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The 65c02 and 65c816s-based modern retro computer

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X65
====

The X65 is an ultimate computer for everyone interested in the venerable 65-series of 8-bit and 16-bit CPUs,
i.e. the 6502 and 65816. Specifically, it is built with the W65C02S or W65C816S CPU chips from Western Design Centre.
The 16-bit 65816 (W65C816S) CPU variant is the default and preferred CPU, as all screen-shots shown below were done on the 16-bit system.
The 65816 CPU powered the [Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System) 
and the [Apple IIGS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_IIGS).
The older 8-bit 6502 CPU was the heart of NES, Apple I and II, many Ataris, Commodore 64, and many many more.

The design of X65 is fully open-source and open-hardware, and we also prefer to use just the open-source development tools
whenever possible. The X65 computer hardware is designed with modern electronics parts, but with a little bit of retro feel.
The computer is backward compatible with the 8-bit Commander X16 -- i.e. it can run their ROM, but since that ROM is copyrighted
and non-free, this is a no-go in the long run.
The goal is to build a fully *open* 8/16-bit system with good architecture and retro-gaming performance.

Compared with modern powerful platforms like x86, ARM or RISC-V, the small 65-series 8-bit or 16-bit system has the advantage
that one person, a software programmer or electronics designer, can fully comprehend the whole system with all details. 
There are not many abstraction layers hidden in supporting libraries or big frameworks. (In fact, there are none. It is just bare metal.)

_Interfaces_: VGA 640x480 out, Stereo sound out (FM and PSG), PS/2 keyboard and mouse, SNES controller 2x ports,
Ethernet LAN 10/100Mpbs with RJ45, SDHC card slot, power-in 5V USB-C port, In-Circuit Debugger (ICD) over the USB-C with 
PC host software in Python and supporting JTAG-like functions for the 65xx platform (CPU step, trace, memory dump & poke).

Project web pages: http://www.x65.eu  -> currently links to http://www.jsykora.info

3D-render of the *Single-Board Computer* version:

![Version SBC](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jsyk/x65/main/pcb/x65-sbc-revA1/pictures/sbc-render-1.png)

Desktop setup with X65-SBC, PS/2 mouse and keyboard and a VGA monitor. Running `Planet X16' by David Murray with CX16 ROMs:

![Desktop with SBC](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jsyk/x65/main/Photos/sbc-desktop.jpg)

General Project Features:
-------------------------

* The CPU is W65C02 (8-bit) or the W65C816 (16-bit; default-preferred). The PCB supports both assembly options.
* Backward software compatibility with the [Commander X16](https://www.commanderx16.com/) computer.
  Can run unmodified CX16 ROM for testing purposes (beware: the ROMs are copyrighted non-free code!).
* Designed with components (chips) that are in production and available from normal electronics parts distributors in 2024,
  such as Mouser, Farnell, Digikey etc. We avoid obsolete parts.
* Balanced modern/retro design built around the central 65xx CPU supported by semi-ASICs (FPGAs) for system control (NORA),
  video (VERA) and audio (AURA) generation. The FPGAs are the little ones from the iCE40 series, and coded in verilog.
  These are modern takes on the "old masters'" designs with ULA, VIA, SID etc.
  *There is no hidden ARM or RISC-V doing heavy lifting in the background.*
* Free and open-source design. DIY and hobby-builders friendly. 
  Low-cost to build even in small quantities by individual hackers.

Block Diagram
---------------

![Block Diagram](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jsyk/x65/main/doc/pic/x65-small-blockdiagram.drawio.png)

Hardware Specification:
------------------------

* **CPU**: [W65C02 or W65C816](doc/cpu02vs816.md) in the QFP-44 package, running at 8MHz, supplied by 3.3V.
* **Memory**: 2MB asynchronous SRAM, common for ROM and RAM.
* **System controller** semi-ASIC, aka north-bridge, aka NORA: Lattice FPGA iCE40HX4K (TQFP-144) handles address decoding, 
  glue logic, PS/2 interfaces, in-circuit debugger and more. 
  "NORA" stands for NORth Adapter, has a similar function like the north bridge in a PC/X86 architecture.
  NORA takes care of the [memory address map](doc/mem-map.md) and hosts most of the [IO registers](doc/ioregs.md).
* Two ports for **SNES-style controllers**, handled by NORA.
* Two **PS/2 ports** for keyboard and mouse, handled by NORA. (note: we reimplement CX16 arduino code in pure hardware logic in verilog.)
* **Colour video** output through VGA connector, up to 640x480 pixels. 
  Generated by [VERA FPGA](https://github.com/X16Community/vera-module): the Video Embedded Retro Adapter, in Lattice FPGA iCE40UP5K. 
  The same is used in Commander X16.
* **Stereo audio** output through 3.5mm jack port. 
  Sound comes from two sources: FM-synthesis (OPM) by YM2151 clone [IKAOPM](https://github.com/ika-musume/IKAOPM) 
  implemented in [AURA FPGA](doc/aura_ym2151.md) (iCE40UP5K),
  and Programmable Sound Generator (PSG) available in VERA FPGA. These are digitally mixed in AURA and passed to a DAC.
  Besides the output jack connector, the sound can be also heard from a small on-board mono speaker.
* **SD-card slot** supporting SDHC cards (handled by VERA FPGA).
* **LAN 10/100Mbps** Ethernet port (RJ45) implemented by [Wiznet W6100](https://www.wiznet.io/product-item/w6100/) chip, 
  with hardware-integrated TCP/IP v4/v6 stack.
* **Real-time clock** (RTC) chip with battery backup.
* [**In-circuit debugger**](doc/icd.md) (ICD) integrated with NORA and accessible over the device USB-C port from a host PC
  running Linux or Windows. The ICD can write all permanent (SPI-Flash) memories in the system, 
  even in a totally empty / bricked state. PC host software is written in Python and should be portable to other 
  fruitful systems besides Linux and Windows.
  Together with NORA the ICD supports JTAG-like functions like memory poke/dump, CPU stop/step, instruction
  trace buffer, interrupt forcing/blocking etc.
* **Power input** 5V from a standard USB Type-C device port.
  The X65 computer can be powered from a normal host-PC USB port (for development with ICD), 
  or runs standalone from a common Mains/USB phone charger with just 5V output.
* Single-board PCB 180x100mm, 4-layers.

Hardware Photos:
----------------

Overview photos (2024/02) - Single-Board version:

**SBC Front view photo**:

![Front view photo](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jsyk/x65/main/Photos/sbc-frontview.jpg)

**SBC Rear view photo**:

![Rear view photo](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jsyk/x65/main/Photos/sbc-rearview.jpg)

**SBC Top view with labels**:

Engineering testing samples, hand-assembled:

![SBC topview with labels](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jsyk/x65/main/doc/pic/sbc-topview-labels.drawio.png)

Demo Software Screen Photos
----------------------------

Running Commander X16 ROM and BASIC program (compatibility testing only, not allowed in production use due to a proprietary license):

![X16 Booted](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jsyk/x65/main/Photos/20230514_200930_ready_print.jpg)

**BAD METAL** demo from CX16:

![BadMetal](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jsyk/x65/main/Photos/badmetal-cx16.jpg)

**CALLIOPE** music player from CX16:

![Calliope](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jsyk/x65/main/Photos/calliope.jpg)

**Crazy Boulders**, a CX16 game by Dušan Štrakl:

![Crazy Boulders](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jsyk/x65/main/Photos/crazyboulders-strakl.jpg)

**Crazy Lander**, a CX16 game by Dušan Štrakl:

![Crazy Lander](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jsyk/x65/main/Photos/crazylander-strakl.jpg)

**Crazy Pong**, a CX16 game by Dušan Štrakl:

![Crazy Pong](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jsyk/x65/main/Photos/crazypong-strakl.jpg)

**Planet X16**, a CX16 game by David Murray:

![Planet X16](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jsyk/x65/main/Photos/planetx16-murray.jpg)

![Planet X16](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jsyk/x65/main/Photos/planetx16-2-murray.jpg)

[**Integrated In-Circuit Debugger**](doc/icd.md) can live-trace the CPU from a Linux PC over the USB:

![ICD CpuStep](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jsyk/x65/main/doc/pic/icd-cpustep.png)

Structure of the GIT repository:
---------------------------------

* `doc' --> documentation
* `fpga-aura' --> verilog code for the AURA FPGA (Audio) with referenced IKAOPM sources.
* `fpga-nora' --> verilog code for the NORA FPGA on the motherboard.
* `fpga-vera' --> VERA FPGA bitstream (100% derived from https://github.com/fvdhoef/vera-module)
* `pcb' --> hardware projects in Kicad:
  - `mobo-rev01' --> Motherboard rev01 - OBSOLETE
  - `vabo-rev01' --> Video/Audio board rev01 - OBSOLETE
  - `x65-sbc-revA1' --> *Single-Board computer*
* `x65prog' --> linux software to program the on-board SPI flash memories from a host Linux PC via the USB link.
* `x65pyhost' --> python scripts for accessing/debugging the X65 from a host PC via the USB link.

Schematics in PDF:
------------------

**SBC Revision A1:**

* [X65-SBC, revA1 - PDF scm](pcb/x65-sbc-revA1/x65-sbc-revA1.pdf)

**SBC Revision B1:**

* [X65-SBC, revB1 - PDF scm](pcb/x65-sbc-revB1/x65-sbc-revB1.pdf)

Software:
-----------

The X65 is software-backwards-compatible with the *Commander X16*. 
It means the X65 could run unmodified CX16 ROM and programs, excluding programs depending on some of the hardware features 
in CX16 that are not supported here: cartridges, Commodore IEC port.
However, the CX16 ROM is a **proprietary**, non-open-source and non-free, piece of software created by Commodore
and (somehow) licensed to the CX16 creators. *The licensees do not wish that the ROM runs on any other HW than their own.*
Therefore, I could not recommend running that ROM on the X65 computer.

Presently I am not decided which operating system or runtime shell would be the best / easiest to port to X65.
There some existing systems that could be ported here, for example:

* [MEGA65 OPEN-ROMs](https://github.com/MEGA65/open-roms) (true free open-source sw),
* [FastBasic](https://github.com/dmsc/fastbasic)
* [GeckOS](http://www.6502.org/users/andre/osa/index.html)
* ...

Random Questions & Answers
---------------------------

**Why was this project started?**

This project started in March 2023 when I saw a prototype of Commander X16 in one of the youtube videos
of the 8-bit guy, David Murray. I immediately wanted to play with it but at the time his project was not released to the public,
the hardware could not be bought. So I decided to build one myself, based on public information available
about the CX16. And at the same time I was not too pleased with the architecture and implementation
of the CX16, not satisfied with many design choices they did. 
Consequently, my X65 tries to improve in many areas while being software-compatible.

**What is the relation to *Commander X16* and its authors?**

I have no relation or contact to the authors of Commander X16.
The public discussion forums for CX16 on discord and reddit have the policy that any discussion or mention of any
*clones* of CX16 is forbidden. 
While I find this policy strange for a community project, I respect it.
Therefore I do not tell the guys about the X65 project.

**What is the license of X65 project? Which copyrighted material was used?**

I used publicly available information on wikipedia and in the X16Community's public forums and repositories to reconstruct the CX16 architecture.
I don't have access to the schematics of X16, and I don't own that computer and never seen it in person.
My analysis of the CX16 architecture is available in the file [cx16.md](doc/cx16.md).
The [VERA](https://github.com/fvdhoef/vera-module) FPGA by Frank van den Hoef, also [here](https://github.com/X16Community/vera-module),
 was reused as-is and it is covered by the open-source MIT license.
The AURA FPGA is based on [IKAOPM](https://github.com/ika-musume/IKAOPM), a YM2151 reconstruction in verilog, and it is covered by the BSD 2-Clause License.
All my documents and designs in this repository are covered by the [MIT license](LICENSE).
The restricted CX16 ROMs are not part of this repository.

**What are the advantages of X65-SBC over other retro-modern-computers?**

The X65-SBC is a complete computer system with ports for a keyboard and a mouse, a high-resolution VGA output (128kB Video-RAM), 
and high-quality stereo audio capable of PCM, PSG (Programmable Sound Generator) and FM-synthesis sound generation.
Compared with other 65xx-based computers, we support the 16-bit processor 65C816 which is capable of direct addressing of 
up to 16MB of RAM; the X65-SBC includes 2MB of fast SRAM by default.
System controller is realized by NORA FPGA (lattice ice40hx4k) and potentially allows experimenting with additional
features like virtual memory or mathematical coprocessors.
The hardware supports direct programming of FPGA bitstreams via the USB-C port from a Linux PC; in a way the X65-SBC
is a self-contained FPGA development platform.
The design is fully open-source.

**Where can I get the hardware?**

As all relevant HW design data is available in this repository, anybody with appropriate electronics knowledge 
and a lab can build own copy of the X65-SBC hardware.
The cost of electronics components is around 130 EUR, plus the cost of board assembly (which can be done DIY if necessary).
Maybe in the future I can run a very small series build for interested programmers and "hackers". 
However, as these builds surely will not have the requisite FCC / UL / CE approvals (that costs addional money), 
the resulting devices could only be used in a lab for development purposes by knowledgable users.
I am open to the possibility that some company decides to commercionalize X65-SBC as a sellable product and puts it on the market :-)

**Is there an emulator for PC?**

Presently an emulator is not developed yet.
It could be done perhaps based on the [CX16 emulator](https://github.com/commanderx16/x16-emulator); 
the CPU emulation has to be extended to 65C816 and new features (registers)
available in NORA and in W6100 (ethernet interface) need be implemented.

Contact
--------

**Jaroslav Sýkora**
- Personal: http://www.jsykora.info,
- GIT account: https://github.com/jsyk,
- Mastodon: https://oldbytes.space/@jarda,
- (Physically in the Czech Republic.)

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