simple_modelviewset_0604

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simple_modelviewset_0604

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# Django + DRF: ModelViewSet bilan To'liq CRUD API

## Loyiha tuzilmasi

```
myproject/
├── manage.py
├── myproject/
│   ├── settings.py
│   ├── urls.py
└── blog/
    ├── models.py
    ├── serializers.py
    ├── views.py
    └── urls.py
```

---

## 1. O'rnatish

```bash
pip install django djangorestframework
```

`settings.py` ga qo'shish:

```python
INSTALLED_APPS = [
    ...
    'rest_framework',
    'blog',
]
```

---

## 2. Models (`blog/models.py`)

```python
from django.db import models

class Category(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=100, unique=True, verbose_name="Kategoriya nomi")

class Meta:
        verbose_name = "Kategoriya"
        verbose_name_plural = "Kategoriyalar"
        ordering = ["name"]

def __str__(self):
        return self.name

class Post(models.Model):
    title      = models.CharField(max_length=255, verbose_name="Sarlavha")
    body       = models.TextField(verbose_name="Matn")
    created_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True, verbose_name="Yaratilgan vaqt")
    updated_at = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True,     verbose_name="Yangilangan vaqt")
    category   = models.ForeignKey(
        Category,
        on_delete=models.CASCADE,
        related_name="posts",
        verbose_name="Kategoriya",
    )

class Meta:
        verbose_name = "Maqola"
        verbose_name_plural = "Maqolalar"
        ordering = ["-created_at"]

def __str__(self):
        return self.title
```

> **Eslatma:**  
> `auto_now_add=True` — faqat birinchi saqlashda vaqtni qo'yadi.  
> `auto_now=True` — har `save()` da avtomatik yangilanadi.

---

## 3. Migratsiya

```bash
python manage.py makemigrations
python manage.py migrate
```

---

## 4. Serializers (`blog/serializers.py`)

```python
from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import Category, Post

class CategorySerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model  = Category
        fields = ["id", "name"]

class PostSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    # O'qishda kategoriya nomini ham ko'rsatish uchun
    category_name = serializers.CharField(source="category.name", read_only=True)

class Meta:
        model  = Post
        fields = [
            "id",
            "title",
            "body",
            "category",       # yozishda ID qabul qiladi
            "category_name",  # o'qishda ism qaytaradi
            "created_at",
            "updated_at",
        ]
        read_only_fields = ["created_at", "updated_at"]
```

---

## 5. Views (`blog/views.py`)

```python
from rest_framework import viewsets, filters
from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly
from .models import Category, Post
from .serializers import CategorySerializer, PostSerializer

class CategoryViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    """
    Kategoriyalar uchun to'liq CRUD.
    GET    /api/categories/       — ro'yxat
    POST   /api/categories/       — yangi kategoriya
    GET    /api/categories/{id}/  — bitta kategoriya
    PUT    /api/categories/{id}/  — to'liq yangilash
    PATCH  /api/categories/{id}/  — qisman yangilash
    DELETE /api/categories/{id}/  — o'chirish
    """
    queryset         = Category.objects.all()
    serializer_class = CategorySerializer
    permission_classes = [IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly]
    filter_backends  = [filters.SearchFilter, filters.OrderingFilter]
    search_fields    = ["name"]
    ordering_fields  = ["name"]

class PostViewSet(viewsets.ModelViewSet):
    """
    Maqolalar uchun to'liq CRUD.
    GET    /api/posts/       — ro'yxat
    POST   /api/posts/       — yangi maqola
    GET    /api/posts/{id}/  — bitta maqola
    PUT    /api/posts/{id}/  — to'liq yangilash
    PATCH  /api/posts/{id}/  — qisman yangilash
    DELETE /api/posts/{id}/  — o'chirish
    """
    queryset         = Post.objects.select_related("category").all()
    serializer_class = PostSerializer
    permission_classes = [IsAuthenticatedOrReadOnly]
    filter_backends  = [filters.SearchFilter, filters.OrderingFilter]
    search_fields    = ["title", "body", "category__name"]
    ordering_fields  = ["created_at", "updated_at", "title"]
```

---

## 6. URL sozlamalari

### `blog/urls.py`

```python
from rest_framework.routers import DefaultRouter
from .views import CategoryViewSet, PostViewSet

router = DefaultRouter()
router.register(r"categories", CategoryViewSet, basename="category")
router.register(r"posts",      PostViewSet,     basename="post")

urlpatterns = router.urls
```

### `myproject/urls.py`

```python
from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path, include

urlpatterns = [
    path("admin/", admin.site.urls),
    path("api/",   include("blog.urls")),
    # Brauzerda sinash uchun DRF login/logout
    path("api-auth/", include("rest_framework.urls")),
]
```

---

## 7. API Endpointlar jadvali

| Metod    | URL                    | Tavsif                  |
|----------|------------------------|-------------------------|
| `GET`    | `/api/categories/`     | Barcha kategoriyalar    |
| `POST`   | `/api/categories/`     | Yangi kategoriya qo'sh  |
| `GET`    | `/api/categories/{id}/`| Bitta kategoriya        |
| `PUT`    | `/api/categories/{id}/`| To'liq yangilash        |
| `PATCH`  | `/api/categories/{id}/`| Qisman yangilash        |
| `DELETE` | `/api/categories/{id}/`| O'chirish               |
| `GET`    | `/api/posts/`          | Barcha maqolalar        |
| `POST`   | `/api/posts/`          | Yangi maqola qo'sh      |
| `GET`    | `/api/posts/{id}/`     | Bitta maqola            |
| `PUT`    | `/api/posts/{id}/`     | To'liq yangilash        |
| `PATCH`  | `/api/posts/{id}/`     | Qisman yangilash        |
| `DELETE` | `/api/posts/{id}/`     | O'chirish               |

---

## 8. Sinov (curl misollari)

### Kategoriya yaratish

```bash
curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/categories/ \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
     -d '{"name": "Texnologiya"}'
```

### Maqola yaratish

```bash
curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/posts/ \
     -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
     -d '{
           "title": "Django nima?",
           "body": "Django — Python web freymvorki.",
           "category": 1
         }'
```

### Maqolalarni qidirish

```bash
curl "http://127.0.0.1:8000/api/posts/?search=Django"
```

---

## 9. Ixtiyoriy: Pagination sozlash

`settings.py` ga qo'shing:

```python
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    "DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS": "rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination",
    "PAGE_SIZE": 10,
}
```

---

## Xulosa

| Fayl               | Vazifasi                          |
|--------------------|-----------------------------------|
| `models.py`        | Ma'lumotlar bazasi modellari       |
| `serializers.py`   | JSON ↔ Python ob'ekt ayirboshlash  |
| `views.py`         | CRUD mantiq (ModelViewSet)         |
| `blog/urls.py`     | Router orqali URL ro'yxatga olish  |
| `myproject/urls.py`| Asosiy URL bog'lash                |

`ModelViewSet` bitta klass bilan **barcha CRUD operatsiyalarini** (`list`, `create`, `retrieve`, `update`, `partial_update`, `destroy`) avtomatik ta'minlaydi.

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