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ciftiTools R package

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# ciftiTools <img src="man/figures/logo.png" align="right" height="139" alt="ciftiTools sticker" />

[![CRAN
status](https://www.r-pkg.org/badges/version/ciftiTools)](https://cran.r-project.org/package=ciftiTools)
[![R-CMD-check](https://github.com/mandymejia/ciftiTools/actions/workflows/R-CMD-check.yaml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/mandymejia/ciftiTools/actions/workflows/R-CMD-check.yaml)
[![Codecov test
coverage](https://codecov.io/gh/mandymejia/ciftiTools/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://app.codecov.io/gh/mandymejia/ciftiTools?branch=master)

CIFTI files contain brain imaging data in “grayordinates,” which
represent the gray matter as cortical surface vertices (left and right)
and subcortical voxels (cerebellum, basal ganglia, and other deep gray
matter). `ciftiTools` provides a unified environment for reading,
writing, visualizing and manipulating CIFTI-format data. It supports the
“dscalar,” “dlabel,” and “dtseries” intents. Grayordinate data is read
in as a `"xifti"` object, which is structured for convenient access to
the data and metadata, and includes support for surface geometry files
to enable spatially-dependent functionality such as static or
interactive visualizations and smoothing.

## Citation

If you use `ciftiTools`, please cite our
[paper](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118877):

> Pham, D. D., Muschelli, J., & Mejia, A. F. (2022). ciftiTools: A
> package for reading, writing, visualizing, and manipulating CIFTI
> files in R. NeuroImage, 250, 118877.

You can also obtain citation information from within R like so:

``` r
citation("ciftiTools")
```

## Installation

You can install `ciftiTools` from [CRAN](https://cran.r-project.org/)
with:

``` r
install.packages("ciftiTools")
```

Additionally, most of the `ciftiTools` functions require the Connectome
Workbench, which can be installed from the [HCP
website](https://www.humanconnectome.org/software/get-connectome-workbench).

## Quick start guide

``` r
# Load the package and point to the Connectome Workbench --------
library(ciftiTools)
ciftiTools.setOption("wb_path", "path/to/workbench")

# Read and visualize a CIFTI file -------------------------------
cifti_fname <- ciftiTools::ciftiTools.files()$cifti["dtseries"]
surfL_fname <- ciftiTools.files()$surf["left"]
surfR_fname <- ciftiTools.files()$surf["right"]

xii <- read_cifti(
  cifti_fname, 
  surfL_fname=surfL_fname, surfR_fname=surfR_fname,
  resamp_res=4000
)

view_xifti_surface(xii) # or plot(xii)
# view_xifti_volume(xii) if subcortex is present

# Access CIFTI data ---------------------------------------------
cortexL <- xii$data$cortex_left
cortexL_mwall <- xii$meta$medial_wall_mask$left
cortexR <- xii$data$cortex_right
cortexR_mwall <- xii$meta$medial_wall_mask$right
# subcortVol <- xii$data$subcort
# subcortLabs <- xii$meta$subcort$labels
# subcortMask <- xii$meta$subcort$mask
surfL <- xii$surf$cortex_left
surfR <- xii$surf$cortex_right

# Create a `"xifti"` from data ----------------------------------
xii2 <- as.xifti(
  cortexL=cortexL, cortexL_mwall=cortexL_mwall,
  cortexR=cortexR, cortexR_mwall=cortexR_mwall,
  #subcortVol=subcortVol, subcortLabs=subcortLabs,
  #subcortMask=subcortMask,
  surfL=surfL, surfR=surfR
)

# Write a CIFTI file --------------------------------------------
write_cifti(xii2, "my_cifti.dtseries.nii")
```

## Vignette/Demo

See [this
link](https://htmlpreview.github.io/?https://github.com/mandymejia/ciftiTools/blob/master/vignettes/ciftiTools_vignette.html)
to view the tutorial vignette.

## List of commonly-used functions

Basics: reading, plotting, writing

- `ciftiTools.setOption`: Necessary to point to the Connectome Workbench
  each time `ciftiTools` is loaded.
- `read_cifti`: Read in a CIFTI file as a `"xifti"` object.
- `view_xifti` Plot the cortex and/or subcortex. Has many options for
  controlling the visualization.
- `write_cifti`: Write a `"xifti"` object to a CIFTI file.

Manipulating CIFTI files

- `resample_cifti`: Resample to a different resolution.
- `separate_cifti`: Separate a CIFTI file into GIFTI and NIFTI files.
- `smooth_cifti`: Smooth the data along the surface.
- (Use `run_wb_cmd` to execute Connectome Workbench commands from R)

Manipulating `"xifti"` objects

- `apply_xifti`: Similar to `base::apply`.
- `combine_xifti`: Combine `"xifti"`s with non-overlapping brain
  structures.
- `convert_xifti`: Convert between dlabel, dscalar, and dtseries.
- `impute_xifti`: Impute data values from neighboring vertices/voxels.
- `merge_xifti`: Concatenate `"xifti"`s.
- `move_from_mwall`: Convert the medial wall mask to a data value,
  deleting the mask.
- `move_to_mwall`: Mask out a particular data value.
- `newdata_xifti`: Replace the data values.
- `resample_xifti`: Resample to a different resolution.
- `scale_xifti`: Similar to `base::scale`.
- `select_xifti`: Rearrange the columns to reorder, take a subset, or
  repeat them.
- `smooth_xifti`: Smooth the data along the surface.
- `transform_xifti`: Apply a vectorizable function.

Surface geometry

- `load_surf`: Load a surface geometry included in the package.
- `read_surf`: Read in a GIFTI surface geometry file as a `"surf"`
  object.
- `write_surf`: Write a `"surf"` object to a GIFTI surface geometry
  file.

Parcellations

- `apply_parc`: Apply a function to each parcel separately.
- `load_parc`: Load a parcellation included in the package.

See `NAMESPACE` for a full list of all exported functions.

## Illustrations

<figure>
<img src="man/figures/ciftiTools_summary.jpg" style="width:65.0%"
alt="ciftiTools graphical summary" />
<figcaption aria-hidden="true">ciftiTools graphical summary</figcaption>
</figure>

<figure>
<img src="man/figures/xifti_structure.jpg" style="width:65.0%"
alt="“xifti” object structure" />
<figcaption aria-hidden="true">“xifti” object structure</figcaption>
</figure>

## FAQ

### Why is a CIFTI file that has been read in called a `"xifti"`?

The `"xifti"` object is a general interface for not only CIFTI files,
but also GIFTI and NIFTI files. For example, we can plot a surface
GIFTI:

``` r
gii_surf <- read_surf(ciftiTools.files()$surf["left"])
xii <- as.xifti(surfL=gii_surf)
plot(xii)
```

We can also convert metric GIFTI files and/or NIFTI files to CIFTI files
(or vice versa) using the `"xifti"` object as an intermediary.

### How do I convert to CIFTI Format…

#### …from NIFTI volumetric cortical data?

The cortex data will have to be projected to the surface. If the data
are in [BIDS format](https://bids.neuroimaging.io/), then
[fMRIprep](https://fmriprep.org/en/latest/index.html) can be used to
convert the volumetric cortex data to `fsaverage` surface space. Note
that `ciftiTools::remap_cifti` can be used after to convert from
`fsaverage` to `fs_LR` surface space, since some CIFTI-related packages
assume the data are registered to `fs_LR`. `fMRIprep` is a wrapper
around [FreeSurfer](https://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/) commands;
alternatively, commands from FreeSurfer can be used directly. Relevant
commands include `mri_vol2surf`, `fslregister`, `mris_preproc`, and
`mris_convert`. The result of `mris_convert` will be in GIFTI format,
which can be converted into CIFTI format with `ciftiTools::as.cifti`.

More options include those from the [Connectome
Workbench](https://www.humanconnectome.org/software/workbench-command/-volume-to-surface-mapping),
[ciftify](https://edickie.github.io/ciftify/#/03b_cifti-for-your_fmri),
[DeepPrep](https://deepprep.readthedocs.io/en/latest/), and
[Nilearn](https://nilearn.github.io/stable/modules/generated/nilearn.surface.vol_to_surf.html).
We also welcome input from the community about additional ways for
converting from volumetric data to CIFTI format.

#### …from NIFTI volumetric subcortical data?

Use the Connectome Workbench command
[-cifti-create-dense-from-template](https://www.humanconnectome.org/software/workbench-command/-cifti-create-dense-from-template).

### How do I visualize cortical data without applying shading to the mesh geometry?

The 3D shading may make certain plots more difficult to interpret, if
the color scale varies from dark to light: darker regions might be in a
shadow, or their values might be lower. To skip shading, use the
argument `material=list(lit=FALSE)` to `view_xifti_surface`.

### How do I get `VoxelIndicesIJK` or the MNI coordinates for the subcortex?

For a `"xifti"` object `xii` with subcortical data, the mask of data
locations is saved in `xii$meta$subcort$mask`. To obtain the array
coordinates of the in-mask locations, use
`which(xii$meta$subcort$mask, arr.ind=TRUE) - 1`. This matrix has each
subcortical voxel along the rows, and its I, J, and K array coordinates
along the three columns. 1 is subtracted because the coordinates should
begin with 0 rather than 1. It’s equivalent to the original CIFTI
metadata entry `VoxelIndicesIJK`. To convert array coordinates to MNI
coordinates, multiply by the transformation matrix
`xii$meta$subcort$trans_mat`:

VoxIJK <- which(xii$meta$subcort$mask, arr.ind=TRUE) - 1
    VoxIJK <- cbind(VoxIJK, 1) # for 4th col of transform mat (translation)
    VoxXYZ <- t(xii$meta$subcort$trans_mat[seq(3),] %*% t(VoxIJK)) # MNI coords

### Why do the labels/orders of Limbic A and Limbic B in the Yeo 17 parcellation appear swapped, relative to this Figure from an earlier paper?

The copy of the Yeo 17 parcellation included in `ciftiTools` is correct.
An earlier figure for the Yeo 17 parcellation had mistakenly swapped
these labels, but this error has since been corrected. See the
“Important note” from this page:
<https://github.com/ThomasYeoLab/CBIG/blob/master/stable_projects/brain_parcellation/Schaefer2018_LocalGlobal/README.md#version-12-schaefer2018_roisparcels_717networks_order>

## Related R extensions

- NIFTI files:
  [`oro.nifti`](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=oro.nifti),
  [`RNifti`](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=RNifti)
- GIFTI files: [`gifti`](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=gifti)
- CIFTI files: [`cifti`](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=cifti) can
  read in any CIFTI file, whereas `ciftiTools` provides a user-friendly
  interface for CIFTI files with the dscalar, dlabel, and dtseries
  intents only.
- Other structural neuroimaging files:
  [`fsbrain`](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=fsbrain)
- xml files: [`xml2`](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=xml2)
- Interactive 3D rendering:
  [`rgl`](https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rgl)

## Surface rendering issue on Mac OS Tahoe

On Mac OS Tahoe, Open GL windows will not work due to a problem with
`rgl` and XQuartz
(<https://github.com/dmurdoch/rgl/issues/488#issuecomment-3506547361>).
To render the cortical surface with `plot` or `view_xifti_surface`, you
will need to choose to use the htmlwidget instead of the Open GL window.
Set `widget=TRUE` for interactive viewing, and set `fname="*.html"` to
write files. The `ciftiTools` development team is currently exploring
workarounds for this issue.

## Data acknowledgement

The following data are included in the package for convenience:

Example CIFTI files provided by
[NITRC](https://www.nitrc.org/projects/cifti/).

Cortical surfaces provided by the HCP, according to the [Data Use
Terms](https://www.humanconnectome.org/study/hcp-young-adult/document/wu-minn-hcp-consortium-open-access-data-use-terms):

> Data were provided \[in part\] by the Human Connectome Project,
> WU-Minn Consortium (Principal Investigators: David Van Essen and Kamil
> Ugurbil; 1U54MH091657) funded by the 16 NIH Institutes and Centers
> that support the NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research; and by the
> McDonnell Center for Systems Neuroscience at Washington University.

Several parcellations provided by [Thomas Yeo’s Computational Brain
Imaging Group
(CBIG)](https://github.com/ThomasYeoLab/CBIG/tree/master/stable_projects/brain_parcellation):

1.  Yeo, B. T. T. et al. The organization of the human cerebral cortex
    estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. J Neurophysiol 106,
    1125–1165 (2011).
2.  Schaefer, A. et al. Local-Global Parcellation of the Human Cerebral
    Cortex from Intrinsic Functional Connectivity MRI. Cereb Cortex 28,
    3095–3114 (2018).
3.  Kong, R. et al. Individual-Specific Areal-Level Parcellations
    Improve Functional Connectivity Prediction of Behavior. Cerebral
    Cortex (2021).

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