical columns to our input (training/testing) NDTs, but without the actual column to predict. Once we have this we can again use BQML’s `PREDICT` function to use the model we made for actual predictions for the future. That view can be expanded and embellished to get the metrics we are interested in.
* **Final explore**: Finally, we can take this set of predictions and join it to the main explore that we have to seamlessly explore all our data with the predictions of the ML models.

#### The Dashboard:
* **Training info**: At the bottom of this dashboard is an overview of the training of our model: how long it took, how many iterations, and how it improved over time (loss function: lower is better). This can be useful information to know as you tweak your model to made sure training isn’t taking too long, or that the algorithm isn’t getting stuck somewhere. 
* **Model Performance (Static)**: At the top of the dashboard we see what the out-of-the-box version of the model does (static) in terms of accuracy, recall, and F1 score. We can also see the ROC-Curve and the precision-recall curve for tradeoffs the model has between accuracy, recall, and precision. 
* **Model Performance (Threshold)**: At the bottom of the top section we can see the details of the ROC-Curve in a table, and we can use that to do some quick scenario testing. In the filters of the dashboard, we can put in a desired confidence threshold for what we would like to use to classify (as opposed to the default 50%), our positives and negatives. Running the dashboard with a new threshold will update the dynamic (threshold) parts of the dashboard to give us the error matrix, and new accuracy, recall, F1, and precision values at that threshold. 
* **Looking at the future**: We can click on any of the threshold values in our detailed ROC-Curve table, and we will get an option to look at “Likely customers to purchase.” This will give us a list of all predicted “positives” in the current data that have at least that propensity to be positive. While the rest of the dashboard is looking into the past/training/testing data, this applies those parameters to the future, “unlabeled” data.

### Google Analytics Premium Data Structure

* Google Analytics Premium (GA360) data is exported (in this case, through [Transfer Services](https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/transfer/)) in the format of a single flat table with a new entry for each session. Rather than creating new tables for each entity attribute, Google places aggregate or attribute information in nested fields in the single table. For more information on Nested Fields, and why Google chooses to use them, please refer to this overview on [Why Nesting is so Cool](https://discourse.looker.com/t/why-nesting-is-so-cool/4182).

* There are two types of nested fields: repeated fields and non-repeated fields. In Standard SQL, both are stored as ``ARRAY``s, which can contain both [simple and complex data types](https://cloud.google.com/bigquery/docs/reference/standard-sql/arrays). Non-repeated fields can be unnested and joined using a ``one_to_one`` relationship. Repeated fields are unnested, and joined on through a ``one_to_many`` join (see lines 30-34 of the ``ga_block`` view for an example). Please take note that brackets are used for non-repeated fields, and not used for repeated fields, in the join syntax. This is a critical element to working with nested fields in BigQuery.

* Google's documentation on the data included in the export can be [found here](https://support.google.com/analytics/answer/3437719?hl=en).

* You can also find a cookbook of SQL queries for common questions in [Google's documentation](https://support.google.com/analytics/answer/4419694?hl=en&ref_topic=3416089#query6_SequenceOfHits)

### Block Structure

* ``ga_block`` contains all join logic and all individual view files, dimensions, and measures. You'll notice each view file has an ``extension: required`` parameter, which is also why each table has a ``_base`` suffix. This means each file must be appended to another table to show up on the Explore page. These other tables are located in the ``ga_customize`` view. Documentation on extends can be [found here](https://looker.com/docs/data-modeling/learning-lookml/extends?version=4.10&lookml=new).

* ``ga_customze``: contains all the extended view files. If your organization uses any custom fields with Google Analytics, this is where you can insert those fields. In-line directions are provided in the code. *_It's important to note that, if you want to Explore a table, there must be an extends parameter under the corresponding table in this view file_*. For example, if I wanted to explore ``trafficsource``, I would add an ``extends: [trafficsource_base]`` parameter under ``view: trafficsource``.

### Customizations

* **Connection**: in the `google_analytics_block` model file, change the connection name at the top to the name of your BQ connection.

* **View**: the line for ``sql_table_name`` in the  ``ga_customize`` view must be changed to match the user's schema and table name, in the format of ``<data_set>.ga_session_*``.

* **(Optional) Multiple Properties / Websites**: If you have more than one website (property), you can choose to view all websites at the same time, or dynamically select the website for each query. You can also parameterize queries so that certain users can only see data for the websites they have permission to view. The field for website is called ``ga_sessions.hits.hits_sourcePropertyInfo``, which can be found at the bottom of the ``ga_block`` file.

* **(Optional) Visit Start Time**: Substitute `sql: (TIMESTAMP(${partition_date}))` with `sql: (TIMESTAMP(${visitStartSeconds}))`. We've referenced `partition_date` in this model for demo purposes due to a limited fake dataset.

### Bringing in Custom User Segments and Goals

* **Customer User Segments**: Google Analytics provides great, out-of-the-box capabilities to create user segments based on up to 5 dimensions (e.g. demographic info, referral path, etc.). While these custom user segments are not exported to the GAP data set natively, it's easier, and more flexible, to recreate these segments in Looker. Simply create a dimension using a `Case When` statement, including all of the dimensions you'd like to filter on. Alternatively, you can create a filtered measure instead. Plus, you can include as many filters as you'd like to really hone in on specific user cohorts. Your assigned looker analyst or support chat can help you build in this logic if you get confused.

* **Goals**: Goal configured in Google Analytics Console are not natively exported into the BigQuery datasets. Similar to custom segments, we can recreate this logic in LookML, which allows for even greater flexibility, sophisticated analysis, and seamless shareability across all users. Examples of more sophisticated goals include:
  * **Partial form completion** – User fills out fills out the first page of a form but does not complete it
  * **Condition on earlier steps** – User completes a conversion immediately after interacting with a promotion
  * **Condition on custom dimension** – Goal was completed by a certain type of user

### Connecting to Other Data Sources

The image below depicts the possible links between various Google and external data sources. Documentation on how to link each of these sources can also be found below. If you want to get started with Transfer Service, the latest Transfer Service request for can be found [here](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeNaY1aO-vn9WEmd5BW8hGPjIXQrjqse7vikUlh6KMf2OAQ4w/viewform).

![image](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/9888083/25569596/2fcb070e-2dcf-11e7-80d8-873d2de373aa.png)

* **Doubleclick Campaign (Bid) Manager**: Linking to GA360 - Follow the [documentation here](https://support.google.com/analytics/answer/6318719?hl=en). Note: Requires admin permissions for both GA360 and DCM. Linking to YouTube - You can also enable tracking Ads and impression pixels to track impressions downstream (into YouTube for example) by following the documentation [here](https://support.google.com/dcm/answer/3040965) and [here](https://support.google.com/dcm/answer/2826133?hl=en&ref_topic=2826011).

* **DoubleClick for Publishers**: Linking to GA360 - This integration includes both AdSense and Ad Exchange and requires work on the side of the Google Admin, as well as the creation of a tagging system using either self-built or Google service-provided tag managers. After tagging is enabled, the following steps can be found in [Google’s Documentation](https://support.google.com/analytics/answer/6371469?hl=en). Once you’ve done this, be sure to include the AdWords data by adding the extends: [hits_publisher_base] beneath view: hits_publisher (on line 90 in ga_customize out-of-the-box)

* **Adwords**: Linking to GA360 - Connecting AdWords is fairly straightforward. Follow the instructions provided in [Google’s documentation](https://support.google.com/adwords/answer/6209127?hl=en). Linking to YouTube: You can also link your AdWords account to YouTube as described [here](https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/3063482?hl=en&ref_topic=2973023).

* **YouTube**: Linking to GA360 - Youtube content integration cannot be tied natively with data exports. To workaround this, users can add YouTube pages to their Google Analytics console (via the GA GUI), then narrow down analysis to specific youtube channels via filters in Looker. Linking to AdWords: You can also link your AdWords account to YouTube as described [here](https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/3063482?hl=en&ref_topic=2973023).

* **CRMs (such as Salesforce) or Other Sources** Google does not capture any PII, which means that ``user_id`` and/or ``client_id`` is unique to only Google Analytics Premium. This key is not shared, by default, across any of your CRM data, or any other data sources you're pulling from. To join this data, a common key must be created. There are several methods to accomplishing this, one of which Google has provided some [documentation](https://support.google.com/analytics/answer/7584446?hl=en) around. You can find a blog post, which provides an example joining firebase data to GA360 data, on [Google's Cloud Blog](https://cloud.google.com/blog/big-data/2017/04/how-to-do-cross-platform-analytics-with-google-bigquery).

### What if I find an error? Suggestions for improvements?

Great! Blocks were designed for continuous improvement through the help of the entire Looker community, and we'd love your input. To log an error or improvement recommendations, simply create a "New Issue" in the corresponding [Github repo for this Block](https://github.com/llooker/google_ga360/issues). Please be as detailed as possible in your explanation, and we'll address it as quick as we can.

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