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falkordb-rs

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A Rust 🦀 client for the fastest graph database on earth!

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# falkordb-rs

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> 📖 **New — the [FalkorDB-rs Dev Log](https://falkordb.github.io/falkordb-rs/):** field notes on the design behind this client, from type-safe parameters and async streaming to the embedded server and replica routing.

The official Rust client for [FalkorDB](https://www.falkordb.com/) — a fast, low-latency
graph database. One ergonomic API across a blocking client and an async (`tokio`) client, with
typed results, parameter binding, batching, an embedded server, TLS, automatic retries, and
OpenTelemetry-aligned tracing and metrics.

## Highlights

- **Sync and async** — a blocking client and a `tokio` async client share the same ergonomic API.
- **Header-aware, typed results** — read columns by name or index, or map rows straight into your own `serde` types.
- **Safe parameters** — bind Rust values as Cypher literals; no hand-quoting, no injection.
- **Batching and pipelining** — send many queries in a single round-trip.
- **Async streaming** — result sets are `Stream`s that compose with the full `futures` toolbox.
- **Resilient** — opt-in `RetryPolicy` with bounded backoff for transient failures; writes are never retried.
- **Observable** — OpenTelemetry-aligned `tracing` spans and `metrics` counters/histograms, privacy-safe by default.
- **Replica-aware** — opt in to routing read-only queries to replicas behind Redis Sentinel.
- **Embedded server** — spin up a self-contained FalkorDB for tests and prototyping, with an
  optional build-time bundle mode that runs fully offline.

## Table of contents

- [Highlights](#highlights)
- [Quickstart](#quickstart)
- [Cargo feature flags](#cargo-feature-flags)
- [Guide](#guide)
  - [Queries and results](#queries-and-results)
  - [Async](#async)
  - [Execution patterns](#execution-patterns)
  - [Connections and networking](#connections-and-networking)
  - [Resilience and observability](#resilience-and-observability)
  - [Embedded server](#embedded-server)
- [Examples](#examples)
- [API documentation](#api-documentation)
- [Migration guides](#migration-guides)
- [Contributing](#contributing)
- [Community and license](#community-and-license)

## Quickstart

### Install

Install it with [`cargo add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-add.html):

```bash
cargo add falkordb
```

### Run a FalkorDB server

Docker:

```sh
docker run --rm -p 6379:6379 falkordb/falkordb
```

### Your first query

```rust
use falkordb::{FalkorClientBuilder, FalkorConnectionInfo};

// Connect to FalkorDB
let connection_info: FalkorConnectionInfo = "falkor://127.0.0.1:6379".try_into()
            .expect("Invalid connection info");

let client = FalkorClientBuilder::new()
           .with_connection_info(connection_info)
           .build()
           .expect("Failed to build client");

// Select the social graph
let mut graph = client.select_graph("social");

// Create 100 nodes and return a handful
let mut nodes = graph.query("UNWIND range(1, 100) AS i CREATE (n { v:1 }) RETURN n LIMIT 10")
            .with_timeout(5000)
            .execute()
            .expect("Failed executing query");

// Each item is a `FalkorResult<Row>`; read columns by index or name.
while let Some(row) = nodes.data.next() {
   let row = row.expect("row failed to parse");
   println!("{:?}", row.get_at(0));
}
```

## Cargo feature flags

All features are **off by default** — enable only what you need:

| Feature | Enables |
|---|---|
| `tokio` | The async client and API on the `tokio` runtime (multi-threaded scheduler). |
| `serde` | Map query results into your own `serde::Deserialize` types. |
| `tracing` | OpenTelemetry-aligned `tracing` spans with a privacy-safe query fingerprint. |
| `metrics` | Counters and histograms via the `metrics` facade (install any exporter). |
| `embedded` | Run a self-contained embedded FalkorDB server (module downloaded at runtime). |
| `embedded-bundle` | Embed the module at build time so the embedded server runs fully offline. |
| `rustls` / `native-tls` | TLS for the sync client, via `rustls` or `native-tls`. |
| `tokio-rustls` / `tokio-native-tls` | TLS for the async client. |

```bash
cargo add falkordb --features tokio,serde
```

## Guide

Each capability below has a short explanation, a minimal snippet, and a link to a complete,
runnable example. The async client mirrors the sync API — `await` the terminals.

### Queries and results

#### Header-aware result rows

`QueryResult::data` iterates the result set as `FalkorResult<Row>`. Each `Row` pairs the query
header (the column aliases) with that row's values, so you read columns by **name or index** and a
row that fails to parse surfaces as an `Err` instead of being silently swallowed:

```rust
use falkordb::{FalkorClientBuilder, FalkorConnectionInfo};

let connection_info: FalkorConnectionInfo = "falkor://127.0.0.1:6379".try_into()
    .expect("Invalid connection info");
let client = FalkorClientBuilder::new()
    .with_connection_info(connection_info)
    .build()
    .expect("Failed to build client");
let mut graph = client.select_graph("imdb");

let mut result = graph
    .query("MATCH (m:Movie) RETURN m.title AS title, m.year AS year")
    .execute()
    .expect("Failed executing query");

for row in result.data.by_ref() {
    let row = row.expect("row failed to parse");
    // Read a column by alias and convert it in one step (strictly, via `FromFalkorValue`).
    let title: String = row.try_get("title").expect("title column");
    let year: i64 = row.try_get("year").expect("year column");
    println!("{title} ({year})");
}
```

`Row` offers borrowing accessors (`get`, `get_at`, `get_all`), typed accessors
(`try_get::<T>`, `try_get_at::<T>`), and consuming conversions (`into_values`, `into_map`). Typed
access is **strict** — no silent lossy casts — via the `FromFalkorValue` conversion trait. Because
`collect` short-circuits on the first `Err`, a whole result set can be gathered with
`result.data.collect::<falkordb::FalkorResult<Vec<_>>>()`.

FalkorDB rejects a query whose result columns are not uniquely named, so rows from a query always
have distinct columns; if a `Row` ever does hold duplicates, the access paths are still defined
(`get`/`try_get` return the first match, `get_all` returns every match, `into_map` keeps the last).
To opt back into the pre-0.7 behavior (bare `Vec<FalkorValue>` rows, parse errors collapsed to
`FalkorValue::Unparseable`), call `result.data.into_values_lossy()`. A runnable version lives in
[`examples/rows.rs`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/rows.rs). Upgrading from 0.6? See the
[0.7 migration guide](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/docs/migrating-to-0.7.md).

#### Type-safe query parameters

Pass Rust values straight into a query — the client encodes them as Cypher literals and escapes
them for you, so you never hand-quote strings or risk Cypher injection:

```rust
let res = graph
    .query("MATCH (m:Movie {title: $title}) WHERE m.year IN $years RETURN m")
    .with_param("title", "The Matrix")
    .with_param("years", [1999, 2003])
    .execute()?;
```

Add several at once from an array, `Vec`, or map with `with_params` (the values share a single
type; use chained `with_param` calls, as above, for a mix of types):

```rust
.with_params([("min_year", 1990), ("max_year", 2000)])
```

Supported value types include integers, floats, boolean values, strings, `Option` (encoded as
`null`), arrays/`Vec`, and string-keyed `HashMap`/`BTreeMap` (nested freely). Points and vectors
cannot be bound directly (a FalkorDB limitation) — pass the components and construct them in the
query:

```rust
use std::collections::BTreeMap;
let coords = BTreeMap::from([("latitude", 32.07), ("longitude", 34.79)]);
graph.query("RETURN point($p)").with_param("p", coords).execute()?;
```

If you really need a raw Cypher expression, `with_raw_param("key", "…")` is the explicit escape
hatch — no escaping is applied to the value (the parameter name is still validated).

Temporal values returned by queries — `datetime`, `date`, `time`/`localtime` and `duration` —
decode into the typed `DateTime`, `Date`, `Time` and `Duration` values. Each exposes its scalar as a
typed `Seconds` (`value.seconds()`), and `DateTime`/`Duration` support a small type-safe algebra
(`DateTime - DateTime` → `Duration`, `DateTime ± Duration` → `DateTime`, plus `Duration`
add/subtract/negate) with overflow-checked `checked_*` variants. They are read from results but
cannot be bound back as parameters — build them in the query with the matching Cypher function (e.g.
`date($s)`). A runnable version lives in [`examples/temporal.rs`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/temporal.rs).

#### Typed result mapping with serde

Enable the optional `serde` feature to map query results straight into your own types instead of hand-matching every
`FalkorValue` variant:

```bash
cargo add falkordb --features serde
```

Derive `serde::Deserialize` on your type and call `FalkorValue::deserialize_into` (or the free function
`falkordb::from_falkor_value`) on a returned value. A node is deserialized from its properties, and scalars, `Option`,
sequences and maps map onto the matching Rust types:

```rust
use falkordb::{FalkorClientBuilder, FalkorConnectionInfo};
use serde::Deserialize;
#[derive(Debug, Deserialize)]
struct Movie {
    title: String,
    year: i64,
    rating: Option<f64>,
}
let connection_info: FalkorConnectionInfo = "falkor://127.0.0.1:6379".try_into()
    .expect("Invalid connection info");
let client = FalkorClientBuilder::new()
    .with_connection_info(connection_info)
    .build()
    .expect("Failed to build client");
let mut graph = client.select_graph("imdb");
let mut result = graph.query("MATCH (m:Movie) RETURN m").execute()
    .expect("Failed executing query");
for row in result.data.by_ref() {
    let row = row.expect("row failed to parse");
    if let Some(node) = row.into_iter().next() {
        let movie: Movie = node.deserialize_into().expect("Failed to map node");
        println!("{} ({})", movie.title, movie.year);
    }
}
```

A runnable version lives in [`examples/typed_mapping.rs`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/typed_mapping.rs).

To map a whole result set in one shot, call `query_as::<T>()` before `execute()`. Each row is
deserialized into a `T`, and the result's `data` becomes an iterator of `FalkorResult<T>`, so it
collects directly into a `Vec`:

```rust
let movies: Vec<Movie> = graph
    .query("MATCH (m:Movie) RETURN m")
    .query_as::<Movie>()
    .execute()
    .expect("Failed executing query")
    .data
    .collect::<Result<_, _>>()
    .expect("Failed mapping rows");
```

A single-column row (such as `RETURN m`) is deserialized from that one column's value, so a node
maps from its properties and `RETURN count(m)` maps a scalar. A multi-column row (such as
`RETURN m.title AS title, m.year AS year`) maps each column alias onto the matching struct field,
or yields the values in order for a tuple. The query `header` and `stats` remain available on the
returned result.

### Async

#### tokio support

This client supports nonblocking API using the [`tokio`](https://tokio.rs/) runtime.
It can be enabled like so:

```bash
cargo add falkordb --features tokio
```

Currently, this API requires running within a [
`multi_threaded tokio scheduler`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/runtime/index.html#multi-thread-scheduler), and
does not support the `current_thread` one, but this will probably be supported in the future.

The API uses an almost identical API, but the various functions need to be awaited:

```rust
use falkordb::{FalkorClientBuilder, FalkorConnectionInfo};
use futures::StreamExt; // brings `.next().await` onto the result stream

// Connect to FalkorDB
let connection_info: FalkorConnectionInfo = "falkor://127.0.0.1:6379".try_into()
            .expect("Invalid connection info");

let client = FalkorClientBuilder::new_async()
            .with_connection_info(connection_info)
            .build()
            .await
            .expect("Failed to build client");

// Select the social graph
let mut graph = client.select_graph("social");

// Create 100 nodes and return a handful
let mut nodes = graph.query("UNWIND range(1, 100) AS i CREATE (n { v:1 }) RETURN n LIMIT 10")
            .with_timeout(5000)
            .execute()
            .await
            .expect("Failed executing query");

// `nodes.data` is a `Stream<Item = FalkorResult<Row>>`; pull rows with `.next().await`:
while let Some(row) = nodes.data.next().await {
     let row = row.expect("row failed to parse");
     println!("{:?}", row.get_at(0));
}
```

The result set (`nodes.data`) is an owned, `Send + 'static` `Stream`, so it can be moved into a
spawned task and driven with the full `StreamExt` / `TryStreamExt` toolbox. The graph
handle itself is `Send + Clone`: cloning is cheap and **shares one schema cache**, so to use a graph
from several concurrent tasks you just clone it — no `Arc<Mutex<_>>` wrapping required.

#### Async streaming

Because results are a `Stream`, the standard combinators just work. Import the extension traits
(`use futures::{StreamExt, TryStreamExt};`) and:

```rust
use futures::{StreamExt, TryStreamExt};
// Collect a typed stream in one line (errors short-circuit):
let years: Vec<i64> = graph
    .query("MATCH (m:Movie) RETURN m.year AS year ORDER BY year")
    .execute()
    .await?
    .data
    .map(|row| row?.try_get::<i64>("year"))
    .try_collect()
    .await?;
// Move a result stream into its own task (it is `Send + 'static`):
let mut stream = graph.query("MATCH (n) RETURN n").execute().await?.data;
let count = tokio::spawn(async move {
    let mut n = 0usize;
    while let Some(row) = stream.next().await {
        row?;
        n += 1;
    }
    Ok::<_, falkordb::FalkorDBError>(n)
})
.await
.unwrap()?;
// Fan out a follow-up query per row with bounded concurrency, over cloned handles:
let enriched: Vec<i64> = graph
    .query("MATCH (m:Movie) RETURN m.year AS year")
    .execute()
    .await?
    .data
    .map(|row| {
        let mut g = graph.clone(); // cheap; shares the schema cache
        async move {
            let year: i64 = row?.try_get("year")?;
            let mut r = g.query(format!("RETURN {year} + 1 AS next")).execute().await?;
            r.data.try_next().await?.expect("a row").try_get::<i64>("next")
        }
    })
    .buffer_unordered(8)
    .try_collect()
    .await?;
```

A runnable version lives in [`examples/async_stream.rs`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/async_stream.rs).

#### Connection strategy and multiplexing

The asynchronous client chooses how it manages its underlying Redis connections via a
`ConnectionStrategy`:

- **`Multiplexed`** (the async default): a small number of shared, cloneable,
  auto-reconnecting connections. Many concurrent commands are pipelined over each socket,
  so a single connection can carry many in-flight requests at once. This avoids the
  borrow/return bottleneck and is the most efficient option for highly concurrent
  workloads.
- **`Pooled`**: a fixed pool of independent connections, each used by exactly one command
  at a time (borrow/return). This gives strict per-command isolation and a natural cap on
  in-flight commands. It is the only strategy for the synchronous client.

Select or tune the strategy on the builder:

```rust
use falkordb::{ConnectionStrategy, FalkorClientBuilder};
use std::num::NonZeroU8;

// Spread commands across 4 shared multiplexed sockets (the default uses 8).
let client = FalkorClientBuilder::new_async()
    .with_connection_strategy(ConnectionStrategy::Multiplexed {
        connections: NonZeroU8::new(4).unwrap(),
    })
    // Optional backpressure: cap concurrently in-flight commands per socket.
    .with_max_inflight(std::num::NonZeroUsize::new(256).unwrap())
    .build()
    .await
    .expect("Failed to build client");

assert_eq!(client.connection_pool_size(), 4);
```

Notes and caveats:

- **Behavior change:** the async default is now multiplexed (previously an exclusive
  borrow-pool). The API is source-compatible; `with_num_connections` now sets the number
  of underlying connections/sockets for the active strategy, and `connection_pool_size()`
  reports that count.
- **Backpressure:** multiplexed mode does not bound the number of outstanding requests
  unless you set `with_max_inflight(n)` (where `n` is a `NonZeroUsize`; ignored by the
  pooled strategy, whose pool size already caps in-flight commands).
- **Sentinel:** a multiplexed connection built from a Sentinel-resolved node would not
  re-resolve the master/replica on failover, so for Sentinel deployments the client
  transparently falls back to the pooled strategy (which re-resolves on reconnect).
  `connection_strategy()` returns this *effective* strategy.

A runnable example is provided in [`examples/multiplexed_async.rs`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/multiplexed_async.rs).

### Execution patterns

#### Batch and pipelined execution

Normally each query is one network round-trip. `graph.batch()` queues several queries and sends them
over a single Redis pipeline in **one round-trip**, returning one result per query **in submission
order**. Queue queries with `query` (a `GRAPH.QUERY`) / `ro_query` (a `GRAPH.RO_QUERY`) and set
per-query parameters on the returned handle:

```rust
let mut batch = graph.batch();
for movie in &movies {
    batch.query("CREATE (:Movie {title: $t})").with_param("t", movie);
}
batch.ro_query("MATCH (m:Movie) RETURN count(m) AS n");

let results = batch.execute()?; // Vec<BatchItemResult>, one per query, in order
for (i, item) in results.into_iter().enumerate() {
    match item {
        Ok(result) => { /* result.data: Vec<Row>, result.header, result.stats */ }
        Err(err) => eprintln!("query {i} failed: {err}"),
    }
}
```

On the async client it is identical but for the `await`:

```rust
let mut batch = graph.batch();
// … queue queries …
let results = batch.execute().await?;
```

Key points:

- **Per-item errors.** A failing query (bad Cypher, or a parameter that can't be encoded) becomes
  that slot's `Err`; the other queries are unaffected. The **outer** `Result` only fails if the whole
  batch could not be completed — and if that happens *after* the pipeline was sent, the server may
  have run some or all queries (the state is unknown), which matters for writes.
- **Not a transaction.** A pipeline is not `MULTI`/`EXEC`: every queued query is executed, so a
  failure in one does **not** roll back or stop the others.
- **Results are eager.** Each query's rows are parsed up front into a `Vec<Row>` (the same `Row` as
  elsewhere), since many result sets coexist in one batch.
- **Owned queries.** To build queries ahead of time, construct `BatchQuery::write(..)` /
  `BatchQuery::read(..)`, attach params/timeout, and `batch.push(query)`.

A runnable version lives in [`examples/batch.rs`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/batch.rs).

#### Waiting for background operations

Some FalkorDB operations finish **after** the command that starts them returns: when you create or
drop an index or constraint, the request returns immediately while the index is populated (or the
constraint is enforced) on a background worker thread, and `GRAPH.COPY` can fail transiently while
the server is unable to `fork`. The eager methods
(`create_index`, `create_unique_constraint`, `copy_graph`, …) stay fire-and-forget, but every
one of them now has an additive `*_op` builder that adds explicit, opt-in waiting while keeping
full backward compatibility.

Each builder offers `.execute()` (non-blocking, identical to the eager method) and `.wait()` /
`.wait_with(WaitOptions)` terminals. For index and constraint builders, `.wait()` blocks until the
operation has actually taken effect (the index/constraint becomes operational or is dropped),
returning `FalkorDBError::Timeout` if it does not happen in time. For the copy builder, `GRAPH.COPY`
is already blocking on the server, so `.wait()` simply retries transient `could not fork` failures
with backoff; it does **not** verify the copied contents (that remains the caller's responsibility).

```rust
use falkordb::{EntityType, FalkorClientBuilder, FalkorConnectionInfo, IndexType, WaitOptions};
use std::time::Duration;

let connection_info: FalkorConnectionInfo = "falkor://127.0.0.1:6379".try_into()
            .expect("Invalid connection info");
let client = FalkorClientBuilder::new()
           .with_connection_info(connection_info)
           .build()
           .expect("Failed to build client");
let mut graph = client.select_graph("social");

// Fire-and-forget, exactly like `create_index` (returns as soon as the server accepts it):
graph.create_index_op(IndexType::Range, EntityType::Node, "Person", &["age"], None)
     .execute()
     .expect("Failed to request index creation");

// Block until the index is actually operational (default 30s readiness timeout):
graph.create_index_op(IndexType::Range, EntityType::Node, "Person", &["name"], None)
     .wait()
     .expect("Index did not become operational");

// A unique constraint reports a *distinct* error if existing data violates it:
match graph.create_unique_constraint_op(EntityType::Node, "Person", &["email"])
           .wait_with(WaitOptions::with_timeout(Duration::from_secs(10)))
{
    Ok(()) => println!("constraint is enforced"),
    Err(falkordb::FalkorDBError::ConstraintFailed { .. }) => println!("data violates the constraint"),
    Err(other) => panic!("unexpected error: {other}"),
}

// Copy a graph, retrying transient `could not fork` failures:
let _copy = client.copy_graph_op("social", "social_backup")
                  .wait()
                  .expect("Failed to copy graph");
```

The same builders exist on the async client — just `await` the terminals. See
[`examples/waiting_ops.rs`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/waiting_ops.rs) for a complete, runnable example.

For vector indexes, the typed helpers `create_node_vector_index` / `create_edge_vector_index` take a
`dimension` and a `VectorSimilarity` (`Euclidean` or `Cosine`) and generate the correct
`OPTIONS { dimension: N, similarityFunction: '…' }` clause for you. Like the other index operations
they are fire-and-forget, and they have matching `create_node_vector_index_op` /
`create_edge_vector_index_op` builders that integrate with the waiting ergonomics above —
`.wait()` blocks until the vector index is operational (and `.execute()` is the non-blocking
equivalent). A runnable version lives in
[`examples/vector_index.rs`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/vector_index.rs).

### Connections and networking

#### TLS support

This client is currently built upon the [`redis`](https://docs.rs/redis/latest/redis/) crate, and therefore supports TLS
using
its implementation, which uses either [`rustls`](https://docs.rs/rustls/latest/rustls/) or [
`native_tls`](https://docs.rs/native-tls/latest/native_tls/).
This is not enabled by default, and the user just opt-in by enabling the respective features: `"rustls"`/`"native-tls"` (
when using tokio: `"tokio-rustls"`/`"tokio-native-tls"`).

For Rustls:

```bash
cargo add falkordb --features rustls
```

```bash
cargo add falkordb --features tokio-rustls
```

For Native TLS:

```bash
cargo add falkordb --features native-tls
```

```bash
cargo add falkordb --features tokio-native-tls
```

A runnable example is provided in [`examples/tls.rs`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/tls.rs).

#### TCP keepalive

Long-lived clients behind NATs, stateful firewalls, or idle-timeout-enforcing
proxies can silently lose their TCP sessions. The builder exposes TCP-level
socket settings to prevent this:

```rust
use falkordb::FalkorClientBuilder;
use std::time::Duration;

// Convenience: just enable keepalive with a 30-second idle timeout
let client = FalkorClientBuilder::new()
    .with_tcp_keepalive(Duration::from_secs(30))
    .build()
    .expect("Failed to build client");

// Or full control via redis::io::tcp::TcpSettings
let settings = redis::io::tcp::TcpSettings::default()
    .set_nodelay(true)
    .set_keepalive(
        redis::io::tcp::socket2::TcpKeepalive::new()
            .with_time(Duration::from_secs(60)),
    );
let client = FalkorClientBuilder::new()
    .with_tcp_settings(settings)
    .build()
    .expect("Failed to build client");
```

> **Note:** TCP settings apply to direct Redis TCP connections only.
> Unix-domain socket / embedded connections and the Sentinel connection path are
> not affected.

#### Read-only queries and replica routing

Read-only queries (`ro_query` and `call_procedure_ro`) send `GRAPH.RO_QUERY`, which the server
refuses to let write. *Where* such a query runs is a separate, **opt-in** choice expressed with
`ReadPreference`. Because a FalkorDB replica applies writes only **after** the primary, a read
served from a replica can be slightly **stale**, so the default (`ReadPreference::Primary`)
keeps every read on the primary — you never observe replication lag unless you ask for it.

Opt into replicas either per client or per query:

- **Per client** — `with_read_preference` sets the
  default for every read-only query.
- **Per query** — `prefer_replica` opts a single query in, and
  `primary_only` forces one back onto the primary (read-your-writes).
  The per-query choice overrides the client default.

Replica routing requires a Redis Sentinel deployment that exposes readable replicas; when none is
available (for example a single node), `ReadPreference::PreferReplica` transparently falls back
to the primary, so the same code runs everywhere. Writes always go to the primary — asking for a
replica on a writable `query`/`call_procedure`/batch fails with
`FalkorDBError::ReadPreferenceNotReadOnly`.

> **Connection pool sizing:** When readable replicas are present the client opens
> a second pool of up to `num_connections` additional connections (one per slot)
> alongside the primary pool, regardless of the read preference. Size your pool limits and
> file-descriptor limits accordingly.

```rust
use falkordb::{FalkorClientBuilder, ReadPreference};

let client = FalkorClientBuilder::new()
    // A Sentinel endpoint, e.g. falkor://127.0.0.1:26379
    .with_connection_info("falkor://127.0.0.1:26379".try_into().expect("Invalid connection info"))
    // Prefer replicas for this client's read-only queries (accepts slightly stale reads).
    .with_read_preference(ReadPreference::PreferReplica)
    .build()
    .expect("Failed to build client");

// Capability (a replica pool exists) vs policy (the default routing).
if client.replica_reads_available() {
    println!("Replica connections are available");
}
println!("Default read preference: {:?}", client.read_preference());

let mut graph = client.select_graph("imdb");

// Writes go to the primary.
graph.query("CREATE (:Actor {name: 'Tom Hanks'})").execute().expect("Failed to write");

// Follows the client default (a replica when available, else the primary).
let mut nodes = graph.ro_query("MATCH (a:Actor) RETURN a.name").execute().expect("Failed to read");

// Force the freshest data from the primary for a single read, overriding the default.
let mut fresh = graph.ro_query("MATCH (a:Actor) RETURN a.name").primary_only().execute().expect("Failed to read");
```

Against a single node (or any deployment without readable replicas),
`replica_reads_available` returns `false` and reads
use the primary. See [`examples/readonly_replica.rs`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/readonly_replica.rs)
for a complete working example.

### Resilience and observability

#### Automatic retries

A client can opt in to a `RetryPolicy` that automatically re-issues *eligible* operations on
*transient* connection failures, with bounded backoff. It is **disabled by default**, so a client
built without one behaves exactly as before (every operation is attempted once):

```rust
use falkordb::{Backoff, FalkorClientBuilder, RetryPolicy};
use std::time::Duration;

let client = FalkorClientBuilder::new()
    .with_retry_policy(
        RetryPolicy::read_only()                         // retry read-only ops only
            .max_attempts(4)                             // 1 initial try + up to 3 retries
            .backoff(Backoff::exponential(Duration::from_millis(50))
                .max_delay(Duration::from_secs(1))),     // 50ms, 100ms, 200ms, … capped at 1s
    )
    .build()?;
```

The same `with_retry_policy(..)` is available on the async builder
(`FalkorClientBuilder::new_async()`).

**Write safety.** The only scope available today, `RetryScope::ReadOnly`, retries **read-only /
idempotent** operations only (`ro_query`, `explain`, `list_indices`, `list_constraints`, read-only
procedure calls). **Writes are never retried**, so enabling a policy can never duplicate a write.
Classification is by the API you call, never by inspecting Cypher — `query()` is treated as a write
even when it only reads, so use `ro_query()` for retryable reads.

Only transient connection errors are retried (a dropped/unavailable connection, or a Sentinel
resolution failure); deterministic errors (syntax, constraint violations, parse/type errors,
wait-operation timeouts) are returned immediately. Retries compose with the client's existing
connection healing: each attempt re-borrows a connection, so a recovered connection is picked up on
the next try.

**Scope.** Retry currently wraps query and procedure *execution* — `ro_query`, `query`, `explain`,
`profile`, `call_procedure`/`call_procedure_ro`, and `list_indices`/`list_constraints` (only the
read-only ones are eligible). Direct client/admin calls (`list_graphs`, configuration getters/setters,
`slowlog`, server `INFO`) and the internal schema-cache refresh that can run while a result is parsed
are **not** wrapped yet, so a transient failure there still surfaces even with a policy enabled.
Broadening the coverage is a planned follow-up.

See [`examples/retry.rs`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/retry.rs) for a complete, runnable example.

#### Tracing

This crate fully supports instrumentation using the [`tracing`](https://docs.rs/tracing/latest/tracing/) crate, to use
it, simply, enable the `tracing` feature:

```bash
cargo add falkordb --features tracing
```

Note that different functions use different filtration levels, to avoid spamming your tests, be sure to enable the
correct level as you desire it.

When the `tracing` feature is enabled, the query- and procedure-execution spans are enriched with
structured, low-cardinality fields you can slice and filter on (named after the
[OpenTelemetry database conventions](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/specs/semconv/database/) so they
map cleanly when exported via `tracing-opentelemetry`):

| Field | Example | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| `db.system.name` | `falkordb` | constant |
| `db.namespace` | `social` | the graph name |
| `db.operation.name` | `GRAPH.RO_QUERY` / `db.idx.fulltext.queryNodes` | the command or procedure |
| `db.falkordb.read_only` | `true` | whether the operation is read-only |
| `db.falkordb.strategy` | `multiplexed` | the active connection strategy |
| `db.query.fingerprint` | `a1b2c3d4e5f60718` | a privacy-safe hash of the query *shape* |
| `error.type` | `connection_down` | a bounded error kind, recorded on failure |
| `db.response.returned_rows` | `42` | rows the server returned (on the outer `execute` span) |
| `db.falkordb.server_time_ms` | `1.18` | the server's internal execution time, when reported |

**Privacy by default.** The raw query text and parameter values are **never** recorded by default —
only the `db.query.fingerprint`, which is a hash of the query with all literals (strings, numbers,
`true`/`false`/`null`) redacted, so two queries that differ only in their values share a fingerprint
and no value ever enters a span. If you need the raw Cypher for debugging in a trusted environment,
opt in explicitly:

```rust
use falkordb::FalkorClientBuilder;

let client = FalkorClientBuilder::new()
    .with_query_logging(true) // records `db.query.text`; off by default
    .build()?;
```

Parameter values supplied via `with_param` are never recorded even when query logging is enabled
(they live in the query preamble, not the query text).

> **Note:** the async query/procedure futures are deeply nested (retry + instrumentation). If you
> `tokio::spawn` them with the `tracing` feature enabled and hit a `recursion limit` /
> `overflow evaluating ... Send` error, add `#![recursion_limit = "256"]` to your crate root — the
> standard fix for deep `async` + `tracing` stacks.

See [`examples/observability.rs`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/observability.rs) for a complete, runnable example.

#### Metrics

Enable the `metrics` feature to emit counters and histograms through the
[`metrics`](https://docs.rs/metrics/latest/metrics/) facade, so your application can install any
exporter (Prometheus, OpenTelemetry, …):

```bash
cargo add falkordb --features metrics
```

Each query and procedure execution records:

| Metric | Type | Labels |
|---|---|---|
| `falkordb_queries_total` | counter | `command`, `operation` (`read`/`write`), `strategy` |
| `falkordb_query_duration_seconds` | histogram | `command`, `operation` |
| `falkordb_query_errors_total` | counter | `command`, `error_kind` |
| `falkordb_retries_total` | counter | `operation`, `error_kind` |
| `falkordb_connections_in_flight` | gauge | `route` (`primary`/`replica`) |
| `falkordb_connection_pool_wait_seconds` | histogram | `route` (pooled strategy only) |

All labels are **bounded, low-cardinality** values: `command` is an allowlist of known commands
(unknown ⇒ `other`), `operation`/`strategy`/`error_kind` are small fixed sets. The graph name, query
text, and query fingerprint are **never** used as labels (they are unbounded and would explode metric
cardinality) — those belong on `tracing` spans, not metrics. Like `tracing`, recording is a no-op
until you install a recorder; for example, with `metrics-exporter-prometheus`:

```rust
let builder = metrics_exporter_prometheus::PrometheusBuilder::new();
builder.install().expect("failed to install Prometheus recorder");
// ... use the client; metrics are now exported on the configured endpoint.
```

#### Actionable error hints

`FalkorDBError::mitigation_hint()` turns common, recognizable failures into a short, actionable
remediation tip — handy for logs and AI tooling. It is purely additive: the raw error and its
`Display`/`Debug` output are unchanged, hints are fixed `&'static str`s (so they never echo text from
the underlying message), and unrecognized errors return `None`.

```rust
use falkordb::FalkorDBError;

let err = FalkorDBError::ConnectionDown;
if let Some(hint) = err.mitigation_hint() {
    println!("hint: {hint}");
}
```

### Embedded server

This client supports running an embedded FalkorDB server, which is useful for:
- Testing without external dependencies
- Embedded applications
- Quick prototyping and development

To use the embedded feature, enable it:

```bash
cargo add falkordb --features embedded
```

#### Choosing a module-provisioning mode

The `redis-server` binary is **never** downloaded — it must be installed on the host (see
Requirements). Only the FalkorDB `falkordb.so` **module** is provisioned, and there are two
features for that:

- **`embedded`** — *runtime download*. The module is downloaded on first start (and cached), so
  the running process **needs network access** the first time. Best for development.
- **`embedded-bundle`** — *build-time embed, offline at runtime*. A `build.rs` fetches the module
  for the build target at **compile time** and embeds it in your binary, so the running process
  needs **no network at all**. Best for network-isolated deployments. Enable it instead of
  `embedded`:

```bash
  cargo add falkordb --features embedded-bundle
  ```

Control the bundled module at build time with environment variables:
  `FALKORDB_EMBEDDED_MODULE_VERSION` (release tag; defaults to the pinned version),
  `FALKORDB_EMBEDDED_MODULE_PLATFORM` (override the asset for distro-specific Linux targets such
  as `rhel9-x64`), and `FALKORDB_EMBEDDED_MODULE_PATH` to embed a **local** `.so` instead of
  downloading (fully offline builds, or unsupported platforms). A non-default version must be
  accompanied by `FALKORDB_EMBEDDED_MODULE_SHA256` — unchecked downloaded native code is never
  embedded. The downloading build uses the host `curl` (set `FALKORDB_EMBEDDED_MODULE_PATH` on
  build hosts without `curl` or network access); the `embedded-bundle` runtime itself carries no
  HTTP/hashing dependencies.

> **License:** `embedded-bundle` embeds the SSPL-licensed FalkorDB module into your binary, so
  > you are responsible for complying with its license when you distribute that binary.

#### Requirements

- `redis-server` (**version 8.0 or newer**) must be installed and available in PATH (or you can
  specify a custom path). It is **not** downloaded automatically — install it from your package
  manager (e.g. `brew install redis`, `apt-get install redis-server`).
- The `falkordb.so` module is provisioned automatically: downloaded at runtime with `embedded`
  (when `auto_download` is enabled, the default) or embedded at build time with
  `embedded-bundle`. You can also point `falkordb_module_path` at an existing module, or disable
  `auto_download` to use only explicit/system-installed binaries.
- On macOS the module requires OpenMP: `brew install libomp`.

Supported platforms: Linux x86_64/aarch64 (glibc and musl/Alpine, plus
RHEL 8/9 and Amazon Linux 2023 on x86_64) and macOS aarch64 (Apple Silicon).

#### Self-contained vs. already-installed

```rust
use falkordb::EmbeddedConfig;
use std::path::PathBuf;

// Self-contained (default): download + cache the module if it is missing.
let _auto = EmbeddedConfig::default();

// Offline: use only binaries already on the machine (no network access).
let _offline = EmbeddedConfig {
    auto_download: false,
    falkordb_module_path: Some(PathBuf::from("/usr/lib/redis/modules/falkordb.so")),
    ..Default::default()
};
```

The cache directory defaults to `~/.cache/falkordb-rs` (Linux) or
`~/Library/Caches/falkordb-rs` (macOS) and can be overridden with the
`cache_dir` field or the `FALKORDB_RS_CACHE_DIR` environment variable.

#### Usage Example

```rust
use falkordb::{EmbeddedConfig, FalkorClientBuilder, FalkorConnectionInfo};

// Create an embedded configuration with defaults
let embedded_config = EmbeddedConfig::default();

// Or customize the configuration:
// let embedded_config = EmbeddedConfig {
//     redis_server_path: Some(PathBuf::from("/path/to/redis-server")),
//     falkordb_module_path: Some(PathBuf::from("/path/to/falkordb.so")),
//     db_dir: Some(PathBuf::from("/tmp/my_falkordb")),
//     falkordb_version: None, // pin a different release, e.g. Some("v4.18.10".into())
//     cache_dir: None,        // override the download cache location
//     ..Default::default()
// };

// Build a client with embedded FalkorDB
let client = FalkorClientBuilder::new()
    .with_connection_info(FalkorConnectionInfo::Embedded(embedded_config))
    .build()
    .expect("Failed to build client");

// Use the client normally
let mut graph = client.select_graph("social");
graph.query("CREATE (:Person {name: 'Alice', age: 30})").execute().expect("Failed to execute query");

// The embedded server will be automatically shut down when the client is dropped
```

The embedded server:
- Spawns a `redis-server` process with the FalkorDB module loaded
- Uses Unix socket for communication (no network port)
- Automatically cleans up when the client is dropped
- Can be configured with custom paths, database directory, and socket location

## Examples

Every example is a runnable file under [`examples/`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/tree/main/examples) and is compiled in CI.
Run one with `cargo run` plus the flags shown:

| Example | Shows | Run with |
|---|---|---|
| [`basic_usage`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/basic_usage.rs) | A minimal connect, query, and iterate flow | `--example basic_usage` |
| [`rows`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/rows.rs) | Header-aware rows: read columns by name or index with strict typed access | `--example rows` |
| [`typed_params`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/typed_params.rs) | Type-safe, injection-proof query parameters | `--example typed_params` |
| [`typed_mapping`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/typed_mapping.rs) | Map query results into your own `serde` types | `--features serde --example typed_mapping` |
| [`temporal`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/temporal.rs) | Decode temporal values and use the type-safe `DateTime`/`Duration` algebra | `--example temporal` |
| [`vector_index`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/vector_index.rs) | Create vector indexes with the typed helpers and `VectorSimilarity` | `--example vector_index` |
| [`batch`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/batch.rs) | Batch / pipelined execution: many queries in one round-trip | `--example batch` |
| [`waiting_ops`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/waiting_ops.rs) | Wait for background index / constraint / copy operations to take effect | `--example waiting_ops` |
| [`udf_usage`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/udf_usage.rs) | Load a user-defined-function (UDF) library | `--example udf_usage` |
| [`async_api`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/async_api.rs) | The async (`tokio`) client end to end | `--features tokio --example async_api` |
| [`async_stream`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/async_stream.rs) | Async streaming with `futures` combinators | `--features tokio --example async_stream` |
| [`multiplexed_async`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/multiplexed_async.rs) | The multiplexed async connection strategy | `--features tokio --example multiplexed_async` |
| [`readonly_replica`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/readonly_replica.rs) | Route read-only queries to replica nodes | `--example readonly_replica` |
| [`retry`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/retry.rs) | The opt-in retry policy for transient failures | `--example retry` |
| [`tls`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/tls.rs) | Connect to FalkorDB over TLS | `--features rustls --example tls` |
| [`observability`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/observability.rs) | `tracing` span enrichment and the query fingerprint | `--features tracing --example observability` |
| [`embedded_usage`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/examples/embedded_usage.rs) | Run an embedded FalkorDB server | `--features embedded --example embedded_usage` |

## API documentation

The complete API reference is published on [docs.rs](https://docs.rs/falkordb/latest/falkordb/).

## Migration guides

- [Migrating to 0.7](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/docs/migrating-to-0.7.md)
- [Migrating to 0.8](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/docs/migrating-to-0.8.md)
- [Migrating to 0.10](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/docs/migrating-to-0.10.md)

## Contributing

Development setup, the full `just` recipe reference, and how to run the tests and benchmarks live in
[`CONTRIBUTING.md`](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md).

## Community and license

- [GitHub Discussions](https://github.com/orgs/FalkorDB/discussions)
- [Discord](https://discord.com/invite/6M4QwDXn2w)
- [FalkorDB Cloud](https://app.falkordb.cloud)

Licensed under the [MIT License](https://github.com/FalkorDB/falkordb-rs/blob/main/LICENSE).

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