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Pure Go WebGPU Implementation

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Unified Go WebGPU — Three Backends, One API 
 Pure Go · Rust FFI · Browser WASM — build tag selects the stack

Part of the <a href="https://github.com/gogpu">GoGPU</a> ecosystem

---

## Overview

**wgpu** is the unified Go WebGPU package with three independent implementations selected by build tags — like Chrome (Dawn) and Firefox (wgpu) implementing the same W3C spec.

### Key Features

| Category | Capabilities |
|----------|--------------|
| **Backends** | Vulkan, Metal, DirectX 12, OpenGL ES, Software, **Browser WebGPU**, **Rust FFI** |
| **Platforms** | Windows, Linux, macOS, iOS, **Browser (WASM)**, **Android/arm64 (preview)** |
| **API** | WebGPU-compliant (W3C specification) |
| **Shaders** | WGSL via gogpu/naga compiler (SPIR-V, HLSL, MSL, GLSL, DXIL) |
| **Compute** | Full compute shader support, GPU→CPU readback |
| **Present** | Damage-aware presentation — compositor dirty rects (first WebGPU implementation) |
| **Debug** | Leak detection, error scopes, validation layers, DRED diagnostics (DX12), structured logging (`log/slog`) |
| **Build** | Zero CGO, simple `go build` |

---

## Installation

```bash
go get github.com/gogpu/wgpu
```

**Requirements:** Go 1.25+

**Build:**
```bash
CGO_ENABLED=0 go build
```

> **Note:** wgpu uses Pure Go FFI via [goffi](https://github.com/go-webgpu/goffi). Both `CGO_ENABLED=0` (default, zero C compiler dependency) and `CGO_ENABLED=1` (for race detector or coexistence with CGO libraries) are supported.

The unreleased Android/arm64 Vulkan implementation is documented separately in
[Android Vulkan preview](docs/ANDROID.md). It consumes canonical goffi v0.6.1
and is not yet a released support claim; the optional Rust path temporarily
pins the exact merged WebGPU Android source until that dependency is released.

New surface integrations should use the explicit safe or unsafe target API
described in [Surface targets](docs/SURFACE-TARGETS.md). The original
two-`uintptr` method remains available as a compatibility adapter.

**Rust FFI backend** (optional, battle-tested wgpu-native drivers):
```bash
go build -tags rust
```

> Requires [wgpu-native](https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu-native/releases) v29 binary. Set `WGPU_NATIVE_PATH` or place in system PATH. See [go-webgpu/webgpu](https://github.com/go-webgpu/webgpu) for details.

**Browser (WASM):**
```bash
GOOS=js GOARCH=wasm go build -o app.wasm .
```

> Three implementations, one API — build tags select the stack:
> | Build Tag | Implementation | Use Case |
> |-----------|---------------|----------|
> | (default) | Pure Go → core → HAL → Vulkan/Metal/DX12/GLES/Software | Zero deps, cross-compile |
> | `-tags rust` | go-webgpu/webgpu → wgpu-native v29 | Battle-tested GPU drivers |
> | `GOOS=js` | syscall/js → Browser WebGPU | Web applications |
>
> **API consistency:** The public API compiles on all build targets. HAL wrapper functions (`NewDeviceFromHAL`, `NewSurfaceFromHAL`, etc.) return errors or nil on Rust/Browser builds where no Go HAL layer exists. Use `RequestAdapter` → `RequestDevice` for the standard cross-backend path.

---

## Quick Start

```go
package main

import (
    "fmt"

"github.com/gogpu/wgpu"
    _ "github.com/gogpu/wgpu/hal/allbackends" // Auto-register platform backends
)

func main() {
    // Create instance
    instance, _ := wgpu.CreateInstance(nil)
    defer instance.Release()

// Request high-performance GPU
    adapter, _ := instance.RequestAdapter(&wgpu.RequestAdapterOptions{
        PowerPreference: wgpu.PowerPreferenceHighPerformance,
    })
    defer adapter.Release()

// Get adapter info
    info := adapter.Info()
    fmt.Printf("GPU: %s (%s)\n", info.Name, info.Backend)

// Create device
    device, _ := adapter.RequestDevice(nil)
    defer device.Release()

// Create a GPU buffer
    buffer, _ := device.CreateBuffer(&wgpu.BufferDescriptor{
        Label: "My Buffer",
        Size:  1024,
        Usage: wgpu.BufferUsageStorage | wgpu.BufferUsageCopyDst,
    })
    defer buffer.Release()

// Write data to buffer
    if err := device.Queue().WriteBuffer(buffer, 0, []byte{1, 2, 3, 4}); err != nil {
        panic(err)
    }
}
```

### Compute Shaders

```go
// Create shader module from WGSL
shader, _ := device.CreateShaderModule(&wgpu.ShaderModuleDescriptor{
    Label: "Compute Shader",
    WGSL:  wgslSource,
})
defer shader.Release()

// Create compute pipeline
pipeline, _ := device.CreateComputePipeline(&wgpu.ComputePipelineDescriptor{
    Label:      "Compute Pipeline",
    Layout:     pipelineLayout,
    Module:     shader,
    EntryPoint: "main",
})
defer pipeline.Release()

// Record and submit commands
encoder, _ := device.CreateCommandEncoder(nil)
pass, _ := encoder.BeginComputePass(nil)
pass.SetPipeline(pipeline)
pass.SetBindGroup(0, bindGroup, nil)
pass.Dispatch(64, 1, 1)
pass.End()

cmdBuffer, _ := encoder.Finish()
_, _ = device.Queue().Submit(cmdBuffer)  // returns (submissionIndex, error)
```

### Buffer Mapping (GPU → CPU readback)

WebGPU-spec-compliant dual-layer API. Primary path is blocking + `context.Context`
(idiomatic Go, zero allocation); escape hatch `MapAsync` + `Device.Poll` is for
game loops that cannot afford to block.

```go
// Primary: blocking, idiomatic, zero-alloc.
// Map blocks until the GPU finishes writing the buffer (or ctx cancels).
ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
defer cancel()

if err := stagingBuf.Map(ctx, wgpu.MapModeRead, 0, size); err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}
defer stagingBuf.Unmap()

rng, _ := stagingBuf.MappedRange(0, size)
data := rng.Bytes()  // []byte view, zero copy, valid until Unmap
process(data)
```

```go
// Escape hatch: async, non-blocking, for render loops.
pending, _ := stagingBuf.MapAsync(wgpu.MapModeRead, 0, size)

// Continue rendering; auto-polled on next Queue.Submit.
renderFrame()

if ready, _ := pending.Status(); ready {
    rng, _ := stagingBuf.MappedRange(0, size)
    process(rng.Bytes())
    stagingBuf.Unmap()
}
```

Safety guarantees: UAF protection via generation counters on `MappedRange`,
`ErrBufferDestroyed` on destroy-during-pending, `ErrMapCancelled` on unmap-during-pending,
`ErrMapRangeOverlap` for overlapping `MappedRange` calls, `MAP_ALIGNMENT = 8`
validation, thread-safe concurrent `Device.Poll`.

Design follows Rust wgpu's buffer mapping model with Go-idiomatic error handling.

**Guides:** [Getting Started](docs/COMPUTE-SHADERS.md) | [Backend Differences](docs/COMPUTE-BACKENDS.md)

Features: WGSL compute shaders, storage/uniform buffers, indirect dispatch, GPU timestamp queries (Vulkan, DX12), WebGPU-compliant `Buffer.Map` / `MapAsync` GPU→CPU readback with `context.Context` integration.

---

## Architecture

```
wgpu/
├── *.go                # Public API (import "github.com/gogpu/wgpu")
├── core/               # Validation, state tracking, deferred resource destruction
├── hal/                # Hardware Abstraction Layer
│   ├── allbackends/    # Platform-specific backend auto-registration
│   ├── noop/           # No-op backend (testing)
│   ├── software/       # CPU software rasterizer (~14K LOC)
│   ├── gles/           # OpenGL ES 3.0+ (~12K LOC)
│   ├── vulkan/         # Pure Go Vulkan backend (~42K LOC)
│   ├── metal/          # Metal (~7K LOC)
│   └── dx12/           # DirectX 12 (~17K LOC)
├── examples/
│   ├── compute-copy/   # GPU buffer copy with compute shader
│   └── compute-sum/    # Parallel reduction on GPU
└── cmd/
    ├── vk-gen/         # Vulkan bindings generator
    └── ...             # Backend integration tests
```

### Public API

The root package (`import "github.com/gogpu/wgpu"`) provides a safe, ergonomic API aligned with the W3C WebGPU specification. It wraps `core/` and `hal/` into user-friendly types:

```
User Application
  ↓ import "github.com/gogpu/wgpu"    ← always the same import
Root Package (public API: *Device, *Buffer, *Texture...)
  ↓ build tag selects implementation
  ├─ [default]      _native.go  → core/ → hal/ → vulkan/metal/dx12/gles/software
  ├─ [-tags rust]   _rust.go    → go-webgpu/webgpu → wgpu-native
  └─ [js,wasm]      _browser.go → syscall/js → Browser WebGPU
```

### Native HAL Backend Integration

For the default (Pure Go) path, backends auto-register via blank imports:

```go
import _ "github.com/gogpu/wgpu/hal/allbackends"

// Platform-specific backends auto-registered:
// - Windows: Vulkan, DX12, GLES, Software
// - Linux:   Vulkan, GLES, Software
// - macOS:   Metal, Vulkan, Software
// - Android/arm64 preview: Vulkan only
```

---

## Backend Details

### Platform Support

| Backend | Windows | Linux | macOS | iOS | Android/arm64 | Notes |
|---------|:-------:|:-----:|:-----:|:---:|:-------------:|-------|
| **Vulkan** | Yes | Yes | Yes | - | Preview | MoltenVK on macOS; [Android contract](docs/ANDROID.md) |
| **Metal** | - | - | Yes | Yes | - | Native Apple GPU |
| **DX12** | Yes | - | - | - | - | Windows 10+ |
| **GLES** | Yes | Yes | - | - | - | OpenGL ES 3.0+ |
| **Software** | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | - | CPU fallback |

**Architectures:** amd64, arm64 (including Windows ARM64 / Snapdragon X)

### Vulkan Backend

Pure Go Vulkan backend with:

- Auto-generated bindings from official `vk.xml`
- Buddy allocator for GPU memory (O(log n), minimal fragmentation)
- Dynamic rendering (VK_KHR_dynamic_rendering)
- Classic render pass fallback for Intel compatibility
- wgpu-style swapchain synchronization
- MSAA render pass with automatic resolve
- Complete resource management (Buffer, Texture, Pipeline, BindGroup)
- Surface creation: Win32, X11, Wayland, Metal (MoltenVK), and Android `ANativeWindow` (preview)
- Debug messenger for validation layer error capture (`VK_EXT_debug_utils`)
- Structured diagnostic logging via `log/slog`

### Metal Backend

Native Apple GPU access via:

- Pure Go Objective-C bridge (goffi)
- Metal API via runtime message dispatch
- CAMetalLayer integration for surface presentation
- MSL shader compilation via naga

### DirectX 12 Backend

Windows GPU access via:

- Pure Go COM bindings (syscall, no CGO)
- DXGI integration for swapchain and adapters
- Flip model with VRR support
- Descriptor heap management with fence-based deferred destruction
- Encoder pool with allocator recycling (Rust wgpu-core pattern)
- In-memory shader cache (SHA-256 keyed, LRU eviction, works for both paths)
- DRED diagnostics (auto-breadcrumbs + page fault tracking on TDR)
- **Dual shader compilation:** HLSL→FXC (default, SM 5.1) or **DXIL direct** via naga (`GOGPU_DX12_DXIL=1`, SM 6.0+, zero external dependencies — first Pure Go DXIL generator)
- StagingBelt ring-buffer allocator for zero-allocation GPU data transfer

### OpenGL ES Backend

Cross-platform GPU access via OpenGL ES 3.0+:

- Pure Go EGL/GL bindings (goffi)
- Full rendering pipeline: VAO, FBO, MSAA, blend, stencil, depth
- WGSL shader compilation (WGSL → GLSL via naga)
- Combined texture-sampler binding via SamplerBindMap (Rust wgpu pattern)
- Text rendering with proper texture completeness handling
- CopyTextureToBuffer readback for GPU → CPU data transfer
- Platform detection: X11, Wayland, Surfaceless (headless CI)
- Works with Mesa llvmpipe for software-only environments

### Software Backend

Full-featured CPU rasterizer for headless and windowed rendering. Always compiled — no build tags or GPU hardware required.

```go
// Software backend auto-registers via init().
// No explicit import needed when using hal/allbackends.
// For standalone usage:
import _ "github.com/gogpu/wgpu/hal/software"

// Use cases:
// - CI/CD testing without GPU
// - Server-side image generation
// - Reference implementation
// - Fallback when GPU unavailable
// - Embedded systems without GPU
```

**Rasterization Features:**
- Edge function triangle rasterization (Pineda algorithm)
- Perspective-correct interpolation
- Depth buffer (8 compare functions)
- Stencil buffer (8 operations)
- Blending (13 factors, 5 operations)
- 6-plane frustum clipping (Sutherland-Hodgman)
- 8x8 tile-based parallel rendering
- **SPIR-V interpreter** — executes vertex/fragment/compute shaders on CPU. Designed for shader debugging, CI/CD testing, and GPU-less environments — **not for production rendering** (interpreted, ~100× slower than JIT software renderers like SwiftShader).

**Debug & Testing:**
- Render pass instrumentation: `hal.Logger().Debug()` events + `RenderPassStats` for CI e2e assertions
- Public `wgpu.HeadlessSurfaceTarget` + `Surface.ReadPixels()` lifecycle for deterministic headless render verification; snapshots are owned, tightly packed RGBA8
- HAL `GetFramebuffer()` remains as a compatibility alias for existing software-backend callers; new root API code should use `Surface.ReadPixels()`
- Damage-aware partial blit with pixel-level test coverage

See [Surface targets](docs/SURFACE-TARGETS.md#headless-software-surface-and-readback)
for the complete configure → acquire → render → submit → present → readback
recipe and the explicit non-WebGPU support contract.

**Windowed Presentation:**
- **Windows:** DWM-safe `CreateDIBSection` + `BitBlt` (SDL3/Qt6 pattern), zero-copy into GDI bitmap
- **Linux X11:** `XPutImage` via goffi (Skia pattern), BGRA = X11 ZPixmap native format
- **macOS:** CGImage + `setContents:` (CALayer) or Metal `nextDrawable` + `replaceRegion` (CAMetalLayer). Contributor: @k-chimi

---

## Environment Variables

| Variable | Values | Description |
|----------|--------|-------------|
| `GOGPU_DX12_DXIL` | `1` | Enable DXIL direct compilation on DX12 (experimental). Bypasses HLSL→FXC, generates DXIL bytecode directly from naga IR. SM 6.0+, zero external dependencies. Default: off (uses HLSL→FXC). |
| `GOGPU_DX12_DXIL_OVERRIDE_VS` | file path | Replace vertex shader DXIL with contents of the given file. For debugging only. |
| `GOGPU_DX12_DXIL_OVERRIDE_PS` | file path | Replace pixel shader DXIL with contents of the given file. For debugging only. |

> **Note:** Backend selection (`GOGPU_GRAPHICS_API`) is handled by `gogpu` (the app framework), not by `wgpu` directly. See [gogpu documentation](https://github.com/gogpu/gogpu) for `GOGPU_GRAPHICS_API=vulkan|dx12|metal|gles|software`.

---

## Ecosystem

**wgpu** is the foundation of the [GoGPU](https://github.com/gogpu) ecosystem.

| Project | Description |
|---------|-------------|
| [gogpu/gogpu](https://github.com/gogpu/gogpu) | GPU framework with windowing and input |
| **gogpu/wgpu** | **Unified Go WebGPU (this repo)** — Pure Go + Rust FFI + Browser |
| [go-webgpu/webgpu](https://github.com/go-webgpu/webgpu) | Rust FFI backend (wgpu-native v29) |
| [gogpu/naga](https://github.com/gogpu/naga) | Shader compiler (WGSL to SPIR-V, HLSL, MSL, GLSL, DXIL) |
| [gogpu/gg](https://github.com/gogpu/gg) | 2D graphics library with GPU SDF acceleration |
| [gogpu/ui](https://github.com/gogpu/ui) | GUI toolkit: 22+ widgets, 4 themes |
| [gogpu/galloc](https://github.com/gogpu/galloc) | O(1) offset allocator for GPU memory sub-allocation |
| [gogpu/gputypes](https://github.com/gogpu/gputypes) | Shared WebGPU type definitions |
| [go-webgpu/goffi](https://github.com/go-webgpu/goffi) | Pure Go FFI library |

---

## Documentation

- **[Compute Shaders Guide](docs/COMPUTE-SHADERS.md)** — Getting started with compute
- **[Compute Backend Differences](docs/COMPUTE-BACKENDS.md)** — Per-backend capabilities
- **[ARCHITECTURE.md](docs/ARCHITECTURE.md)** — System architecture
- **[ROADMAP.md](ROADMAP.md)** — Development milestones
- **[CHANGELOG.md](CHANGELOG.md)** — Release notes
- **[CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md)** — Contribution guidelines
- **[pkg.go.dev](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/gogpu/wgpu)** — API reference

---

## References

- [WebGPU Specification](https://www.w3.org/TR/webgpu/) — W3C standard
- [wgpu (Rust)](https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu) — Reference implementation
- [Dawn (C++)](https://dawn.googlesource.com/dawn) — Google's implementation
- [Architecture Deep-Dive (Chinese)](https://chenxutan.com/d/1987.html) — Performance benchmarks, Snatchable pattern analysis, zero-alloc hot paths

---

## Contributing

Contributions welcome! See [CONTRIBUTING.md](CONTRIBUTING.md) for guidelines.

**Priority areas:**
- Cross-platform testing
- Performance benchmarks
- Documentation improvements
- Bug reports and fixes

---

## License

MIT License — see [LICENSE](LICENSE) for details.

---

wgpu — WebGPU in Pure Go

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