CoWoS-Guide

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Chip on Wafer on Substrate (CoWoS) Guide

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<h1 align="center">
 <img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/145732295-4c0ada4e-c237-472c-8bef-58b8eb223747.png">
 
 Chip on Wafer on Substrate (CoWoS) Guide
</h1>

#### A guide covering CoWoS including the applications, libraries and tools that will make you a better and more efficient CoWoS development.

**Note: You can easily convert this markdown file to a PDF in [VSCode](https://code.visualstudio.com/) using this handy extension [Markdown PDF](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=yzane.markdown-pdf).**

# Table of Contents

1. [Getting Started with CoWoS](https://github.com/mikeroyal/CoWoS-Guide#getting-started-with-CoWoS)

2. [FPGA Development](https://github.com/mikeroyal/CoWoS-Guide#fpga-development)

3. [LLVM Development](https://github.com/mikeroyal/CoWoS-Guide#llvm-development)

4. [C/C++ Development](https://github.com/mikeroyal/CoWoS-Guide#cc-development)

5. [OpenCL Development](https://github.com/mikeroyal/CoWoS-Guide#opencl-development)

6. [Virtualization Tools](https://github.com/mikeroyal/CoWoS-Guide#virtualization-tools)

7. [Emulation Tools](https://github.com/mikeroyal/CoWoS-Guide#emulation-tools)

8. [Verilog/SystemVerilog Development](https://github.com/mikeroyal/CoWoS-Guide#VerilogSystemVerilog-development)

# Getting Started with CoWoS
[Back to the Top](https://github.com/mikeroyal/CoWoS-Guide#table-of-contents)

[CoWoS®](https://3dfabric.tsmc.com/english/dedicatedFoundry/technology/cowos.htm) is a platform provides best-in-breed performance and highest integration density for high performance computing applications. This wafer level system integration platform offers wide range of interposer sizes, number of HBM cubes, and package sizes. It can enable larger than 2X-reticle size (or ~1,700mm2) interposer integrating leading SoC chips with more than four HBM2/HBM2E cubes.

<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/145732340-8195fa38-c986-4de1-baa5-e69fb06100ed.png">
 
 TSMC CoWoS®-S Architecture

[CoWoS-R](https://3dfabric.tsmc.com/english/dedicatedFoundry/technology/cowos.htm#tbc_CoWoS-R) is a member of CoWoS advanced packaging family leveraging InFO technology to utilize RDL interposer and to serve the interconnect between chiplets, especially in HBM(high bandwidth memory) and SoC heterogeneous integration. RDL interposer is comprised of polymer and copper traces, and it is relatively mechanically flexible. Such flexibility enhances the C4 joint integrity, and allows the new package can scale up its size to meet more complex functional demands.

<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/145732343-9645518b-69b7-4213-b6f3-934373b5176f.png">
 
 TSMC CoWoS®-R Architecture

[CoWoS®-L](https://3dfabric.tsmc.com/english/dedicatedFoundry/technology/cowos.htm#tbc_CoWoS-L) is one of the last for chip packages in the CoWoS® platform, combining the merits of CoWoS®-S and InFO technologies to provide the most flexible integration using interposer with LSI (Local Silicon Interconnect) chip for die-to-die interconnect and RDL layers for power and signal delivery. The offering starts from 1.5X-reticle interposer size with 1x SoC + 4x HBM cubes and will move forward to expand the envelope to larger sizes for integrating more chips.

**The key features of CoWoS®-L service include:**

- LSI chips for high routing density die-to-die interconnect through multiple layers of sub-micron Cu lines. The LSI chips can feature variety of connection architectures (e.g. SoC to SoC, SoC to chiplet, SoC to HBM… etc) within each product, and can also be used repeatedly for multiple products. The corresponding metal types, layer counts, and pitches align with the offering from CoWoS®-S.

- Molding-based interposer with wide pitch of RDL layers on both front-side and back-side and TIV (Through Interposer Via) for signal and power delivery provides low loss of high frequency signal in high-speed transmission.

- Capability of integrating additional elements, e.g. stand-alone IPD (Integrated Passive Device), right underneath the SoC die to support its signal communication with better PI/SI.

<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/45159366/145732345-22e0a913-13de-456a-aa36-84d8f4a9c8db.png">
 
 TSMC CoWoS®-L Architecture

# FPGA Development
[Back to the Top](https://github.com/mikeroyal/CoWoS-Guide#table-of-contents)

## FPGA Learning Resources

[FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Arrays)](https://www.xilinx.com/products/silicon-devices/fpga/what-is-an-fpga.html) are semiconductor devices that are based around a matrix of configurable logic blocks (CLBs) connected via programmable interconnects. FPGAs can be reprogrammed to desired application or functionality requirements after manufacturing.

[TinyFPGA](https://tinyfpga.com) is a new series of boards that are low-cost, [open source FPGA boards](https://github.com/tinyfpga) in a tiny form factor.

[SiFive FPGA shells](https://github.com/sifive/fpga-shells)

[FPGA & SoC Design Tools from Microsemi](https://www.microsemi.com/product-directory/fpga-soc/1637-design-resources)

[QuickLogic Embedded FPGA (eFPGA) Intellectual Property (IP) and Software](https://www.quicklogic.com/products/efpga/efpga-ip-software/)

[FPGA for Beginners with Development Boards from Digilent®](https://store.digilentinc.com/fpga-for-beginners/)

[Hundreds of FPGA Projects on Instructables](https://www.instructables.com/circuits/howto/FPGA/)

[FPGA Fundamentals from NI(National Instruments)](https://www.ni.com/en-us/innovations/white-papers/08/fpga-fundamentals.html)

[Getting Started With LabVIEW FPGA from NI(National Instruments)](https://www.ni.com/tutorial/14532/en/)

[Programming and FPGA Basics - INTEL® FPGAS](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/programmable/fpga/new-to-fpgas/resource-center/overview.html)

[Intel FPGA Training Program](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/programmable/support/training/overview.html)

[FPGA Courses on Coursera](https://www.coursera.org/courses?query=fpga)

[FPGA Courses on Udemy](https://www.udemy.com/topic/fpga/)

[FPGA Online Training Courses on LinkedIn Learning](https://www.linkedin.com/learning/topics/fpga)

[UMass Lowell's Graduate Certificate in Field Programmable Gate Arrays(FPGA)](https://gps.uml.edu/certificates/grad/online-field-programmable-gate-arrays-bae-graduate-certificate.cfm)

[FPGA Design Fundamentals Course (UC San Diego Extension)](https://extension.ucsd.edu/courses-and-programs/fpga-design-fundamentals)

[FPGA II Course (UC San Diego Extension)](https://extension.ucsd.edu/courses-and-programs/fpga-embedded-design)

[FPGAs & SoCs Training from Microsemi](https://www.microsemi.com/product-directory/training/4244-fpgas-socs-training)

[DSP fundamentals for FPGAs course from MATLAB and Simulink Training](https://www.mathworks.com/training-schedule/dsp-for-fpgas.html)

[Verilog Courses on Coursera](https://www.coursera.org/courses?query=verilog)

## FPGA Tools

[LabVIEW FPGA](https://www.ni.com/en-us/shop/software/products/labview-fpga-module.html) is a software add-on for LabVIEW that you can use to more efficiently and effectively design FPGA-based systems through a highly integrated development environment, IP libraries, a high-fidelity simulator, and debugging features.

[Apio](https://github.com/FPGAwars/apio) is a multiplatform toolbox, with static pre-built packages, project configuration tools and easy command interface to verify, synthesize, simulate and upload your verilog designs.

[IceStorm](https://github.com/YosysHQ/icestorm) is a project that aims at documenting the bitstream format of Lattice iCE40 FPGAs and providing simple tools for analyzing and creating bitstream files.

[Icestudio](https://icestudio.io/) is a visual editor for open FPGA boards. Built on top of the Icestorm project using Apio.

[FuseSoC](https://github.com/olofk/fusesoc) is an award-winning package manager and a set of build tools for HDL (Hardware Description Language) code and FPGA/ASIC development.

[OpenWiFi](https://github.com/open-sdr/openwifi) is an open-source IEEE802.11/Wi-Fi baseband chip/FPGA design.

[PipeCNN](https://github.com/doonny/PipeCNN) is an OpenCL-based FPGA Accelerator for Large-Scale Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). Currently, there is a growing trend among developers in the FPGA community to utilize High Level Synthesis (HLS) tools to design and implement customized circuits on FPGAs.

[Verilator](https://verilator.org/) is an open-source SystemVerilog simulator and lint system.

[Verilog to Routing(VTR)](https://verilogtorouting.org/) is a collaborative project to provide a open-source framework for conducting FPGA architecture and CAD Research & Development. The VTR design flow takes as input a Verilog description of a digital circuit, and a description of the target FPGA architecture.

[PlatformIO](https://platformio.org/) is a professional collaborative platform for embedded development with no vendor lock-in. It provides support for multiplatforms and frameworks such as IoT, Arduino, CMSIS, ESP-IDF, FreeRTOS, libOpenCM3, mbed OS, Pulp OS, SPL, STM32Cube, Zephyr RTOS, ARM, AVR, Espressif (ESP8266/ESP32), FPGA, MCS-51 (8051), MSP430, Nordic (nRF51/nRF52), NXP i.MX RT, PIC32, RISC-V.

[PlatformIO for VSCode](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=platformio.platformio-ide) is a plugin that provides support for the PlatformIO IDE on VSCode.

[Tock](https://www.tockos.org/) is an embedded operating system designed for running multiple concurrent, mutually distrustful applications on Cortex-M and RISC-V based embedded platforms. Tock's design centers around protection, both from potentially malicious applications and from device drivers.

[OpenTimer](https://github.com/OpenTimer/OpenTimer) is a High-Performance Timing Analysis Tool for VLSI Systems.

[LLVM](https://github.com/llvm/) is a library that has collection of modular/reusable compiler and toolchain  components (assemblers, compilers, debuggers, etc.). With these components LLVM can be used as a compiler framework, providing a front-end(parser and lexer) and a back-end (code that converts LLVM's representation to actual machine code).

[TinyGo](https://tinygo.org/) is a Go compiler(based on LLVM) intended for use in small places such as microcontrollers, WebAssembly (Wasm), and command-line tools.

[Chipyard](https://chipyard.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) is an open source framework for agile development of Chisel-based systems-on-chip. It will allow you to leverage the Chisel HDL, Rocket Chip SoC generator, and other [Berkeley](https://berkeley.edu/) projects to produce a RISC-V SoC with everything from MMIO-mapped peripherals to custom accelerators.

[The Eclipse Embedded CDT](https://github.com/eclipse-embed-cdt/eclipse-plugins) is a collection of plug-ins for Arm & RISC-V C/C++ developers.
[Unicorn](https://github.com/unicorn-engine/unicorn) is a lightweight, multi-platform, multi-architecture CPU emulator framework(ARM, AArch64, M68K, Mips, Sparc, X86) based on [QEMU](https://www.qemu.org/).

[Keystone](https://github.com/keystone-engine/keystone) is a lightweight multi-platform, multi-architecture(Arm, Arm64, Hexagon, Mips, PowerPC, Sparc, SystemZ & X86) assembler framework.

[Reko](https://github.com/uxmal/reko) is a decompiler for machine code binaries.

[Renode](https://renode.io/) is [Antmicro's](https://antmicro.com) virtual development framework for multinode embedded networks (both wired and wireless) and is intended to enable a scalable workflow for creating effective, tested and secure IoT systems.

[Diosix](https://diosix.org/) is a lightweight, secure, multiprocessor bare-metal hypervisor written in Rust for RISC-V.

# LLVM Development
[Back to the Top](https://github.com/mikeroyal/CoWoS-Guide#table-of-contents)

## LLVM Learning Resources

[LLVM](https://github.com/llvm/) is a library that has collection of modular/reusable compiler and toolchain  components (assemblers, compilers, and debuggers). With these components LLVM can be used as a compiler framework, providing a front-end(parser and lexer) and a back-end (code that converts LLVM's representation to actual machine code).

[Clang](https://clang.llvm.org/) is a language front-end and tooling infrastructure for languages in the C language family (C, C++, Objective C/C++, OpenCL, CUDA, and RenderScript) for the LLVM project.

[LLVM Project GitHub](https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project//)

[LLVM Documentation](https://llvm.org/docs/index.html)

[LLVM Discussion Forum](https://llvm.discourse.group/)

[LLVM | Apple Developer Forums](https://developer.apple.com/forums/tags/llvm/)

[Contributing to LLVM](https://llvm.org/docs/Contributing.html)

[Getting Started with LLVM](https://llvm.org/docs/GettingStartedTutorials.html)

[Getting Started with Clang](https://clang.llvm.org/get_started.html)

[How To Setup Clang Tooling For LLVM](https://clang.llvm.org/docs/HowToSetupToolingForLLVM.html)

[Using Clang-Tidy in Visual Studio](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/code-quality/clang-tidy)

[Configure VS Code for Clang/LLVM on macOS](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/cpp/config-clang-mac)

## LLVM Tools, Libraries and Frameworks

[Visual Studio Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) is a code editor redefined and optimized for building and debugging modern web and cloud applications.

[Code Server](https://coder.com/) is a tool that allows you to run [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) on any machine anywhere and access it in the browser.

[Clang-Format](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=xaver.clang-format) is a tool to format C/C++/Java/JavaScript/Objective-C/Objective-C++/Protobuf code.

[Clang-Tidy](https://clang.llvm.org/extra/clang-tidy/) is a clang-based C++ "linter" tool. Its purpose is to provide an extensible framework for diagnosing and fixing typical programming errors, like style violations, interface misuse, or bugs that can be deduced via static analysis. clang-tidy is modular and provides a convenient interface for writing new checks.

[Clangd](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=llvm-vs-code-extensions.vscode-clangd) is a Visual Studio Code extension that provides C/C++ language IDE features for VS Code using [clangd](https://clangd.llvm.org/).

[LLD](https://lld.llvm.org/) is a linker from the LLVM project that is a drop-in replacement for system linkers and runs much faster than them. It also provides features that are useful for toolchain developers. The linker supports ELF (Unix), PE/COFF (Windows), Mach-O (macOS) and WebAssembly in descending order.

[TinyGo](https://tinygo.org/) is a Go compiler(based on LLVM) intended for use in small places such as microcontrollers, WebAssembly (Wasm), and command-line tools.

[FileCheck](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/FileCheck.html) is a flexible pattern matching file verifier.

[tblgen](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/tblgen.html) is a description to C++ Code.

[clang-tblgen](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/clang-tblgen.html) is a description to C++ Code for Clang.

[lldb-tblgen](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/lldb-tblgen.html) is a description to C++ Code for LLDB.

[llvm-tblgen](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llvm-tblgen.html) is a target description to C++ Code for LLVM.

[mlir-tblgen](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/mlir-tblgen.html) is a description to C++ Code for MLIR.

[lit](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/lit.html) is a LLVM Integrated Tester.

[llvm-exegesis](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llvm-exegesis.html) is a LLVM Machine Instruction Benchmark.

[llvm-locstats](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llvm-locstats.html) is a calculate statistics on DWARF debug location.

[llvm-pdbutil](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llvm-pdbutil.html) is a PDB File forensics and diagnostics.

[llvm-profgen](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llvm-profgen.html) is a LLVM SPGO profile generation tool

[bugpoint](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/bugpoint.html) is a automatic test case reduction tool.

[llvm-extract](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llvm-extract.html) is a extract a function from an LLVM module.

[llvm-bcanalyzer](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llvm-bcanalyzer.html) is a LLVM bitcode analyzer.

[llvm-addr2line](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llvm-addr2line.html) is a drop-in replacement for addr2line.

[llvm-ar](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llvm-ar.html) is a  LLVM archiver.

[llvm-cxxfilt](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llvm-cxxfilt.html) is a  LLVM symbol name demangler.

[llvm-install-name-tool](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llvm-install-name-tool.html) is a LLVM tool for manipulating install-names and rpaths.

[llvm-nm](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llvm-nm.html) is a list LLVM bitcode and object file’s symbol table.

[llvm-objcopy](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llvm-objcopy.html) is a  object copying and editing tool.

[llvm-objdump](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llvm-objdump.html) is a  LLVM’s object file dumper.

[llvm-ranlib](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llvm-ranlib.html) is a  generates an archive index.

[llvm-readelf](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llvm-readelf.html) is a  GNU-style LLVM Object Reader.

[llvm-size](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llvm-size.html) is a  print size information.

[llvm-strings](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llvm-strings.html) is a  print strings.

[llvm-strip](https://llvm.org/docs/CommandGuide/llvm-strip.html) is a  object stripping tool.

# C/C++ Development
[Back to the Top](https://github.com/mikeroyal/CoWoS-Guide#table-of-contents)

## C/C++ Learning Resources

[C++](https://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/) is a cross-platform language that can be used to build high-performance applications developed by Bjarne Stroustrup, as an extension to the C language.

[C](https://www.iso.org/standard/74528.html) is a general-purpose, high-level language that was originally developed by Dennis M. Ritchie to develop the UNIX operating system at Bell Labs. It supports structured programming, lexical variable scope, and recursion, with a static type system. C also provides constructs that map efficiently to typical machine instructions, which makes it one was of the most widely used programming languages today.

[Embedded C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_C) is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by the [C Standards Committee](https://isocpp.org/std/the-committee) to address issues that exist between C extensions for different [embedded systems](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system). The extensions hep enhance microprocessor features such as fixed-point arithmetic, multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations. This makes Embedded C the most popular embedded software language in the world.

[C & C++ Developer Tools from JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/cpp/)

[Open source C++ libraries on cppreference.com](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/links/libs)

[C++ Graphics libraries](https://cpp.libhunt.com/libs/graphics)

[C++ Libraries in MATLAB](https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/call-cpp-library-functions.html)

[C++ Tools and Libraries Articles](https://www.cplusplus.com/articles/tools/)

[Google C++ Style Guide](https://google.github.io/styleguide/cppguide.html)

[Introduction C++ Education course on Google Developers](https://developers.google.com/edu/c++/)

[C++ style guide for Fuchsia](https://fuchsia.dev/fuchsia-src/development/languages/c-cpp/cpp-style)

[C and C++ Coding Style Guide by OpenTitan](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/rm/c_cpp_coding_style/)

[Chromium C++ Style Guide](https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/master/styleguide/c++/c++.md)

[C++ Core Guidelines](https://github.com/isocpp/CppCoreGuidelines/blob/master/CppCoreGuidelines.md)

[C++ Style Guide for ROS](http://wiki.ros.org/CppStyleGuide)

[Learn C++](https://www.learncpp.com/)

[Learn C : An Interactive C Tutorial](https://www.learn-c.org/)

[C++ Institute](https://cppinstitute.org/free-c-and-c-courses)

[C++ Online Training Courses on LinkedIn Learning](https://www.linkedin.com/learning/topics/c-plus-plus)

[C++ Tutorials on W3Schools](https://www.w3schools.com/cpp/default.asp)

[Learn C Programming Online Courses on edX](https://www.edx.org/learn/c-programming)

[Learn C++ with Online Courses on edX](https://www.edx.org/learn/c-plus-plus)

[Learn C++ on Codecademy](https://www.codecademy.com/learn/learn-c-plus-plus)

[Coding for Everyone: C and C++ course on Coursera](https://www.coursera.org/specializations/coding-for-everyone)

[C++ For C Programmers on Coursera](https://www.coursera.org/learn/c-plus-plus-a)

[Top C Courses on Coursera](https://www.coursera.org/courses?query=c%20programming)

[C++ Online Courses on Udemy](https://www.udemy.com/topic/c-plus-plus/)

[Top C Courses on Udemy](https://www.udemy.com/topic/c-programming/)

[Basics of Embedded C Programming for Beginners on Udemy](https://www.udemy.com/course/embedded-c-programming-for-embedded-systems/)

[C++ For Programmers Course on Udacity](https://www.udacity.com/course/c-for-programmers--ud210)

[C++ Fundamentals Course on Pluralsight](https://www.pluralsight.com/courses/learn-program-cplusplus)

[Introduction to C++ on MIT Free Online Course Materials](https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-096-introduction-to-c-january-iap-2011/)

[Introduction to C++ for Programmers | Harvard ](https://online-learning.harvard.edu/course/introduction-c-programmers)

[Online C Courses | Harvard University](https://online-learning.harvard.edu/subject/c)

## C/C++ Tools and Frameworks

[AWS SDK for C++](https://aws.amazon.com/sdk-for-cpp/)

[Azure SDK for C++](https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-cpp)

[Azure SDK for C](https://github.com/Azure/azure-sdk-for-c)

[C++ Client Libraries for Google Cloud Services](https://github.com/googleapis/google-cloud-cpp)

[Visual Studio](https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/) is an integrated development environment (IDE) from Microsoft; which is a feature-rich application that can be used for many aspects of software development. Visual Studio makes it easy to edit, debug, build, and publish your app. By using Microsoft software development platforms such as Windows API, Windows Forms, Windows Presentation Foundation, and Windows Store.

[Visual Studio Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) is a code editor redefined and optimized for building and debugging modern web and cloud applications.

[Vcpkg](https://github.com/microsoft/vcpkg) is a C++ Library Manager for Windows, Linux, and MacOS.

[ReSharper C++](https://www.jetbrains.com/resharper-cpp/features/) is a Visual Studio Extension for C++ developers developed by JetBrains.

[AppCode](https://www.jetbrains.com/objc/) is constantly monitoring the quality of your code. It warns you of errors and smells and suggests quick-fixes to resolve them automatically. AppCode provides lots of code inspections for Objective-C, Swift, C/C++, and a number of code inspections for other supported languages. All code inspections are run on the fly.

[CLion](https://www.jetbrains.com/clion/features/) is a cross-platform IDE for C and C++ developers developed by JetBrains.

[Code::Blocks](https://www.codeblocks.org/) is a free C/C++ and Fortran IDE built to meet the most demanding needs of its users. It is designed to be very extensible and fully configurable. Built around a plugin framework, Code::Blocks can be extended with plugins.

[CppSharp](https://github.com/mono/CppSharp) is a tool and set of libraries which facilitates the usage of native C/C++ code with the .NET ecosystem. It consumes C/C++ header and library files and generates the necessary glue code to surface the native API as a managed API. Such an API can be used to consume an existing native library in your managed code or add managed scripting support to a native codebase.

[Conan](https://conan.io/) is an Open Source Package Manager for C++ development and dependency management into the 21st century and on par with the other development ecosystems.

[High Performance Computing (HPC) SDK](https://developer.nvidia.com/hpc) is a comprehensive toolbox for GPU accelerating HPC modeling and simulation applications. It includes the C, C++, and Fortran compilers, libraries, and analysis tools necessary for developing HPC applications on the NVIDIA platform.

[Thrust](https://github.com/NVIDIA/thrust) is a C++ parallel programming library which resembles the C++ Standard Library. Thrust's high-level interface greatly enhances programmer productivity while enabling performance portability between GPUs and multicore CPUs. Interoperability with established technologies such as CUDA, TBB, and OpenMP integrates with existing software.

[Boost](https://www.boost.org/) is an educational opportunity focused on cutting-edge C++. Boost has been a participant in the annual Google Summer of Code since 2007, in which students develop their skills by working on Boost Library development.

[Automake](https://www.gnu.org/software/automake/) is a tool for automatically generating Makefile.in files compliant with the GNU Coding Standards. Automake requires the use of GNU Autoconf.

[Cmake](https://cmake.org/) is an open-source, cross-platform family of tools designed to build, test and package software. CMake is used to control the software compilation process using simple platform and compiler independent configuration files, and generate native makefiles and workspaces that can be used in the compiler environment of your choice.

[GDB](http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/) is a debugger, that allows you to see what is going on `inside' another program while it executes or what another program was doing at the moment it crashed.

[GCC](https://gcc.gnu.org/) is a compiler Collection that includes front ends for C, C++, Objective-C, Fortran, Ada, Go, and D, as well as libraries for these languages.

[GSL](https://www.gnu.org/software/gsl/) is a numerical library for C and C++ programmers. It is free software under the GNU General Public License. The library provides a wide range of mathematical routines such as random number generators, special functions and least-squares fitting. There are over 1000 functions in total with an extensive test suite.

[OpenGL Extension Wrangler Library (GLEW)](https://www.opengl.org/sdk/libs/GLEW/) is a cross-platform open-source C/C++ extension loading library. GLEW provides efficient run-time mechanisms for determining which OpenGL extensions are supported on the target platform.

[Libtool](https://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/) is a generic library support script that hides the complexity of using shared libraries behind a consistent, portable interface. To use Libtool, add the new generic library building commands to your Makefile, Makefile.in, or Makefile.am.

[Maven](https://maven.apache.org/) is a software project management and comprehension tool. Based on the concept of a project object model (POM), Maven can manage a project's build, reporting and documentation from a central piece of information.

[TAU (Tuning And Analysis Utilities)](http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/research/tau/home.php) is capable of gathering performance information through instrumentation of functions, methods, basic blocks, and statements as well as event-based sampling. All C++ language features are supported including templates and namespaces.

[Clang](https://clang.llvm.org/) is a production quality C, Objective-C, C++ and Objective-C++ compiler when targeting X86-32, X86-64, and ARM (other targets may have caveats, but are usually easy to fix). Clang is used in production to build performance-critical software like Google Chrome or Firefox.

[OpenCV](https://opencv.org/) is a highly optimized library with focus on real-time applications. Cross-Platform C++, Python and Java interfaces support Linux, MacOS, Windows, iOS, and Android.

[Libcu++](https://nvidia.github.io/libcudacxx) is the NVIDIA C++ Standard Library for your entire system. It provides a heterogeneous implementation of the C++ Standard Library that can be used in and between CPU and GPU code.

[ANTLR (ANother Tool for Language Recognition)](https://www.antlr.org/) is a powerful parser generator for reading, processing, executing, or translating structured text or binary files. It's widely used to build languages, tools, and frameworks. From a grammar, ANTLR generates a parser that can build parse trees and also generates a listener interface that makes it easy to respond to the recognition of phrases of interest.

[Oat++](https://oatpp.io/) is a light and powerful C++ web framework for highly scalable and resource-efficient web application. It's zero-dependency and easy-portable.

[JavaCPP](https://github.com/bytedeco/javacpp) is a program that provides efficient access to native C++ inside Java, not unlike the way some C/C++ compilers interact with assembly language.

[Cython](https://cython.org/) is a language that makes writing C extensions for Python as easy as Python itself. Cython is based on Pyrex, but supports more cutting edge functionality and optimizations such as calling C functions and declaring C types on variables and class attributes.

[Spdlog](https://github.com/gabime/spdlog) is a very fast, header-only/compiled, C++ logging library.

[Infer](https://fbinfer.com/) is a static analysis tool for Java, C++, Objective-C, and C. Infer is written in [OCaml](https://ocaml.org/).

# OpenCL Development
[Back to the Top](https://github.com/mikeroyal/CoWoS-Guide#table-of-contents)

## OpenCL Learning Resources

[Open Computing Language (OpenCL)](https://www.khronos.org/opencl/) is an open standard for [parallel programming](https://www.coursera.org/lecture/parprog1/introduction-to-parallel-computing-zNrIS) of heterogeneous platforms consisting of CPUs, GPUs, and other hardware accelerators found in supercomputers, cloud servers, personal computers, mobile devices and embedded platforms.

[OpenCL | GitHub](https://github.com/OpenCL/)

[Khronos Group | GitHub](https://github.com/KhronosGroup/)

[Khronos Technology Courses and Training](https://www.khronos.org/developers/training/)

[OpenCL Tutorials - StreamHPC](https://streamhpc.com/knowledge/for-developers/tutorials/)

[Introduction to Intel® OpenCL Tools](https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/articles/introduction-to-intel-opencl-tools.html)

[OpenCL | NVIDIA Developer](https://developer.nvidia.com/opencl)

[Introduction to OpenCL on FPGAs Course | Coursera](https://www.coursera.org/learn/opencl-fpga-introduction)

[Compiling OpenCL Kernel to FPGAs Course | Coursera](https://www.coursera.org/lecture/opencl-fpga-introduction/compiling-opencl-kernel-to-fpgas-g7MnU)

## OpenCL Tools, Libraries and Frameworks

[RenderDoc](https://renderdoc.org) is a stand-alone graphics debugger that allows quick and easy single-frame capture and detailed introspection of any application using Vulkan, D3D11, OpenGL & OpenGL ES or D3D12 across Windows, Linux, Android, Stadia, or Nintendo Switch™.

[GPUVerify](https://streamhpc.com/knowledge/tools/gpuverify/) is a tool for formal analysis of GPU kernels written in OpenCL and CUDA. The tool can prove that kernels are free from certain types of defect, including data races.

[OpenCL ICD Loader](https://github.com/KhronosGroup/OpenCL-ICD-Loader) is an Installable Client Driver (ICD) mechanism to allow developers to build applications against an Installable Client Driver loader (ICD loader) rather than linking their applications against a specific OpenCL implementation.

[clBLAS](https://github.com/clMathLibraries/clBLAS) is a software library containing BLAS functions written in OpenCL.

[clFFT](https://github.com/clMathLibraries/clFFT) is a software library containing FFT functions written in OpenCL.

[clSPARSE](https://github.com/clMathLibraries/clSPARSE) is a software library containing Sparse functions written in OpenCL.

[clRNG](https://github.com/clMathLibraries/clRNG) is an OpenCL based software library containing random number generation functions.

[CLsmith](https://github.com/ChrisLidbury/CLSmith/) is a tool that  makes use of two existing testing techniques, Random Differential Testing and Equivalence Modulo Inputs (EMI), applying them in a many-core environment, OpenCL. Its primary feature is the generation of random OpenCL kernels, exercising many features of the language. It also brings a novel idea of applying EMI, via dead-code injection.

[Oclgrind](https://github.com/jrprice/Oclgrind) is a virtual OpenCL device simulator, including an OpenCL runtime with ICD support. The goal is to provide a platform for creating tools to aid OpenCL development. In particular, this project currently implements utilities for debugging memory access errors, detecting data-races and barrier divergence, collecting instruction histograms, and for interactive OpenCL kernel debugging. The simulator is built on an interpreter for LLVM IR.

[NVIDIA® Nsight™ Visual Studio Edition](https://developer.nvidia.com/nsight-visual-studio-edition) is an application development environment for heterogeneous platforms which brings GPU computing into Microsoft Visual Studio. NVIDIA Nsight™ VSE allows you to build and debug integrated GPU kernels and native CPU code as well as inspect the state of the GPU and memory.

[Radeon™ GPU Profiler](https://gpuopen.com/rgp/) is a performance tool that can be used by developers to optimize DirectX®12, Vulkan® and OpenCL™ applications for AMD RDNA™ and GCN hardware.

[Radeon™ GPU Analyzer](https://gpuopen.com/rga/) is a compiler and code analysis tool for Vulkan®, DirectX®, OpenGL® and OpenCL™.

[AMD Radeon ProRender](https://www.amd.com/en/technologies/radeon-prorender) is a powerful physically-based rendering engine that enables creative professionals to produce stunningly photorealistic images on virtually any GPU, any CPU, and any OS in over a dozen leading digital content creation and CAD applications.

[NVIDIA Omniverse](https://developer.nvidia.com/nvidia-omniverse-platform) is a powerful, multi-GPU, real-time simulation and collaboration platform for 3D production pipelines based on Pixar's Universal Scene Description and NVIDIA RTX.

[Intel® SDK For OpenCL™ Applications](https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/tools/opencl-sdk.html) is an offload compute-intensive workloads. Customize heterogeneous compute applications and accelerate performance with kernel-based programming.

[NVIDIA NGC](https://ngc.nvidia.com/) is a hub for GPU-optimized software for deep learning, machine learning, and high-performance computing (HPC) workloads.

[NVIDIA NGC Containers](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/gpu-cloud/containers/) is a registry that provides researchers, data scientists, and developers with simple access to a comprehensive catalog of GPU-accelerated software for AI, machine learning and HPC. These containers take full advantage of NVIDIA GPUs on-premises and in the cloud.

[NVIDIA cuDNN](https://developer.nvidia.com/cudnn) is a GPU-accelerated library of primitives for [deep neural networks](https://developer.nvidia.com/deep-learning). cuDNN provides highly tuned implementations for standard routines such as forward and backward convolution, pooling, normalization, and activation layers. cuDNN accelerates widely used deep learning frameworks, including [Caffe2](https://caffe2.ai/), [Chainer](https://chainer.org/), [Keras](https://keras.io/), [MATLAB](https://www.mathworks.com/solutions/deep-learning.html), [MxNet](https://mxnet.incubator.apache.org/), [PyTorch](https://pytorch.org/), and [TensorFlow](https://www.tensorflow.org/).

[NVIDIA Container Toolkit](https://github.com/NVIDIA/nvidia-docker) is a collection of tools & libraries that allows users to build and run GPU accelerated Docker containers. The toolkit includes a container runtime [library](https://github.com/NVIDIA/libnvidia-container) and utilities to automatically configure containers to leverage NVIDIA GPUs.

# Virtualization Tools
[Back to the Top](https://github.com/mikeroyal/CoWoS-Guide#table-of-contents)

[HVM (Hardware Virtual Machine)](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSEC2/latest/UserGuide/virtualization_types.html) is a virtualization type that provides the ability to run an operating system directly on top of a virtual machine without any modification, as if it were run on the bare-metal hardware.

[PV(ParaVirtualization)](https://wiki.xenproject.org/wiki/Paravirtualization_(PV)) is an efficient and lightweight virtualization technique introduced by the Xen Project team, later adopted by other virtualization solutions. PV does not require virtualization extensions from the host CPU and thus enables virtualization on hardware architectures that do not support Hardware-assisted virtualization.

[Network functions virtualization (NFV)](https://www.vmware.com/topics/glossary/content/network-functions-virtualization-nfv) is the replacement of network appliance hardware with virtual machines. The virtual machines use a hypervisor to run networking software and processes such as routing and load balancing. NFV allows for the separation of communication services from dedicated hardware, such as routers and firewalls. This separation means network operations can provide new services dynamically and without installing new hardware. Deploying network components with network functions virtualization only takes hours compared to months like with traditional networking solutions.

[Software Defined Networking (SDN)](https://www.vmware.com/topics/glossary/content/software-defined-networking) is an approach to networking that uses software-based controllers or application programming interfaces (APIs) to communicate with underlying hardware infrastructure and direct traffic on a network. This model differs from that of traditional networks, which use dedicated hardware devices (routers and switches) to control network traffic.

[Virtualized Infrastructure Manager (VIM)](https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/net_mgmt/network_function_virtualization_Infrastructure/3_2_2/install_guide/Cisco_VIM_Install_Guide_3_2_2/Cisco_VIM_Install_Guide_3_2_2_chapter_00.html) is a service delivery and reduce costs with high performance lifecycle management Manage the full lifecycle of the software and hardware comprising your NFV infrastructure (NFVI), and maintaining a live inventory and allocation plan of both physical and virtual resources.

[Management and Orchestration(MANO)](https://www.etsi.org/technologies/open-source-mano) is an ETSI-hosted initiative to develop an Open Source NFV Management and Orchestration (MANO) software stack aligned with ETSI NFV. Two of the key components of the ETSI NFV architectural framework are the NFV Orchestrator and VNF Manager, known as NFV MANO.

[Magma](https://www.magmacore.org/) is an open source software platform that gives network operators an open, flexible and extendable mobile core network solution. Their mission is to connect the world to a faster network by enabling service providers to build cost-effective and extensible carrier-grade networks. Magma is 3GPP generation (2G, 3G, 4G or upcoming 5G networks) and access network agnostic (cellular or WiFi). It can flexibly support a radio access network with minimal development and deployment effort.

[OpenRAN](https://open-ran.org/) is an intelligent Radio Access Network(RAN) integrated on general purpose platforms with open interface between software defined functions. Open RANecosystem enables enormous flexibility and interoperability with a complete openess to multi-vendor deployments.

[Open vSwitch(OVS)](https://www.openvswitch.org/)is an open source production quality, multilayer virtual switch licensed under the open source Apache 2.0 license. It is designed to enable massive network automation through programmatic extension, while still supporting standard management interfaces and protocols (NetFlow, sFlow, IPFIX, RSPAN, CLI, LACP, 802.1ag).

[Edge](https://www.ibm.com/cloud/what-is-edge-computing) is a distributed computing framework that brings enterprise applications closer to data sources such as IoT devices or local edge servers. This proximity to data at its source can deliver strong business benefits, including faster insights, improved response times and better bandwidth availability.

[Multi-access edge computing (MEC)](https://www.etsi.org/technologies/multi-access-edge-computing) is an Industry Specification Group (ISG) within ETSI to create a standardized, open environment which will allow the efficient and seamless integration of applications from vendors, service providers, and third-parties across multi-vendor Multi-access Edge Computing platforms.

[Virtualized network functions(VNFs)](https://www.juniper.net/documentation/en_US/cso4.1/topics/concept/nsd-vnf-overview.html) is a software application used in a Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) implementation that has well defined interfaces, and provides one or more component networking functions in a defined way. For example, a security VNF provides Network Address Translation (NAT) and firewall component functions.

[Cloud-Native Network Functions(CNF)](https://www.cncf.io/announcements/2020/11/18/cloud-native-network-functions-conformance-launched-by-cncf/) is a network function designed and implemented to run inside containers. CNFs inherit all the cloud native architectural and operational principles including Kubernetes(K8s) lifecycle management, agility, resilience, and observability.

[Physical Network Function(PNF)](https://www.mpirical.com/glossary/pnf-physical-network-function) is a physical network node which has not undergone virtualization. Both PNFs and VNFs (Virtualized Network Functions) can be used to form an overall Network Service.

[Network functions virtualization infrastructure(NFVI)](https://docs.vmware.com/en/VMware-vCloud-NFV/2.0/vmware-vcloud-nfv-reference-architecture-20/GUID-FBEA6C6B-54D8-4A37-87B1-D825F9E0DBC7.html) is the foundation of the overall NFV architecture. It provides the physical compute, storage, and networking hardware that hosts the VNFs. Each NFVI block can be thought of as an NFVI node and many nodes can be deployed and controlled geographically.

[Virtualization-based Security (VBS)](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/design/device-experiences/oem-vbs) is a hardware virtualization feature to create and isolate a secure region of memory from the normal operating system.

[Hypervisor-Enforced Code Integrity (HVCI)](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/bringup/device-guard-and-credential-guard) is a mechanism whereby a hypervisor, such as Hyper-V, uses hardware virtualization to protect kernel-mode processes against the injection and execution of malicious or unverified code. Code integrity validation is performed in a secure environment that is resistant to attack from malicious software, and page permissions for kernel mode are set and maintained by the hypervisor.

[NVIDIA virtual GPU (vGPU)](https://www.nvidia.com/en-us/data-center/virtual-solutions/) is a software enables powerful GPU performance for workloads ranging from graphics-rich virtual workstations to data science and AI, enabling IT to leverage the management and security benefits of virtualization as well as the performance of NVIDIA GPUs required for modern workloads.

[AMD MxGPU](https://www.amd.com/en/graphics/workstation-virtual-graphics) is a hardware-based virtualized GPU solution, is built on industry standard SR-IOV (Single-Root I/O Virtualization) technology and allows multiple virtualized users per physical GPU to work remotely.

[Proxmox Virtual Environment(VE)](https://www.proxmox.com/en/) is a complete open-source platform for enterprise virtualization. It inlcudes a built-in web interface that you can easily manage VMs and containers, software-defined storage and networking, high-availability clustering, and multiple out-of-the-box tools on a single solution.

[KVM (for Kernel-based Virtual Machine)](https://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Main_Page) is a full virtualization solution for Linux on x86 hardware containing virtualization extensions (Intel VT or AMD-V). It consists of a loadable kernel module, kvm.ko, that provides the core virtualization infrastructure and a processor specific module, kvm-intel.ko or kvm-amd.ko.

[QEMU](https://www.qemu.org) is a fast processor emulator using a portable dynamic translator. QEMU emulates a full system, including a processor and various peripherals. It can be used to launch a different Operating System without rebooting the PC or to debug system code.

[Quickemu](https://github.com/wimpysworld/quickemu) is a program that quickly create and run optimised Windows, macOS and Linux desktop virtual machines.

[AWS ECS](https://aws.amazon.com/ecs/) is a highly scalable, high-performance container orchestration service that supports Docker containers and allows you to easily run and scale containerized applications on AWS. Amazon ECS eliminates the need for you to install and operate your own container orchestration software, manage and scale a cluster of virtual machines, or schedule containers on those virtual machines.

[Hyper-V](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/hyper-v-on-windows/) enables running virtualized computer systems on top of a physical host. These virtualized systems can be used and managed just as if they were physical computer systems, however they exist in virtualized and isolated environment. Special software called a hypervisor manages access between the virtual systems and the physical hardware resources. Virtualization enables quick deployment of computer systems, a way to quickly restore systems to a previously known good state, and the ability to migrate systems between physical hosts.

[InsightVM](https://www.rapid7.com/products/insightvm/) is a data-rich resource that can amplify the other solutions in your tech stack, from SIEMs and firewalls to ticketing systems. Only InsightVM integrates with 40+ other leading technologies, and with an open RESTful API, your vulnerability data makes your other tools more valuable.

[VMware vSphere Hypervisor](https://www.vmware.com/products/vsphere-hypervisor.html) is a bare-metal hypervisor that virtualizes servers; allowing you to consolidate your applications while saving time and money managing your IT infrastructure.

[VMware vSphere](https://www.vmware.com/products/vsphere.html) is the industry-leading compute virtualization platform, and your first step to application modernization. It has been rearchitected with native Kubernetes to allow customers to modernize the 70 million+ workloads now running on vSphere.

[Cloud Hypervisor](https://github.com/cloud-hypervisor/cloud-hypervisor) is an open source Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM) that runs on top of [KVM](https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/virtual/kvm/api.txt). The project focuses on exclusively running modern, cloud workloads, on top of a limited set of hardware architectures and platforms. Cloud workloads refers to those that are usually run by customers inside a cloud provider. Cloud Hypervisor is implemented in [Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org/) and is based on the [rust-vmm](https://github.com/rust-vmm) crates.

[VirtManager](https://github.com/virt-manager/virt-manager) is a graphical tool for managing virtual machines via libvirt. Most usage is with QEMU/KVM virtual machines, but Xen and libvirt LXC containers are well supported. Common operations for any libvirt driver should work.

[oVirt](https://www.ovirt.org) is an open-source distributed virtualization solution, designed to manage your entire enterprise infrastructure. oVirt uses the trusted KVM hypervisor and is built upon several other community projects, including libvirt, Gluster, PatternFly, and Ansible.Founded by Red Hat as a community project on which Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization is based allowing for centralized management of virtual machines, compute, storage and networking resources, from an easy-to-use web-based front-end with platform independent access.

[Anthos](https://cloud.google.com/anthos/docs/concepts/overview) is a modern application management platform that provides a consistent development and operations experience for cloud and on-premises environments.

[HyperKit](https://github.com/moby/hyperkit) is a toolkit for embedding hypervisor capabilities in your application. It includes a complete hypervisor, based on [xhyve](https://github.com/mist64/xhyve)/[bhyve](https://bhyve.org/), which is optimized for lightweight virtual machines and container deployment. It is designed to be interfaced with higher-level components such as the [VPNKit](https://github.com/moby/vpnkit) and [DataKit](https://github.com/moby/datakit). HyperKit currently only supports macOS using the [Hypervisor.framework](https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/DriversKernelHardware/Reference/Hypervisor/index.html) making it a core component of Docker Desktop for Mac.

[Intel® Graphics Virtualization Technology (Intel® GVT)](https://github.com/intel/gvt-linux) is a full GPU virtualization solution with mediated pass-through, starting from 4th generation Intel Core (TM) processors with Intel processor graphics(Broadwell and newer). It can be used to virtualize the GPU for multiple guest virtual machines, effectively providing near-native graphics performance in the virtual machine and still letting your host use the virtualized GPU normally.

[Apple Hypervisor](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/hypervisor) is a frameowrk that builds virtualization solutions on top of a lightweight hypervisor, without third-party kernel extensions. Hypervisor provides C APIs so you can interact with virtualization technologies in user space, without writing kernel extensions (KEXTs). As a result, the apps you create using this framework are suitable for distribution on the [Mac App Store](https://www.appstore.com/).

[Apple Virtualization Framework](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/virtualization) is a framework that provides high-level APIs for creating and managing virtual machines on Apple silicon and Intel-based Mac computers. This framework is used to boot and run a Linux-based operating system in a custom environment that you define. It also supports the [Virtio specification](https://www.redhat.com/en/virtio-networking-series), which defines standard interfaces for many device types, including network, socket, serial port, storage, entropy, and memory-balloon devices.

[Apple Paravirtualized Graphics Framework](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/paravirtualizedgraphics) is a framework that implements hardware-accelerated graphics for macOS running in a virtual machine, hereafter known as the guest. The operating system provides a graphics driver that runs inside the guest, communicating with the framework in the host operating system to take advantage of Metal-accelerated graphics.

[Xen](https://github.com/xen-project/xen) is focused on advancing virtualization in a number of different commercial and open source applications, including server virtualization, Infrastructure as a Services (IaaS), desktop virtualization, security applications, embedded and hardware appliances, and automotive/aviation.

[Ganeti](https://github.com/ganeti/ganeti) is a virtual machine cluster management tool built on top of existing virtualization technologies such as Xen or KVM and other open source software. Once installed, the tool assumes management of the virtual instances (Xen DomU).

[Packer](https://www.packer.io/) is an open source tool for creating identical machine images for multiple platforms from a single source configuration. Packer is lightweight, runs on every major operating system, and is highly performant, creating machine images for multiple platforms in parallel. Packer does not replace configuration management like Chef or Puppet. In fact, when building images, Packer is able to use tools like Chef or Puppet to install software onto the image.

[Vagrant](https://www.vagrantup.com/) is a tool for building and managing virtual machine environments in a single workflow. With an easy-to-use workflow and focus on automation, Vagrant lowers development environment setup time, increases production parity, and makes the "works on my machine" excuse a relic of the past. It provides easy to configure, reproducible, and portable work environments built on top of industry-standard technology and controlled by a single consistent workflow to help maximize the productivity and flexibility of you and your team.

[Parallels Desktop](https://www.parallels.com) is a Desktop Hypervisor that delivers the fastest, easiest and most powerful application for running Windows/Linux on Mac (including the new [Apple M1 chip](https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/11/apple-unleashes-m1/)) and ChromeOS.

[VMware Fusion](https://www.vmware.com/products/fusion.html) is a Desktop Hypervisor that deliver desktop and ‘server’ virtual machines, containers and [Kubernetes clusters](https://www.vmware.com/topics/glossary/content/kubernetes-cluster) to developers, and IT professionals on the Mac.

[VMware Workstation](https://www.vmware.com/products/workstation-pro.html) is a hosted hypervisor that runs on x64 versions of Windows and Linux operating systems; it enables users to set up virtual machines on a single physical machine, and use them simultaneously along with the actual machine.

# Emulation Tools
[Back to the Top](https://github.com/mikeroyal/CoWoS-Guide#table-of-contents)

[Verdi® Protocol Analyzer](https://www.synopsys.com/verification/debug/verdi-protocol-analyzer.html) is a simulator independent, protocol and memory aware debug environment that enables users to quickly debug with any verification environment and easily share simulation results across teams. It gives users a graphical view of the transfers, transaction, packets and handshaking of a protocol. It highlights relationships across the hierarchy, visually unraveling the complex behavior of highly interleaved traffic. Also, enables engineers to quickly understand protocol activity, identify bottlenecks and debug unexpected behavior. Errors, warnings and messages are annotated to rapidly identify problems in the simulation.

[Synopsys’ Verdi® HW SW Debug](https://www.synopsys.com/verification/debug/verdi-hw-sw-debug.html) is a simulator tool that enables embedded software-driven SoC verification by providing a synchronized multi-window view of the design’s behavior of both hardware and software. It combines an instruction accurate embedded processor, RTL, C and assembly visibility for a comprehensive SoC debug solution.

[Synopsys Euclide](https://www.synopsys.com/verification/ide/euclide.html) is a Integrated Development Environment (IDE) that enables engineers to find bugs earlier and optimize code for design and verification flows by identifying complex design and testbench compliance checks during SystemVerilog and Universal Verification Methodology (UVM) development. Euclide accelerates correct-by-construction code development through context specific autocompletion and content assistance that is tuned for Synopsys VCS® simulation, Verdi® debug, and ZeBu® emulation, helping engineers to improve code quality during the entire project development cycle.

[Simvision](https://www.cadence.com/en_US/home/tools/system-design-and-verification/debug-analysis/simvision-debug.html) is unified graphical debugging environment within Cadence® Xcelium™ Parallel Logic Simulation, Cadence SimVision™ Debug supports signal-level and transaction-based flows across all IEEE-standard design, testbench, and assertion languages. It also supports concurrent visualization of hardware, software, and analog domains. It can be used to debug digital, analog, or mixed-signal designs written in Verilog, SystemVerilog, VHDL, and SystemC® languages or a combination thereof.

[Cadence® Palladium®](https://www.cadence.com/en_US/home/tools/system-design-and-verification/emulation-and-prototyping/palladium.html) is a set of emulation platforms that provides early software development, hardware/software verification and debug, and in circuit emulation.  It provides the highest debug productivity early in the design cycle when the RTL is still changing.

[Veloce Hardware-assisted Verification System](https://eda.sw.siemens.com/en-US/ic/veloce/) is a simulator tool that's used for the rapid verification of highly sophisticated, next-generation integrated circuit (IC) designs. It is the first complete, integrated offering that combines best-in-class virtual platform, hardware emulation, and Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) prototyping technologies and paves the way to leverage the latest powerful hardware-assisted verification methodologies.

[Synopsys ZeBu® EP1](https://www.synopsys.com/verification/emulation.html) is the industry’s fastest billion gates emulation system. It delivers 10 MHz emulation performance using Synopsys’ proven direct connect architecture to optimize design communication to accelerate the hardware and software verification for SoC designs of up to 2 billion gates. With ZeBu EP1 users can achieve unmatched performance while supporting all familiar emulation use cases, including early software bring-up, hybrid, hardware/software debug, simulation acceleration, performance validation and in-circuit emulation.

[SystemVerilog DPI (Direct Programming Interface)](https://verificationguide.com/systemverilog/systemverilog-dpi/) is an interface which can be used to interface SystemVerilog with foreign languages. These Foreign languages can be C, C++, SystemC as well as others. DPI allows the user to easily call functions of other language from SystemVerilog and to export SystemVerilog functions, so that they can be called in other languages.

[SystemVerilog Assertions](https://verificationguide.com/systemverilog/systemverilog-assertions/) is primarily used to validate the behavior of a design. An assertion is a check embedded in design or bound to a design unit during the simulation. Where warnings or errors are generated on the failure of a specific condition or sequence of events.

[SystemVerilog Functional Coverage](https://www.chipverify.com/systemverilog/systemverilog-functional-coverage) is a measure of what functionalities/features of the design have been exercised by the tests. This can be useful in constrained random verification (CRV) to know what features have been covered by a set of tests in a regression.

[Verilog-to-Routing (VTR) project](https://docs.verilogtorouting.org/en/latest/vtr/) is a world-wide collaborative effort to provide a open-source framework for conducting FPGA architecture and CAD research and development. The VTR design flow takes as input a Verilog description of a digital circuit, and a description of the target FPGA architecture.

[Verilog Power Estimation](https://docs.verilogtorouting.org/en/latest/vtr/power_estimation/) is performed within the VPR executable; however, additional files must be provided. In addition to the circuit and architecture files, power estimation requires files detailing the signal activities and technology properties.

[Cadence® SpeedBridge® Adapters](https://www.cadence.com/en_US/home/tools/system-design-and-verification/emulation-and-prototyping.html) is a tool that provides efficient driver and application-level testing. It's designed for pre-silicon RTL and integration of ASICs and systems on chip (SoCs), the solution can reproduce post-silicon bugs, as the design runs in the actual target system. The solution verifies emulated designs with the actual ASIC/SoC software/hardware, driver development, and application development, and runs with existing software and software test programs.

[Universal Verification Methodology (UVM)](https://verificationguide.com/uvm/) is a consists of class libraries needed for the development of well constructed, reusable SystemVerilog based Verification environment. In simple words, UVM consists of a set of base classes with methods defined in it, the SystemVerilog verification environment can be developed by extending these base classes. It will refer the UVM base classes as UVM Classes. [Accelerated UVM Testbenches](https://verificationacademy.com/courses/systemverilog-testbench-acceleration).

# Verilog/SystemVerilog Development
[Back to the Top](https://github.com/mikeroyal/CoWoS-Guide#table-of-contents)

## Verilog/SystemVerilog Learning Resources

[Verilog](https://verilog.com/) is a Hardware Description Language(HDL) used to design and document electronic systems. Verilog HDL allows designers to design at various levels of abstraction.

[SystemVerilog](https://www.systemverilog.io/) is an extension of Verilog with many of the verification features that allow engineers to verifythe design using complex testbench structures and random stimuli in simulation.

[Verilog Book Shelf](https://verilog.com/v-books.html)

[Verilog HDL Basics training from Intel](https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/programmable/support/training/course/ohdl1120.html)

[SystemVerilog for Design and Verification](https://www.cadence.com/en_US/home/training/all-courses/82143.html)

[Verilog HDL Programming Courses on Udemy](https://www.udemy.com/topic/verilog-hdl-programming/)

[Top Verilog Programming Courses on Coursera](https://www.coursera.org/courses?query=verilog)

[Verilog course for Engineers on Technobyte](https://technobyte.org/verilog-course-tutorials/)

[Verilog Tutorials and Courses on hackr.io](https://hackr.io/tutorials/learn-verilog)

[Designing With Verilog Certification from the Xilinx Learning Center](https://xilinxprod-catalog.netexam.com/Certification/35916/designing-with-verilog)

[Learning Verilog for FPGA Development on LinkedIn Learning](https://www.linkedin.com/learning/learning-verilog-for-fpga-development)

[SystemVerilog tutorial on ChipVerify](https://www.chipverify.com/systemverilog/systemverilog-tutorial)

## Verilog/SystemVerilog Tools

[Icestudio](https://icestudio.io/) is a visual editor for open FPGA boards. Built on top of the Icestorm project using Apio.

[EDA Playground](https://www.edaplayground.com) is a online code for programming your Verilog projects.

[PlatformIO for VSCode](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=platformio.platformio-ide) is a plugin that provides support for the PlatformIO IDE on VSCode.

[Chisel](https://www.chisel-lang.org/) is a hardware design language that facilitates advanced circuit generation and design reuse for both ASIC and FPGA digital logic designs. Chisel adds hardware construction primitives to the [Scala](https://www.scala-lang.org/) programming language, providing designers with the power of a modern programming language to write complex, parameterizable circuit generators that produce synthesizable Verilog.

[Clash compiler](https://www.clash-lang.org/) is a functional hardware description language that borrows both its syntax and semantics from the functional programming language Haskell. The Clash compiler transforms these high-level descriptions to low-level synthesizable VHDL, Verilog, or SystemVerilog.

[Verilator](https://verilator.org/) is an open-source SystemVerilog simulator and lint system.

[Cascade](https://github.com/vmware/cascade) is a Just-In-Time Compiler for Verilog from VMware Research. Cascade executes code immediately in a software simulator, and performs compilation in the background. When compilation is finished, the code is moved into hardware, and from the user’s perspective it simply gets faster over time.

[OpenTimer](https://github.com/OpenTimer/OpenTimer) is a High-Performance Timing Analysis Tool for VLSI Systems.

## Contribute

- [x] If would you like to contribute to this guide simply make a [Pull Request](https://github.com/mikeroyal/CoWoS-Guide/pulls).

## License
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Distributed under the [Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) Public License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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