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The collection of links and papers where you can learn more about Alan Turing.

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# Alan Turing (1912-1954)

This is the collection of links and papers where you can learn more about Alan Turing, his life and his contributions to today's technology.

![image](http://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article9023177.ece/alternates/w620/turing-rx.jpg)

[Alan Mathison Turing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing) (23 June 1912 - 7 June 1954) was one of the pioneers in today's technology. He had some key contributions in breaking the [Enigma machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machine) during the World War II, which had a huge impact on the result of World War II. He also [pioneered the work in Artificial Intelligence](http://m.bbc.com/news/technology-18475646) (even before the term Artificial Intelligence was established), where he was the first one to discuss the ways of replicating human brain inside of a machine. His papers remain relevant today in this field, 60 years after they were published. [Turing test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test) (a test which is used to determine is a machine intelligence really indistinguishable from human intelligence) was named after him.

He was sentenced to hormonal therapy because he was convicted as a homosexual (something that was illegal back then in the UK). He died two years later. Even though it was believed that he had committed suicide, Jack Copeland (the author of a book I will mention later) [is not so sure](http://m.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18561092).

British Prime Minister Gordon Brown made an [official public apology](http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/gordon-brown/6170112/Gordon-Brown-Im-proud-to-say-sorry-to-a-real-war-hero.html) to Alan Turing on behalf of the British government in 2009. Queen Elizabeth granted him a [posthumous pardon](http://cryptome.org/2013/12/turing-pardon.pdf) in 2013.

## Papers by Alan Turing

The list of papers published by Alan Turing during his life. This list is arranged in the chronological order.

* [Equivalence of left and right almost periodicity](http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/10) (1935)
* [Computability and λ-Definability](http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/11) (1937)
* [On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem](http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/12) (1937)
* [Finite approximations to lie groups](http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/13) (1938)
* [The extensions of a group](http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/14) (1938)
* [Systems of logic based on ordinals](http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/15) (1939)
* [The use of dots as brackets in Church's system](http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/16) (1942)
* [Lecture to L.M.S. Feb. 20 1947](http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/1) (1947)
* [Rounding-off errors in matrix processes](http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/18) (1948)
* [A practical form of type theory I](http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/3) (1948)
* [Checking a large routine](http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/8) (1949)
* [Computing machinery and intelligence](http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/9) (1950)
* [Programmers' handbook for Manchester electronic computer. Mark II](http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/32) (1951)
* [Intelligent machinery, a heretical theory](http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/4) (1951)
* [Can digital computers think?](http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/5) (1951)
* [Can automatic calculating machines be said to think?](http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/6) (1952)
* [The chemical basis of morphogenesis](http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/22) (1952)
* [Digital computers applied to games](http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/7) (1953)
* [Some calculations of the Riemann zeta-function](http://www.turingarchive.org/browse.php/B/21) (1953)

## Biography

A short [biography of Alan Turing](http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/index.html) is written by Andrew Hodges.

## Books

About Alan Turing:

* [Alan Turing: The Enigma](https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/150731.Alan_Turing) by Andrew Hodges. Originally published in 1983. The latest edition is from 2014. This book inspired the movie The Imitation Game (2014).
* [Turing: Pioneer of the Information Age (2014)](https://global.oup.com/academic/product/turing-9780198719182) by Jack Copeland

Multiple Mentions of Alan Turing:

* [Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach](http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/) by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig
* [2030 - WIll Computers Become Human?](http://www.amazon.com/2030-Computers-Become-Human-Series-ebook/dp/B00R0FQOZS) by Peter Bornstein

## Movies

The movie [The Imitation Game (2014)](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2084970/) tried to show Turing's contributions during the World War II. It received an  Oscar award for the Best Writing Adapted Screenplay in the [87th Academy Awards](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/87th_Academy_Awards). The movie has some controversy attached to his historical accuracy, as described [here](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imitation_Game#Controversy) and [here](http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/19/poor-imitation-alan-turing/).

## Is Turing Test Passed?

No.

Even though large news sources claim that the Turing test was passed for the first time by [Eugene Goostman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Goostman) (a chatbot made specifically to pass the Turing test), the replication of the test is considered far from the real Turing test. More on this controversy can be found [here](https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20140609/07284327524/no-supercomputer-did-not-pass-turing-test-first-time-everyone-should-know-better.shtml).

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