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Mono-InternVL

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[CVPR 2025] Mono-InternVL: Pushing the Boundaries of Monolithic Multimodal Large Language Models with Endogenous Visual Pre-training

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# Mono-InternVL: Pushing the Boundaries of Monolithic Multimodal Large Language Models with Endogenous Visual Pre-training

[[📜 V1 Paper]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.08202) [[📜 V1.5 Paper]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12566) [[⭐️Project Page]](https://internvl.github.io/blog/2024-10-10-Mono-InternVL/) [[🤗 Model]](https://huggingface.co/collections/OpenGVLab/mono-internvl-6707cb402afb22f1e29f4d2b) [[📝 Chinese Post]](https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/FmjG0Gp5ow7mm2Vzd9ppPg)

## 📰 News
- **2025.7**: We introduce [**Mono-InternVL-1.5**](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.12566), a cheaper and faster monolithic MLLM with visual attention experts, improved training strategy (EViP++) and fused cuda kernel for multimodal MoE.
- **2025.3**: We release the SFT code on LLaVA-v1.5-mix665k dataset. We also release the [258M synthetic data](https://huggingface.co/datasets/OpenGVLab/Mono-InternVL-2B-Synthetic-Data) used in S1.2 to boost future research.
- **2025.2**: 🎉🎉 Mono-InternVL is accepted by **CVPR 2025**. Also check out our [**SynerGen-VL**](https://huggingface.co/papers/2412.09604) (CVPR 2025) that extends the monolithic structure to unified image generation and multimodal understanding, which will be open-sourced soon.
- **2024.11**: Mono-InternVL is supported by [lmdeploy](https://github.com/InternLM/lmdeploy/pull/2727).
- **2024.11**: Mono-InternVL is supported by [vllm](https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/pull/9528).

## ⭐️ Introduction

We release Mono-InternVL, a **monolithic** multimodal large language model (MLLM) that integrates visual encoding and textual decoding into a single LLM. In Mono-InternVL, a set of visual experts is embedded into the pre-trained LLM via a **mixture-of-experts (MoE) mechanism**. By freezing the LLM, Mono-InternVL ensures that visual capabilities are optimized without compromising the pre-trained language knowledge. Based on this structure, an innovative **Endogenous Visual Pretraining (EViP)** is introduced to realize coarse-to-fine visual learning.

Mono-InternVL achieves superior performance compared to state-of-the-art MLLM Mini-InternVL-2B-1.5 and significantly outperforms other monolithic MLLMs, as shown in the [radar chart](#radar) above. Meanwhile, it achieves better deployment efficiency, with first token latency reduced by up to 67%.

For more details, please refer to our [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.08202).

## 📊 Performance
| Benchmark | Chameleon-7B | EVE-7B (HD) | Emu3 | Mini-InternVL-2B-1-5 | Mono-InternVL-2B |
| :--------------------------: | :----------: | :---------: | :--------: | :------------------: | :--------------: |
| Type | Monolithic | Monolithic | Monolithic | Modular | Monolithic |
| #Activated Params | 7B | 7B | 8B | 2.2B | 1.8B |
| | | | | | |
| MMVet | 8.3 | 25.7 | 37.2 | 39.3 | 40.1 |
| MMMUval | 25.4 | 32.6 | 31.6 | 34.6 | 33.7 |
| MMEsum | 170 | 1628 | — | 1902 | 1875 |
| MMBench-ENtest | 31.1 | 52.3 | 58.5 | 70.9 | 65.5 |
| MathVistatestmini | 22.3 | 34.2 | — | 41.1 | 45.7 |
| SEED-Image | 30.6 | 64.6 | 68.2 | 69.8 | 67.4 |
| OCRBench | 7 | 398 | 687 | 654 | 767 |
| Hallusion-Bench | 17.1 | 26.4 | — | 37.5 | 34.8 |
| CCBenchdev | 3.5 | 16.3 | — | 63.5 | 66.3 |
| Avgmultimodal | 16.1 | 38.9 | — | 54.4 | 55.2 |
| | | | | | |
| TextVQAval | 4.8 | 56.8 | 64.7 | 70.5 | 72.6 |
| SQA-Itest | 47.2 | 64.9 | 89.2 | 84.9 | 93.6 |
| GQAtest | — | 62.6 | 60.3 | 61.6 | 59.5 |
| DocVQAtest | 1.5 | 53.0 | 76.3 | 85.0 | 80.0 |
| AI2Dtest | 46.0 | 61.0 | 70.0 | 69.8 | 68.6 |
| ChartQAtest | 2.9 | 59.1 | 68.6 | 74.8 | 73.7 |
| InfoVQAtest | 5.0 | 25.0 | 43.8 | 55.4 | 43.0 |
| AvgVQA | 17.9 | 54.6 | 67.6 | 71.7 | 70.1 |

> * Sources of the results include the original papers, our evaluation with [VLMEvalKit](https://github.com/open-compass/VLMEvalKit), and [OpenCompass](https://rank.opencompass.org.cn/leaderboard-multimodal/?m=REALTIME).
> * Average scores are computed by normalizing each metric to a range between 0 and 100.
> * Please note that evaluating the same model using different testing toolkits can result in slight differences, which is normal. Updates to code versions and variations in environment and hardware can also cause minor discrepancies in results.

## 🚀 Inference

We provide an example code to run Mono-InternVL-2B inference using `transformers`.

> Please use transformers==4.37.2 to ensure the model works normally.

<details>
<summary>Inference with Transformers (click to expand)</summary>

```python
import numpy as np
import torch
import torchvision.transforms as T
from decord import VideoReader, cpu
from PIL import Image
from torchvision.transforms.functional import InterpolationMode
from transformers import AutoModel, AutoTokenizer

IMAGENET_MEAN = (0.485, 0.456, 0.406)
IMAGENET_STD = (0.229, 0.224, 0.225)

def build_transform(input_size):
    MEAN, STD = IMAGENET_MEAN, IMAGENET_STD
    transform = T.Compose([
        T.Lambda(lambda img: img.convert('RGB') if img.mode != 'RGB' else img),
        T.Resize((input_size, input_size), interpolation=InterpolationMode.BICUBIC),
        T.ToTensor(),
        T.Normalize(mean=MEAN, std=STD)
    ])
    return transform

def find_closest_aspect_ratio(aspect_ratio, target_ratios, width, height, image_size):
 best_ratio_diff = float('inf')
 best_ratio = (1, 1)
 area = width * height
 for ratio in target_ratios:
 target_aspect_ratio = ratio[0] / ratio[1]
 ratio_diff = abs(aspect_ratio - target_aspect_ratio)
 if ratio_diff < best_ratio_diff:
 best_ratio_diff = ratio_diff
 best_ratio = ratio
 elif ratio_diff == best_ratio_diff:
 if area > 0.5 * image_size * image_size * ratio[0] * ratio[1]:
 best_ratio = ratio
 return best_ratio

def dynamic_preprocess(image, min_num=1, max_num=12, image_size=448, use_thumbnail=False):
    orig_width, orig_height = image.size
    aspect_ratio = orig_width / orig_height

# calculate the existing image aspect ratio
 target_ratios = set(
 (i, j) for n in range(min_num, max_num + 1) for i in range(1, n + 1) for j in range(1, n + 1) if
 i * j <= max_num and i * j >= min_num)
 target_ratios = sorted(target_ratios, key=lambda x: x[0] * x[1])

# find the closest aspect ratio to the target
    target_aspect_ratio = find_closest_aspect_ratio(
        aspect_ratio, target_ratios, orig_width, orig_height, image_size)

# calculate the target width and height
    target_width = image_size * target_aspect_ratio[0]
    target_height = image_size * target_aspect_ratio[1]
    blocks = target_aspect_ratio[0] * target_aspect_ratio[1]

# resize the image
    resized_img = image.resize((target_width, target_height))
    processed_images = []
    for i in range(blocks):
        box = (
            (i % (target_width // image_size)) * image_size,
            (i // (target_width // image_size)) * image_size,
            ((i % (target_width // image_size)) + 1) * image_size,
            ((i // (target_width // image_size)) + 1) * image_size
        )
        # split the image
        split_img = resized_img.crop(box)
        processed_images.append(split_img)
    assert len(processed_images) == blocks
    if use_thumbnail and len(processed_images) != 1:
        thumbnail_img = image.resize((image_size, image_size))
        processed_images.append(thumbnail_img)
    return processed_images

def load_image(image_file, input_size=448, max_num=12):
    image = Image.open(image_file).convert('RGB')
    transform = build_transform(input_size=input_size)
    images = dynamic_preprocess(image, image_size=input_size, use_thumbnail=True, max_num=max_num)
    pixel_values = [transform(image) for image in images]
    pixel_values = torch.stack(pixel_values)
    return pixel_values

path = 'OpenGVLab/Mono-InternVL-2B'
model = AutoModel.from_pretrained(
    path,
    torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16,
    low_cpu_mem_usage=True,
    trust_remote_code=True).eval().cuda()
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(path, trust_remote_code=True, use_fast=False)

# set the max number of tiles in `max_num`
pixel_values = load_image('./examples/image1.jpg', max_num=12).to(torch.bfloat16).cuda()
generation_config = dict(max_new_tokens=1024, do_sample=True)

# pure-text conversation
question = 'Hello, who are you?'
response, history = model.chat(tokenizer, None, question, generation_config, history=None, return_history=True)
print(f'User: {question}\nAssistant: {response}')

question = 'Can you tell me a story?'
response, history = model.chat(tokenizer, None, question, generation_config, history=history, return_history=True)
print(f'User: {question}\nAssistant: {response}')

# single-image single-round conversation
question = '<image>\nPlease describe the image shortly.'
response = model.chat(tokenizer, pixel_values, question, generation_config)
print(f'User: {question}\nAssistant: {response}')

# single-image multi-round conversation
question = '<image>\nPlease describe the image in detail.'
response, history = model.chat(tokenizer, pixel_values, question, generation_config, history=None, return_history=True)
print(f'User: {question}\nAssistant: {response}')

question = 'Please write a poem according to the image.'
response, history = model.chat(tokenizer, pixel_values, question, generation_config, history=history, return_history=True)
print(f'User: {question}\nAssistant: {response}')
```

</details>

<details>
<summary>Inference with LMDeploy</summary>

Please install lmdeploy>=0.6.3 for Mono-InternVL support.

```python
from lmdeploy import pipeline
from lmdeploy.vl import load_image

image = load_image('./examples/image1.jpg')
pipe = pipeline('OpenGVLab/Mono-InternVL-2B')
response = pipe(('Please describe the image shortly.', image))
print(response.text)
```
</details>

## 🔥 Supervised Finetuning

Currently we provide the supervised finetuning (S2 instruction tuning) code on the LLaVA-v1.5-mix665k dataset. For details on the dataset, please refer to [LLaVA-v1.5](https://github.com/haotian-liu/LLaVA).

<details>
<summary>Installation</summary>

- Clone this repository:

```bash
  git clone https://github.com/OpenGVLab/Mono-InternVL.git
  ```
  
- Create a conda virtual environment and activate it:

```bash
  conda create -n monointernvl python=3.9 -y
  conda activate monointernvl
  ```

- Install dependencies using `requirements.txt`:

```bash
  pip install -r requirements.txt
  ```

- Additional: Install `flash-attn==2.5.6`:

```bash
  pip install flash-attn==2.5.6 --no-build-isolation
  ```

Alternatively you can compile from source:

```bash
 git clone https://github.com/Dao-AILab/flash-attention.git
 cd flash-attention
 git checkout v2.5.6
 python setup.py install
 ```
</details>

<details>
<summary>Dataset Preparation</summary>

#### LLaVA-v1.5-mix665k Dataset

1. Download the instruction tuning data:
```sh
mkdir playground
wget https://huggingface.co/datasets/liuhaotian/LLaVA-Instruct-150K/resolve/main/llava_v1_5_mix665k.json -P playground/
```

2. Download image datasets:

- COCO: [train2017](http://images.cocodataset.org/zips/train2017.zip)
- GQA: [images](https://downloads.cs.stanford.edu/nlp/data/gqa/images.zip)
- OCR-VQA: [download script](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1_GYPY5UkUy7HIcR0zq3ZCFgeZN7BAfm_?usp=sharing)
- TextVQA: [train_val_images](https://dl.fbaipublicfiles.com/textvqa/images/train_val_images.zip)
- VisualGenome: [part1](https://cs.stanford.edu/people/rak248/VG_100K_2/images.zip), [part2](https://cs.stanford.edu/people/rak248/VG_100K_2/images2.zip)
  
3. Organize data as follows:

```none
playground/
├── data/
│   ├── coco/train2017/
│   ├── gqa/images/
│   ├── ocr_vqa/images/
│   ├── textvqa/train_images/
│   └── vg/
│       ├── VG_100K/
│       └── VG_100K_2/
└── llava_v1_5_mix665k.json
```

#### Custom Dataset

For custom dataset, format your data in to a JSONL file, where each entry is a dictionary organized in the following format (similar to `llava_v1_5_mix665k.json`):

```python
{
 "id": "000000120375",
 "image": "coco/train2017/000000120375.jpg",
 "conversations": [
 {
 "from": "human",
 "value": "<image>\nWhat type of vehicle is driving down the street in the image?"
 },
 {
 "from": "gpt",
 "value": "A red sports utility vehicle (SUV) is driving down the street in the image."
 },
 {
 "from": "human",
 "value": "Is the street crowded with people?"
 },
 {
 "from": "gpt",
 "value": "Yes, the street is filled with a considerable number of people, which indicates that the area is busy."
 }
 # (more turns ...)
 ]
}
```

Then modify the metadata file `shell/data_llava_finetune.json`:

```python
{
  "name of your dataset": {
    "root": "playground/data/", # combination of "root" and "image" in the JSONL gives the complete image path
    "annotation": "path to your JSONL",
    "data_augment": false,
    "repeat_time": 1,
    "length": 12345 # change to the actual number of samples in your dataset
  }
}
```

</details>

<details>
<summary>Model Preparation</summary>

We provide pretrained models of different stages (S1.1 concept learning, S1.2 semantic learning, S1.3 alignment learning).
Choose from the following models and download the weights to `workdirs/` folder.

| model name              | download                                                               |  size  |
| ----------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |:------:|
| Mono-InternVL-2B-S1-1   | 🤗 [HF link](https://huggingface.co/OpenGVLab/Mono-InternVL-2B-S1-1) | 6.2 GB |
| Mono-InternVL-2B-S1-2   | 🤗 [HF link](https://huggingface.co/OpenGVLab/Mono-InternVL-2B-S1-2) | 6.2 GB |
| Mono-InternVL-2B-S1-3   | 🤗 [HF link](https://huggingface.co/OpenGVLab/Mono-InternVL-2B-S1-3) | 6.2 GB |

```sh
mkdir workdirs
cd workdirs/
# pip install -U huggingface_hub
huggingface-cli download --resume-download --local-dir-use-symlinks False OpenGVLab/Mono-InternVL-2B-S1-1 --local-dir Mono-InternVL-2B-S1-1
```

The directory structure is:

```sh
workdirs/
├── Mono-InternVL-2B-S1-1/
├── Mono-InternVL-2B-S1-2/
└── Mono-InternVL-2B-S1-3/
```
</details>

<details>
<summary>Training</summary>

Finetuning takes around 12 hours on 8x A100 (80G) GPUs.

#### Single Node Multi-GPU
```sh
MODEL="./workdirs/Mono-InternVL-2B-S1-3" OUTPUT_DIR="./workdirs/mono_internvl_llava_sft" sh shell/mono_internvl_finetune_llava_torchrun.sh
```

#### Slurm Cluster
```sh
PARTITION="your partition" MODEL="./workdirs/Mono-InternVL-2B-S1-3" OUTPUT_DIR="./workdirs/mono_internvl_llava_sft" sh shell/mono_internvl_finetune_llava_slurm.sh
```

</details>

## 🎫 License

This project is released under the [MIT License](LICENSE).

## 🖊️ Citation

If you find this work helpful in your research, please consider giving this repo a star ⭐ and citing our paper:

```bibtex
@article{mono_internvl_v1,
  title={Mono-InternVL: Pushing the Boundaries of Monolithic Multimodal Large Language Models with Endogenous Visual Pre-training},
  author={Luo, Gen and Yang, Xue and Dou, Wenhan and Wang, Zhaokai and Liu, Jiawen and Dai, Jifeng and Qiao, Yu and Zhu, Xizhou},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2410.08202},
  year={2024}
}

@article{mono_internvl_v1.5,
  title={Mono-InternVL-1.5: Towards Cheaper and Faster Monolithic Multimodal Large Language Models},
  author={Luo, Gen and Dou, Wenhan and Li, Wenhao and Wang, Zhaokai and Yang, Xue and Tian, Changyao and Li, Hao and Wang, Weiyun and Wang, Wenhai and Zhu, Xizhou and Qiao, Yu and Dai, Jifeng},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2507.12566},
  year={2025}
}
```

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