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Data and code for "Probing Spurious Correlations in Popular Event-Based Rumor Detection Benchmarks" (ECML-PKDD 2022)

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# Data and Code for "Probing Spurious Correlations in Popular Event-Based Rumor Detection Benchmarks"

This repo contains the data and code for the following paper:

Jiaying Wu, Bryan Hooi. Probing Spurious Correlations in Popular Event-Based Rumor Detection Benchmarks, European Conference on Machine Learning and Principles and Practice of Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ECML-PKDD) 2022. [![arXiv](https://img.shields.io/badge/arXiv-2209.08799-b31b1b.svg)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.08799)

## Datasets: Twitter15, Twitter16, PHEME-veracity

The datasets used in the experiments are based on the three publicly available datasets, namely Twitter15 and Twitter16 released by [Ma et al. (2017)](https://aclanthology.org/P17-1066/), and PHEME-veracity released by [Kochkina et al. (2018)](https://aclanthology.org/C18-1288/).

The raw data for Twitter15 and Twitter16 can be downloaded from https://www.dropbox.com/s/7ewzdrbelpmrnxu/rumdetect2017.zip?dl=0, and PHEME-veracity can be downloaded from https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/PHEME_dataset_for_Rumour_Detection_and_Veracity_Classification/6392078.

In the `/data` folder, we provide the pre-processed data used for our experiments. The original Tweets (source posts) are provided in `data/[dataset_name]/[dataset_name].txt`, where each line contains the Publisher User ID, Tweet ID, and Tweet content, respectively. As Twitter15 and Twitter16 both consist of class-balanced tweets with abundant interactions, we also sample class-balanced tweets involving at least 10 users in PHEME-veracity (termed pheme_veracity_t10 in our code) for a fair comparison.

The data files titled `data/[dataset_name]/data.TD_RvNN.vol_5000.txt` are in a tab-separated column format (in line with the pre-processing of [BiGCN](https://github.com/TianBian95/BiGCN) and [RvNN](https://github.com/majingCUHK/Rumor_RvNN) for Twitter15 and Twitter16), where each line corresponds to a source post or user comment. We pre-process PHEME-veracity in the same manner.

Each line includes the following information:

```
1: root-id -- the tweet id of the source post;
2: index-of-parent-tweet -- parent index number for the current comment in the tweet propagation tree;
3: index-of-the-current-tweet -- index number for the current comment in the tweet propagation tree;
4: parent-number -- total number of parent nodes in the current tweet propagation tree;
5: text-length -- the maximum length of all the texts in the current tweet propagation tree;
6: list-of-index-and-counts -- space separated word index-count pairs, where each index-count pair is in the form of "index:count".
```

## Event-Separated Rumor Detection Task

### Why Event-Separated?
Benchmark datasets commonly adopt an **event-based** data collection framework. Firstly, a set of newsworthy events is identified. Then, relevant microblogs are retrieved in an automated manner (often via event keyword search). On this basis, Twitter15 and Twitter16 datasets performs event-level labeling, i.e., they conduct fact-checking at event level, and then assign all the source posts under an event with the same event-level fact-checking label.

Therefore, under each event, the automated keyword-based microblog retrieval framework collects a large number of highly similar keyword-sharing samples with the same label, even obtaining **identical microblog texts** (see the figure below). Under random data splitting, where the event tags are overlooked, these duplicate texts scatter into the training and test data, creating severe data leakage.

![Identical texts example](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jiayingwu19/PSA/main/images/identical-texts.png)

For more discussion on the sources of spurious correlations in rumor detection benchmark datasets, please refer to Section 3 of our paper.

### Event-Separated Data Splits

To eliminate the impact of event-specific spurious correlations, we study a more practical **event-separated rumor detection** task (i.e. training and testing on disjoint sets of events). This task is challenging due to the underlying event distribution shift, and it thereby provides a means to evaluate debiased rumor detection performance.

We split the datasets based on the publicly available event IDs released by [Ma et al. (2017)](https://github.com/majingCUHK/Rumor_RvNN/tree/master/resource) in the second column of `[dataset_name]_label_All.txt` and the event tags provided in the PHEME-veracity raw data.

We publicly release our event-separated data splits at `data/[dataset_name]/[dataset_name]_eventsep.*`.

## Code for Publisher Style Aggregation (PSA)

### Dependencies

We implement our proposed Publisher Style Aggregation (PSA) method based on PyTorch 1.6.0 with CUDA 10.2, and train the model on a single NVIDIA RTX 2080Ti GPU.

Main dependencies include:

```
python==3.7.9
numpy==1.19.5
torch==1.6.0
torch-geometric==1.6.3
torch-cluster==1.5.9
torch-scatter==2.0.6
torch-sparse==0.6.9
torch-spline-conv==1.2.1
tqdm==4.56.0
jsonlines==2.0.0
joblib==1.0.0
```

A complete list of all our installed packages and their corresponding versions can be found in `requirements.txt`.

### Data Preprocessing

We provide pre-processed data files under `data/[dataset_name]_graph/`. These data files are obtained via:

```bash
sh preprocess.sh
```

For our proposed Publisher Style Aggregation (PSA) method, we collect each tweet publisher's posting records to learn publisher style features. These records are obtained by a look-up function with each publisher's user ID, which is publicly available in the first column of `data/[dataset_name]/[dataset_name].txt`. Note that only accessible data are used for training; i.e., we collect separate sets of publisher posting records based on the training and test data. We adopt the word2vec embeddings from [Yuan et al. (2020)](https://github.com/chunyuanY/FakeNewsDetection), which can be downloaded from https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1IMOJCyolpYtoflEqQsj3jn5BYnaRhsiY?usp=sharing.

We utilize the [BiGCN](https://github.com/TianBian95/BiGCN) backbone for pre-processing the tweet propagations and for data loading.

### Training

We find that PSA significantly enhances the base classifiers MeanText and RootText, and report that best performance is achieved via MeanText + PSA (Sum) for Twitter15 and Twitter16, and via RootText + PSA (Mean) for PHEME-veracity. Different labeling schemes may account for such differences; as PHEME labels each microblog independently, the source posts would contain the most distinctive features. While the source post content is not as distinctive in Twitter15&16, both datasets exhibit more complicated propagation patterns. Therefore, adopting MeanText to aggregate comment features proves more effective in these cases.

The source code is provided in `model/psa_meantext_sum.py` and `model/psa_roottext_mean.py`, respectively.

Start training with the following command:

```bash
sh model/run_psa.sh
```

The experiment logs are saved under `logs/`, and the resulting models are saved under `checkpoint/`.

## Citation

If you find this repo or our work useful for your research, please consider citing our paper

```
@inproceedings{wu2022probing,
  author       = {Jiaying Wu and
                  Bryan Hooi},
  title        = {Probing Spurious Correlations in Popular Event-Based Rumor Detection Benchmarks},
  booktitle    = {Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases - European Conference,
                  {ECML} {PKDD} 2022, Grenoble, France, September 19-23, 2022, Proceedings,
                  Part {II}},
  pages        = {274--290},
  publisher    = {Springer},
  year         = {2022}
}
```

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