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css-select

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a CSS selector compiler & engine

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# css-select [![NPM version](https://img.shields.io/npm/v/css-select.svg)](https://npmjs.org/package/css-select) [![Node.js CI](https://github.com/fb55/css-select/actions/workflows/nodejs-test.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/fb55/css-select/actions/workflows/nodejs-test.yml) [![Downloads](https://img.shields.io/npm/dm/css-select.svg)](https://npmjs.org/package/css-select) [![Coverage](https://coveralls.io/repos/fb55/css-select/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/r/fb55/css-select)

A CSS selector compiler and engine

## What?

As a **compiler**, css-select turns CSS selectors into functions that tests if
elements match them.

As an **engine**, css-select looks through a DOM tree, searching for elements.
Elements are tested "from the top", similar to how browsers execute CSS
selectors.

In its default configuration, css-select queries the DOM structure of the
[`domhandler`](https://github.com/fb55/domhandler) module (also known as
htmlparser2 DOM). To query alternative DOM structures, see [`Options`](#options)
below.

**Features:**

- 🔬 Full implementation of CSS3 selectors, as well as most CSS4 selectors
- 🧪 Partial implementation of jQuery/Sizzle extensions (see
  [cheerio-select](https://github.com/cheeriojs/cheerio-select) for the
  remaining selectors)
- 🧑‍🔬 High test coverage, including the full test suites from
  [`Sizzle`](https://github.com/jquery/sizzle),
  [`Qwery`](https://github.com/ded/qwery) and
  [`NWMatcher`](https://github.com/dperini/nwmatcher/) and .
- 🥼 Reliably great performance

## Why?

Most CSS engines written in JavaScript execute selectors left-to-right. That
means they execute every component of the selector in order, from left to right.
As an example: For the selector `a b`, these engines will first query for `a`
elements, then search these for `b` elements. (That's the approach of eg.
[`Sizzle`](https://github.com/jquery/sizzle),
[`Qwery`](https://github.com/ded/qwery) and
[`NWMatcher`](https://github.com/dperini/nwmatcher/).)

While this works, it has some downsides: Children of `a`s will be checked
multiple times; first, to check if they are also `a`s, then, for every superior
`a` once, if they are `b`s. Using
[Big O notation](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_O_notation), that would be
`O(n^(k+1))`, where `k` is the number of descendant selectors (that's the space
in the example above).

The far more efficient approach is to first look for `b` elements, then check if
they have superior `a` elements: Using big O notation again, that would be
`O(n)`. That's called right-to-left execution.

And that's what css-select does – and why it's quite performant.

## How does it work?

By building a stack of functions.

_Wait, what?_

Okay, so let's suppose we want to compile the selector `a b`, for right-to-left
execution. We start by _parsing_ the selector. This turns the selector into an
array of the building blocks. That's what the
[`css-what`](https://github.com/fb55/css-what) module is for, if you want to
have a look.

Anyway, after parsing, we end up with an array like this one:

```js
[
    { type: "tag", name: "a" },
    { type: "descendant" },
    { type: "tag", name: "b" },
];
```

(Actually, this array is wrapped in another array, but that's another story,
involving commas in selectors.)

Now that we know the meaning of every part of the selector, we can compile it.
That is where things become interesting.

The basic idea is to turn every part of the selector into a function, which
takes an element as its only argument. The function checks whether a passed
element matches its part of the selector: If it does, the element is passed to
the next function representing the next part of the selector. That function does
the same. If an element is accepted by all parts of the selector, it _matches_
the selector and double rainbow ALL THE WAY.

As said before, we want to do right-to-left execution with all the big O
improvements. That means elements are passed from the rightmost part of the
selector (`b` in our example) to the leftmost (~~which would be `c`~~ of course
`a`).

For traversals, such as the _descendant_ operating the space between `a` and
`b`, we walk up the DOM tree, starting from the element passed as argument.

_//TODO: More in-depth description. Implementation details. Build a spaceship._

## API

```js
import * as CSSselect from "css-select";
```

**Note:** css-select throws errors when invalid selectors are passed to it. This
is done to aid with writing css selectors, but can be unexpected when processing
arbitrary strings.

#### `CSSselect.selectAll(query, elems, options)`

Queries `elems`, returns an array containing all matches.

- `query` can be either a CSS selector or a function.
- `elems` can be either an array of elements, or a single element. If it is an
  element, its children will be queried. **Note:** when passing an array, it may
  be mutated (elements that are subsets of other elements will be removed).
- `options` is described below.

Alias: `default` export.

#### `CSSselect.compile(query, options)`

Compiles the query, returns a function.

#### `CSSselect.is(elem, query, options)`

Tests whether or not an element is matched by `query`. `query` can be either a
CSS selector or a function.

#### `CSSselect.selectOne(query, elems, options)`

Arguments are the same as for `CSSselect.selectAll(query, elems)`. Only returns
the first match, or `null` if there was no match.

### Options

All options are optional.

- `xmlMode`: When enabled, tag names will be case-sensitive. Default: `false`.
- `rootFunc`: The last function in the stack, will be called with the last
  element that's looked at.
- `adapter`: The adapter to use when interacting with the backing DOM structure.
  By default it uses the `domutils` module.
- `context`: The context of the current query. Used to limit the scope of
  searches. Can be matched directly using the `:scope` pseudo-class.
- `relativeSelector`: By default, selectors are relative to the `context`, which
  means that no parent elements of the context will be matched. (Eg. `a b c`
  with context `b` will never give any results.) If `relativeSelector` is set to
  `false`, selectors won't be
  [absolutized](http://www.w3.org/TR/selectors4/#absolutizing) and selectors can
  test for parent elements outside of the `context`.
- `cacheResults`: Allow css-select to cache results for some selectors,
  sometimes greatly improving querying performance. Disable this if your
  document can change in between queries with the same compiled selector.
  Default: `true`.
- `pseudos`: A map of pseudo-class names to functions or strings.

#### Custom Adapters

A custom adapter must match the
[`Adapter` interface](https://github.com/fb55/css-select/blob/master/src/types.ts).
Tree traversal (`findAll`/`findOne`) is handled internally by css-select using
the adapter's primitive methods, so adapters only need to implement basic
operations like `isTag`, `getChildren`, `getParent`, etc.

You may want to have a look at [`domutils`](https://github.com/fb55/domutils) to
see the default implementation, or at
[`css-select-browser-adapter`](https://github.com/nrkn/css-select-browser-adapter/blob/master/index.js)
for an implementation backed by the DOM.

## Supported selectors

_As defined by CSS 4 and / or jQuery._

- [Type](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Type_selectors)
  (`<tagname>`): Selects elements by their tag name.
- [Descendant](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Descendant_combinator)
  (` `): Selects elements that are descendants of the specified element.
- [Child](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Child_combinator)
  (`>`): Selects elements that are direct children of the specified element.
- Parent (`<`): Selects elements that are direct parents of the specified
  element. This follows an
  [old proposal](https://shauninman.com/archive/2008/05/05/css_qualified_selectors)
  that has been made obsolete by the `:has()` pseudo-class.
- [Adjacent sibling](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Adjacent_sibling_combinator)
  (`+`): Selects elements that are the next sibling of the specified element.
- [General sibling](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/General_sibling_combinator)
  (`~`): Selects elements that are siblings of the specified element.
- [Attribute](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Attribute_selectors)
  (`[attr=foo]`), with supported comparisons:
    - `[attr]` (existential): Selects elements with the specified attribute,
      whatever its value.
    - `=`: Selects elements with the specified attribute and value.
    - `~=`: Selects elements with the specified attribute and value, separated
      by spaces.
    - `|=`: Selects elements with the specified attribute and value, separated
      by hyphens.
    - `*=`: Selects elements with the specified attribute and value, anywhere in
      the attribute value.
    - `^=`: Selects elements with the specified attribute and value, beginning
      at the beginning of the attribute value.
    - `$=`: Selects elements with the specified attribute and value, ending at
      the end of the attribute value.
    - `!=`: Selects elements with the specified attribute and value, not equal
      to the specified value.
    - `i` and `s` can be added after the comparison to make the comparison
      case-insensitive or case-sensitive (eg. `[attr=foo i]`). If neither is
      supplied, css-select will follow the HTML spec's
      [case-sensitivity rules](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/semantics-other.html#case-sensitivity-of-selectors).
- [Selector lists](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Selector_list)
  (`,`): Selects elements that match any of the specified selectors.
- [Universal](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Universal_selectors)
  (`*`): Selects all elements.
- Pseudos:
    - [`:not`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:not): Selects
      elements that do not match the specified selector.
    - [`:contains`](https://api.jquery.com/contains-selector): Selects elements
      that contain the specified text.
    - `:icontains`: Selects elements that contain the specified text,
      case-insensitively.
    - [`:has`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:has): Selects
      elements that have descendants that match the specified selector.
    - [`:root`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:root): Selects
      the root element.
    - [`:empty`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:empty):
      Selects elements that have no children.
    - [`:first-child`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:first-child):
      Selects elements that are the first element child of their parent.
    - [`:last-child`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:last-child):
      Selects elements that are the last element child of their parent.
    - [`:first-of-type`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:first-of-type):
      Selects elements that are the first element of their type.
    - [`:last-of-type`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:last-of-type):
      Selects elements that are the last element of their type.
    - [`:only-of-type`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:only-of-type):
      Selects elements that are the only element of their type.
    - [`:only-child`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:only-child):
      Selects elements that are the only element child of their parent.
    - [`:nth-child`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:nth-child):
      Selects elements that are the nth element child of their parent.
    - [`:nth-last-child`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:nth-last-child):
      Selects elements that are the nth element child of their parent, counting
      from the last child.
    - [`:nth-of-type`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:nth-of-type):
      Selects elements that are the nth element of their type.
    - [`:nth-last-of-type`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:nth-last-of-type):
      Selects elements that are the nth element of their type, counting from the
      last child.
    - [`:any-link`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:any-link):
      Selects elements that are links.
    - [`:link`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:link): Selects
      elements that are links and have not been visited.
    - [`:visited`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:visited),
      [`:hover`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:hover),
      [`:active`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:active)
      (these depend on optional `Adapter` methods, so these will only match
      elements if implemented in `Adapter`)
    - [`:checked`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:checked):
      Selects `input` elements that are checked, or `option` elements that are
      selected.
    - [`:disabled`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:disabled):
      Selects input elements that are disabled.
    - [`:enabled`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:enabled):
      Selects input elements that are not disabled.
    - [`:required`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:required):
      Selects input elements that are required.
    - [`:optional`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:optional):
      Selects input elements that are not required.
    - jQuery extensions:
        - [`:parent`](https://api.jquery.com/parent-selector): Selects elements
          that have at least one child.
        - [`:header`](https://api.jquery.com/header-selector): Selects header
          elements.
        - [`:selected`](https://api.jquery.com/selected-selector): Selects
          `option` elements that are selected.
        - [`:button`](https://api.jquery.com/button-selector): Selects button
          elements, and `input` elements of type `button`.
        - [`:input`](https://api.jquery.com/input-selector): Selects `input`,
          `textarea`, `select`, and `button` elements.
        - [`:text`](https://api.jquery.com/text-selector): Selects `input`
          elements of type `text`.
        - [`:checkbox`](https://api.jquery.com/checkbox-selector): Selects
          `input` elements of type `checkbox`.
        - [`:file`](https://api.jquery.com/file-selector): Selects `input`
          elements of type `file`.
        - [`:password`](https://api.jquery.com/password-selector): Selects
          `input` elements of type `password`.
        - [`:reset`](https://api.jquery.com/reset-selector): Selects `input`
          elements of type `reset`.
        - [`:radio`](https://api.jquery.com/radio-selector): Selects `input`
          elements of type `radio`.
    - [`:is`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:is), as well as
      the aliases
      [`:where`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:where), and
      the legacy alias `:matches`: Selects elements that match any of the given
      selectors.
    - [`:scope`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/:scope):
      Selects elements that are part of the scope of the current selector. This
      uses the context from the passed options.

---

License: BSD-2-Clause

## Security contact information

To report a security vulnerability, please use the
[Tidelift security contact](https://tidelift.com/security). Tidelift will
coordinate the fix and disclosure.

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