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Solutions to Project Euler problems in many different languages.

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# Rosetta Euler

An attempt at a [chrestomathy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrestomathy) of solutions to problems from [Project Euler](https://projecteuler.net/). All included programs print out their result to standard output (when possible and applicable) and exit.

* [Ada](#ada)
* [Algol 68](#algol-68)
* [BCPL](#bcpl)
* [C](#c)
* [C++](#c-1)
* [C&#35;](#c-2)
* [Citrine](#citrine)
* [Clojure](#clojure)
* [COBOL](#cobol)
* [Common Lisp](#common-lisp)
* [Crystal](#crystal)
* [D](#d)
* [Eiffel](#eiffel)
* [Elixir](#elixir)
* [Erlang](#erlang)
* [Fortran](#fortran)
* [F&#35;](#f)
* [Go](#go)
* [Groovy](#groovy)
* [Haskell](#haskell)
* [Io](#io)
* [Java](#java)
* [JavaScript](#javascript)
* [Julia](#julia)
* [K](#k)
* [Lua](#lua)
* [Nim](#nim)
* [Objective-C](#objective-c)
* [OCaml](#ocaml)
* [Pascal](#pascal)
* [Perl](#perl)
* [Prolog](#prolog)
* [Python](#python)
* [Ruby](#ruby)
* [Rust](#rust)
* [Scala](#scala)
* [Scheme](#scheme)
* [Simula](#simula)
* [Swift](#swift)
* [Visual Basic](#visual-basic)
* [x86-64 Assembly](#x86-64-assembly)

## Initial Setup on All Systems

Initialize all submodules.

$ git submodule update --init --recursive

## Initial Setup on macOS

Install [Xcode](https://developer.apple.com/xcode/).

Install the Command Line Tools in Xcode (Preferences > Downloads > Install button next to Command Line Tools).

Install [Homebrew](https://brew.sh/).

## Rules

I've imposed a few rules on myself for these problems:

* No third party libraries except for Bignum libraries in languages that do no have them as part of the standard library.
* No relying on implementation or compiler dependent behavior except to overcome memory or stack depth limitations.
* Each language's solutions should have formatting that is as close to its community's most widely followed idiomatic style as possible if one exists.
* When applicable, all Makefiles should contain everything needed to compile its solution.
* In languages without Unicode encoded strings assume ASCII.
* In languages with Unicode encoded strings pretend UTF-8 is ASCII.

## Tests

The test suite can be run with `mix test`. Currently only some languages are supported. Eventually every language will have test coverage. For compiled languages the tests will attempt to compile the solution and then run the resulting executable. For interpreted languages (or languages like Elixir where the solutions are written as scripts rather than as complete applications) the tests will attempt to run the solution through the interpreter. This is also a good way of checking ot make sure that your environment is set up correctly.

All tests are written with [ExUnit](https://hexdocs.pm/ex_unit/ExUnit.html) and are located in `test/rosetta_euler`. Each language has a module for its tests. The `rosetta_euler_tests` macro provides an easy way of running a whole series of tests. It expects a range object and a block which contains the test code.

## Languages

### Ada

[Community - Adacore](https://www.adacore.com/community)

#### Target Version

$ gnat
    GNAT Community 2018 (20180523-73)
    Copyright 1996-2018, Free Software Foundation, Inc.

#### Additional Setup on macOS

[Download GNAT Community Edition](https://www.adacore.com/download).

Under "GNAT Community" click "gnat-2020-20200818-x86_64-darwin-bin.dmg" to download the .dmg file.

Open the .dmg file in Finder and copy "gnat-2020-20200818-x86_64-darwin-bin.app" to a directory (it does't matter where).

Right click the .app file and click "Open" then click "Open" when prompted by the security dialog.

Click "Next".

Select a directory to install GNAT Community. By default it will choose `~/opt/GNAT/2020`. Click "Next".

Leave all the checkboxes selected and click "Next".

Click "Next".

Click "Install"

When the install is finished click "Next" and then click "Finish".

Add `$HOME/opt/GNAT/2020/bin` to your $PATH. For example, in your `~/.bashrc` or `~/.zshrc` add:

export PATH="$HOME/opt/GNAT/2020/bin:$PATH"

Open a new terminal tab/window or reload your `~/.bashrc` or `~/.zshrc`.

Delete the .app file, unmount the .dmg file, and delete it too.

#### Building

$ gnatmake euler.adb

#### Running

$ ./euler

### Algol 68

[Algol 68 Genie](https://jmvdveer.home.xs4all.nl/en.algol-68-genie.html)

#### Target Version

$ a68g --version
    Algol 68 Genie 2.8.5
    Copyright 2001-2018 Marcel van der Veer <algol68g@xs4all.nl>.

This is free software covered by the GNU General Public License.
    There is ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY for Algol 68 Genie;
    not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
    See the GNU General Public License for more details.

Please report bugs to Marcel van der Veer <algol68g@xs4all.nl>.

Compilation is supported.
    Parallel-clause is supported.
    Curses is supported.
    Regular expressions are supported.
    TCP/IP is supported.
    GNU libplot is not supported.
    GNU Scientific Library is not supported.
    PostgreSQL is not supported.

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `algol68g` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install algol68g

#### Running

$ a68g 001.a68

### BCPL

[BCPL](https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mr10/BCPL.html)

#### Target Version

$ cintsys
    BCPL 32-bit Cintcode System (21 Oct 2015)

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Download the BCPL source code.

$ wget https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/mr/BCPL/bcpl.tgz

Unpack the BCPL source code.

$ tar -xf bcpl.tgz

Go to the BCPL source code directory.

$ cd BCPL/cintcode

Open up the `Makefile` in your preferred text editor and uncomment lines 190 and 191 so that they look like this:

CC = gcc -O4 -m32 -DforMacOSX
    ENDER = litender

Set the `BCPLROOT`, `PATH`, `BCPLPATH`, and `BCPLHDRS` environment variables. **Note: This step will need to be done every time you intend to use BCPL. Alternatively you can set this in your shell's initialization file.** The below commands assume you're still in the `BCPL/cintcode` directory.

$ export BCPLROOT=`pwd`
    $ export PATH=$PATH:$BCPLROOT/bin
    $ export BCPLPATH=$BCPLROOT/cin
    $ export BCPLPATH=$BCPLROOT/g

Run the make clean command.

$ make clean

Run the make command.

$ make

#### Running

**See above note about environment variables.**

$ cintsys

BCPL 32-bit Cintcode System (21 Oct 2015)
    0.000> c b euler
    bcpl euler.b to euler hdrs BCPLHDRS t32

BCPL (10 Oct 2014) with simple floating point
    Code size =    80 bytes of 32-bit little ender Cintcode
    0.027> euler

### C

[ISO C Working Group](http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/)

[Clang](https://clang.llvm.org/)

#### Target Version

$ clang --version
    Apple clang version 11.0.3 (clang-1103.0.32.62)
    Target: x86_64-apple-darwin19.6.0
    Thread model: posix
    InstalledDir: /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/bin

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Some solutions require [The GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library](https://gmplib.org/) for big numbers.

Install the `gmp` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install gmp

#### Building

$ make 001

#### Running

$ ./001

### C++

[ISO C++ Working Group](http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG21/)

[Clang](https://clang.llvm.org/)

#### Target Version

$ clang++ --version
    Apple clang version 11.0.3 (clang-1103.0.32.62)
    Target: x86_64-apple-darwin19.6.0
    Thread model: posix
    InstalledDir: /Applications/Xcode.app/Contents/Developer/Toolchains/XcodeDefault.xctoolchain/usr/bin

#### Additional Setup on macOS

None.

#### Building

$ make 001

#### Running

$ ./001

### C&#35;

[C&#35; Guide](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/csharp/)

[Mono](https://www.mono-project.com/)

#### Target Version

$ csc
    Microsoft (R) Visual C# Compiler version 3.6.0-4.20224.5 (ec77c100)
    Copyright (C) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `mono-mdk` cask via Homebrew.

$ brew cask install mono-mdk

#### Building

$ csc 001.cs

#### Running

$ mono 001.exe

### Citrine

[Citrine Programming Language](https://citrine-lang.org/)

#### Target Version

$ ctr

Citrine Programming Language EN/US
    Written by Gabor de Mooij © copyright 2019, Licensed BSD.
    0.9

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Clone the Citrine repository.

$ git clone git@github.com:gabordemooij/citrine.git

Go to the Citrine source directory.

cd citrine

Open up `mk.sh` in your preferred text editor and edit line 6 so that it looks like this:

if [ "$OS" = "OpenBSD" -o "$OS" = "FreeBSD" -o "$OS" = "Darwin" ]; then

Build Citrine.

$ ./mk.sh

Install the resulting binary.

$ sudo make -f makefile.bsd install

#### Running

$ ctr 001.ctr

### Clojure

[Clojure](https://clojure.org/)

[Leiningen](https://leiningen.org/)

#### Target Version

$ lein version
    Leiningen 2.9.4 on Java 11.0.8 OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM

$ lein repl
    nREPL server started on port 64818 on host 127.0.0.1 - nrepl://127.0.0.1:64818
    REPL-y 0.4.4, nREPL 0.7.0
    Clojure 1.10.1
    OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM 11.0.8+10-LTS

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `leiningen` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install leiningen

#### Running

$ lein run

### COBOL

[GnuCOBOL](https://open-cobol.sourceforge.io/)

#### Target Version

$ cobc --version
    cobc (GnuCOBOL) 2.2.0
    Copyright (C) 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
    This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
    warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
    Written by Keisuke Nishida, Roger While, Ron Norman, Simon Sobisch, Edward Hart
    Built     Apr 29 2020 00:06:51
    Packaged  Sep 06 2017 18:48:43 UTC
    C version "4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 11.0.3 (clang-1103.0.32.59)"

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `gnu-cobol` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install gnu-cobol

#### Building

$ cobc -x 001.cob

#### Running

$ ./001

### Common Lisp

[GNU CLISP](https://clisp.sourceforge.io/)

#### Target Version

$ clisp --version
    GNU CLISP 2.49 (2010-07-07) (built on - [-.-.-.-])
    Software: GNU C 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 10.0.0 (clang-1000.11.45.5)
    clang -m64 -g -O2 -W -Wswitch -Wcomment -Wpointer-arith -Wimplicit -Wreturn-type -Wmissing-declarations -O -DUNIX_BINARY_DISTRIB -DENABLE_UNICODE -DDYNAMIC_MODULES -DNO_GETTEXT -I.   -lreadline -lncurses  -liconv -lsigsegv libgnu_cl.a -L/usr/X11/lib
    SAFETY=0 HEAPCODES STANDARD_HEAPCODES WIDE_HARD GENERATIONAL_GC SPVW_BLOCKS SPVW_MIXED TRIVIALMAP_MEMORY
    libsigsegv 2.12
    libiconv 1.11
    libreadline 8.0
    Features: (REGEXP SYSCALLS I18N LOOP COMPILER CLOS MOP CLISP ANSI-CL COMMON-LISP LISP=CL INTERPRETER SOCKETS GENERIC-STREAMS LOGICAL-PATHNAMES SCREEN UNICODE BASE-CHAR=CHARACTER WORD-SIZE=64 UNIX MACOS)
    C Modules: (clisp i18n syscalls regexp)
    Installation directory: /usr/local/Cellar/clisp/2.49_2/lib/clisp-2.49/
    User language: ENGLISH
    Machine: X86_64 (X86_64) - [-.-.-.-]

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `clisp` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install clisp

#### Running

$ clisp 001.lisp

### Crystal

[Crystal](https://crystal-lang.org/)

#### Target Version

$ crystal --version
    Crystal 0.35.1 (2020-06-19)

LLVM: 10.0.0
    Default target: x86_64-apple-macosx

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `crystal` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install crystal

#### Running

$ crystal 001.cr

### D

[D Programming Language](https://dlang.org/)

#### Target Version

$ dmd --version
    DMD64 D Compiler v2.093.1

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `dmd` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install dmd

#### Building

$ dmd 001.d

#### Running

$ ./001

### Eiffel

[Eiffel Software](https://www.eiffel.com/)

#### Target Version

$ ec -version
    ISE EiffelStudio version 19.05.10.3187 GPL Edition - macosx-x86-64

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `eiffelstudio` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install eiffelstudio

#### Building

$ ec euler.e

You may need to chmod the resulting executable so that it has execute permissions.

#### Running

$ ./euler

### Elixir

[Elixir](https://elixir-lang.org/)

#### Target Version

$ elixir --version
    Erlang/OTP 23 [erts-11.0.3] [source] [64-bit] [smp:16:16] [ds:16:16:10] [async-threads:1] [hipe]

Elixir 1.10.4 (compiled with Erlang/OTP 21)

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `erlang` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install erlang

Install the `elixir` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install elixir

#### Running

$ elixir 001.exs

### Erlang

[Erlang Programming Language](https://www.erlang.org/)

#### Target Version

$ erl
    Erlang/OTP 23 [erts-11.0.3] [source] [64-bit] [smp:16:16] [ds:16:16:10] [async-threads:1] [hipe]

Eshell V11.0.3  (abort with ^G)

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `erlang` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install erlang

#### Running

$ ./euler.erl

### Fortran

[WG5 Fortran Standards Home](https://wg5-fortran.org/)

[GNU Fortran](https://gcc.gnu.org/fortran/)

#### Target Version

$ gfortran --version
    GNU Fortran (Homebrew GCC 10.2.0) 10.2.0
    Copyright (C) 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
    This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.  There is NO
    warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `gcc` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install gcc

#### Building

$ make 001

#### Running

$ ./001

### F&#35;

[The F&#35; Software Foundation](https://fsharp.org/)

[F&#35; Guide](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/fsharp/)

[Mono](https://www.mono-project.com/)

#### Target Version

$ fsharpc
    Microsoft (R) F# Compiler version 10.2.3 for F# 4.5
    Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All Rights Reserved.

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `mono-mdk` cask via Homebrew.

$ brew cask install mono-mdk

#### Building

$ fsharpc 001.fs

#### Running

$ mono 001.exe

### Go

[The Go Programming Language](https://golang.org/)

#### Target Version

$ go version
    go version go1.15 darwin/amd64

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `go` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install go

Create a directory for your `$GOPATH`

$ mkdir ~/golang

Ensure the following is in your `.bashrc` or `.zshrc`.

export GOPATH="$HOME/golang"

Either open up a new terminal or run the following:

$ export GOPATH="$HOME/golang"

#### Running

$ go run 001.go

### Groovy

[Groovy](https://groovy-lang.org/)

#### Target Version

$ groovy -v
    Groovy Version: 3.0.5 JVM: 14.0.1 Vendor: Oracle Corporation OS: Mac OS X

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `groovy` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install groovy

#### Running

$ groovy 001.groovy

### Haskell

[Haskell Language](https://www.haskell.org/)

#### Target Version

$ stack --version
    Version 2.3.3, Git revision cb44d51bed48b723a5deb08c3348c0b3ccfc437e x86_64 hpack-0.33.0

$ stack ghc -- --version
    The Glorious Glasgow Haskell Compilation System, version 8.10.2

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Download and install [Stack](https://docs.haskellstack.org/en/stable/README/).

$ curl -sSL https://get.haskellstack.org/ | sh

#### Building

The first time you build you will probably need to first install the correct version of GHC.

$ stack setup

After that you can build as usual.

$ stack build

#### Running

$ stack exec euler

### Io

[Io](https://iolanguage.org/)

#### Target Version

$ io --version
    Io Programming Language, v. 20151111

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `io` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install io

#### Running

$ io 001.io

### Java

[Oracle Java Technologies](https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/)

[Amazon Coretto](https://aws.amazon.com/corretto/)

#### Target Version

$ java -version
    openjdk 11.0.8 2020-07-14 LTS
    OpenJDK Runtime Environment Corretto-11.0.8.10.1 (build 11.0.8+10-LTS)
    OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM Corretto-11.0.8.10.1 (build 11.0.8+10-LTS, mixed mode)

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Download [Amazon Coretto](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/corretto/latest/corretto-11-ug/downloads-list.html).

$ wget https://corretto.aws/downloads/latest/amazon-corretto-11-x64-macos-jdk.pkg

Install Coretto by opening the pkg file and following the instructions.

#### Building

$ javac Euler.java

#### Running

$ java Euler

### JavaScript

[ECMAScript Language Specification](https://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262/)

[Node.js](https://nodejs.org/en/)

#### Target Version

$ node --version
    v14.9.0

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `node` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install node

Install the `yarn` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install yarn

Go to the `javascript` directory.

$ cd javascript

Install the dependencies.

$ yarn install

#### Running

$ node 001.js

#### Linting

Go to the `javascript` directory

$ cd javascript

Run the yarn lint script.

$ yarn run lint

### Julia

[The Julia Language](https://julialang.org/)

#### Target Version

$ julia -v
    julia version 1.5.1

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `julia` cask via Homebrew.

$ brew cask install julia

#### Running

$ julia 001.jl

### K

[Kx](https://kx.com/)

[Kona](https://github.com/kevinlawler/kona)

#### Target Version

Taken from [k.c](https://github.com/kevinlawler/kona/blob/d178feefe207ef2748bedeb778956b437331f3ee/src/k.c#L1) in Kona source code.

//64-bit single-threaded implementation of K3.2.  Version is Kona 3.2.0

From Homebrew:

$ brew info kona | head -n 1
    kona: stable 20200313 (bottled), HEAD

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `kona` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install kona

#### Running

$ k 001.k

### Lua

[The Programming Language Lua](https://www.lua.org/)

#### Target Version

$ lua -v
    Lua 5.3.5  Copyright (C) 1994-2018 Lua.org, PUC-Rio

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `lua` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install lua

#### Running

$ lua 001.lua

### Nim

[Nim Programming Language](https://nim-lang.org/)

#### Target Version

$ nim --version
    Nim Compiler Version 1.2.6 [MacOSX: amd64]
    Compiled at 2020-07-31
    Copyright (c) 2006-2020 by Andreas Rumpf

active boot switches: -d:release -d:nimUseLinenoise

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `nim` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install nim

#### Building

$ nim compile euler

#### Running

$ ./euler

### Objective-C

[Programming with Objective-C](https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ProgrammingWithObjectiveC/Introduction/Introduction.html)

[Clang](https://clang.llvm.org/)

#### Target Version

#### Additional Setup on macOS

None.

#### Building

$ make all

#### Running

$ ./001

### OCaml

[OCaml](https://ocaml.org/)

#### Target Version

$ ocaml -version
    The OCaml toplevel, version 4.10.0

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `ocaml` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install ocaml

#### Running

$ ocaml 001.ml

### Pascal

[Free Pascal](http://www.freepascal.org/)

#### Target Version

$ fpc -h | head -n 2
    Free Pascal Compiler version 3.2.0 [2020/08/17] for x86_64
    Copyright (c) 1993-2020 by Florian Klaempfl and others

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `fpc` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install fpc

#### Building

$ fpc 001.pp

#### Running

$ ./001

### Perl

[The Perl Programming Language](http://www.perl.org/)

#### Target Version

$ perl -v

This is perl 5, version 18, subversion 4 (v5.18.4) built for darwin-thread-multi-2level
    (with 2 registered patches, see perl -V for more detail)

Perl may be copied only under the terms of either the Artistic License or the
    GNU General Public License, which may be found in the Perl 5 source kit.

Complete documentation for Perl, including FAQ lists, should be found on
    this system using "man perl" or "perldoc perl".  If you have access to the
    Internet, point your browser at http://www.perl.org/, the Perl Home Page.

#### Additional Setup on macOS

None. This is the default version of Perl on OSX 10.10.

#### Running

$ perl 001.pl

### Prolog

[The GNU Prolog web site](http://gprolog.univ-paris1.fr/)

#### Target Version

$ gplc --version
    Prolog compiler (GNU Prolog) 1.4.5
    By Daniel Diaz
    Copyright (C) 1999-2018 Daniel Diaz

GNU Prolog comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY.
    This is free software; see the source or the file
    named COPYING for copying conditions.

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `gnu-prolog` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install gnu-prolog

#### Building

$ gplc 001.pro

For some solutions (in particular #4) it may be necessary to increase the global and local stack sizes. This can be accomplished with the following environment variable arguments:

$ GLOBALSZ=300000 LOCALSZ=60000 gplc 001.pro

#### Running

$ ./001

The same global and local stack size environment variable arguments can be used for the resulting executable as well:

$ GLOBALSZ=300000 LOCALSZ=60000 ./001

### Python

[Python Programming Language](https://www.python.org/)

#### Target Version

$ python --version
    Python 3.8.5

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `pyenv` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install pyenv

Ensure the following is in your `.bashrc` or `.zshrc`.

if which pyenv > /dev/null; then eval "$(pyenv init -)"; fi

Install Python 3.7.2.

$ pyenv install 3.8.5

#### Running

$ python 001.py

### Ruby

[Ruby Programming Language](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/)

#### Target Version

$ ruby -v
    ruby 2.7.1p83 (2020-03-31 revision a0c7c23c9c) [x86_64-darwin19]

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install GPG2.

$ brew install gpg2

Install [RVM](https://rvm.io/).

$ gpg --recv-keys 409B6B1796C275462A1703113804BB82D39DC0E3 7D2BAF1CF37B13E2069D6956105BD0E739499BDB

$ \curl -sSL https://get.rvm.io | bash -s stable

Ensure the following is in your `.bashrc` or `.zshrc`.

[[ -s "$HOME/.rvm/scripts/rvm" ]] && source "$HOME/.rvm/scripts/rvm"

Either open up a new terminal or run the following:

$ source ~/.rvm/scripts/rvm

Force RVM to use Homebrew for downloading necessary packages.

$ rvm autolibs homebrew

Install `2.7.1`.

$ rvm install 2.6.1

Optionally, set the default Ruby.

$ rvm --default use 2.7.1

#### Running

$ ruby 001.rb

### Rust

[The Rust Programming Language](https://www.rust-lang.org/)

#### Target Version

$ rustc --version
    rustc 1.46.0 (04488afe3 2020-08-24)

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install [rustup](https://rustup.rs/).

$ curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh

#### Building

$ rustc 001.rs

#### Running

$ ./001

### Scala

[The Scala Programming Language](https://www.scala-lang.org/)

#### Target Version

$ scala -version
    Scala code runner version 2.13.3 -- Copyright 2002-2020, LAMP/EPFL and Lightbend, Inc.

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `scala` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install scala

#### Running

$ scala 001.scala

### Scheme

[MIT/GNU Scheme](https://www.gnu.org/software/mit-scheme/)

#### Target Version

$ scheme --version
    MIT/GNU Scheme microcode 15.3
    Copyright (C) 2019 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
    This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Image saved on Thursday June 4, 2020 at 1:04:36 PM
    Release 10.1.11 || Microcode 15.3 || Runtime 15.7 || SF 4.41 || LIAR/x86-64 4.118

Pulvis et umbra sumus.

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `mit-scheme` formula via Homebrew.

$ brew install mit-scheme

#### Running

$ scheme --quiet --load 001.scm

### Simula

[GNU Cim](http://simula67.at.ifi.uio.no/cim.shtml)

#### Target Version

$ cim --version
    -i686-apple-darwin14.3.0

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Download the Cim source code.

$ wget http://simula67.at.ifi.uio.no/Cim/cim-3.37.tar.gz

Unpack the Cim source code.

$ tar -xf cim-3.37.tar.gz

Go to the Cim source code directory.

$ cd cim-3.37

Run the configure command (note: I had to add an additional flag to make it work without errors).

$ CFLAGS='-O0 -m32 -Wno-return-type' ./configure

Run the make command.

$ make

Run the make install command.

$ make install

#### Building

$ make

#### Running

$ ./001

### Swift

[Swift Overview](https://developer.apple.com/swift/)

#### Target Version

$ swift --version
    Apple Swift version 5.2.4 (swiftlang-1103.0.32.9 clang-1103.0.32.53)
    Target: x86_64-apple-darwin19.6.0

#### Additional Setup on macOS

None.

#### Running

$ swift 001.swift

### Visual Basic

[Visual Basic Guide](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/visual-basic/)

[Mono](https://www.mono-project.com/)

#### Target Version

#### Additional Setup on macOS

Install the `mono-mdk` cask via Homebrew.

$ brew cask install mono-mdk

#### Building

$ vbc 001.vb

#### Running

$ mono 001.exe

### x86-64 Assembly

[OS X Assembly Reference](https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/DeveloperTools/Reference/Assembler/000-Introduction/introduction.html)

[Clang](https://clang.llvm.org/)

#### Target Version

#### Additional Setup on macOS

None.

**Note: By its nature assembly is very architecture specific. The general logic should remain the same across different platforms, but it's entirely possible significant changes might be required depending on your setup.**

#### C to Assembly

The examples of assembly in this project are taken entirely or mostly from Clang's assembly output from the C examples.

$ clang -S -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables 001.c

Clang can output either AT&T or Intel assembly, but as far as I can figure it only supports AT&T syntax assembly for input. To see the Intel syntax assembly add `-mllvm --x86-asm-syntax=intel` after the `-S` option.

#### Building

$ clang 001.s -o 001

#### Running

$ ./001

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