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Documentation and a python-script for monitoring the status of Delta Solivia RPI PV-inverters

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# soliviamonitor
Documentation and a python-script for monitoring the status of Delta Solivia RPI PV-inverters

For a more complete Python application, please check out [Bruno Binet's delta-rpi](https://github.com/bbinet/delta-rpi) repository, which is loosely based on my code but has been greatly extended.

### Physical connection

Delta Solivia inverters can communicate with external equipment over [RS485](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-485), a communication standard that specifies a single-duplex serial bus with only two wires (usually marked data + and data -, or A and B). Communication cables can be quite long, up to a kilometre or more, provided that good quality twisted-pair cables are used, bus-termination is done properly and data-speeds are not too high. Using shielded cable and surge protectors or opto-isolation is recommended, especially if the cable is potentially exposed to indirect lightning discharges (e.g. on a roof), to reduce the risk of induction damage to the equipment. All devices on a bus are connected in series, and the first and last device on the wire should have a 120 Ohm terminating resistor.

Delta Solivia inverters typically have a small communication module, which usually contains a 6-pin push-in terminal block or an 8-pin RJ-45 socket, and a DIP-switch for termination. Pins 1 and 2 of the terminal block are 12V and GND, and should probably not be used. Pins 3 and 5 are data +, pins 4 and 6 are data -. There is only one RS485-port, the two connectors are simply provided for convenience. If your communication module has an RJ45-connector rather than a terminal block, data + is on pin 5 and data - is on pin 4 of the RJ45-socket. The DIP-switch can be used to switch bus termination on or off on a given inverter. Only the first and the last device on the bus should be terminated. If you only have one inverter and one computer on the bus, both devices should be terminated.

Note that not all RS485-adapters have a built-in terminator, and many devices do not even specify clearly whether the device is terminated or not. For short cables and low transmission speeds, this will not matter much, but you may run into trouble with long cables. When in doubt, choose an RS485-adapter that clearly specifies whether or not it is terminated, or that allows you to configure the termination (e.g. the [FTDI USB-RS485](http://www.ftdichip.com/Products/Cables/USBRS485.htm)).

### RS485 and Linux

Generally, there are two kinds of RS485-devices for Linux. 
Some RS485-interfaces use an RS485-transceiver (often a MAX485 or derivative), which is hooked up to a TTL or RS232 serial port (e.g. `/dev/ttyS0`). Examples include RS485-shields for the Raspberry Pi:

- [The Sparkfun RS485 Shield V3](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/13706) (termination unspecified, probably unterminated)
 - [Libelium RS485-shield with XBee-footprint](https://www.cooking-hacks.com/documentation/tutorials/rs-485-module-shield-tutorial-for-arduino-raspberry-pi-intel-galileo/) (termination unspecified, probably unterminated)
 - [RS485-to-RS232 adapters at Shenzen Union Electronics](http://www.unioncables.com/c/rs232-to-rs485-rs422-cables_0039) (probably unterminated)

USB RS485-interfaces, which are very common these days, use some kind of USB-to-serial chip (often FTDI or CH341), which communicates with a driver in the Linux kernel. The driver creates a USB serial device (e.g. `/dev/ttyUSB0`).

- [FTDI USB-RS485](http://www.ftdichip.com/Products/Cables/USBRS485.htm) (termination configurable)
 - [Various USB-RS485-adapters at Shenzen Union Electronics](http://www.unioncables.com/c/usb-rs485-rs422-cables_0012)

By default, serial-devices in Unix-derived operating systems are opened in [cooked I/O mode](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooked_mode), whereby the system does some processing of line breaks and special characters. When talking to devices that use a binary serial protocol (such as PV-inverters), care should be taken to disable the processing of special characters. If you have direct control over system calls (e.g. in C), it should suffice to open the serial device in raw or non-canonical mode. Unfortunately, good documentation on how to do this properly is hard to find and read. Check out the [man page](https://linux.die.net/man/3/cfmakeraw) of the `cfmakeraw()` function for (some) details. (The short summary is that you're probably safe if you start with an all-zero `termios`-structure, and set the `CS8` flag in the `c_cflag` field. If you need more flags, check the man page to see which flags you should *not* use.)
   
When using some higher-level interface or library (e.g. in languages such as Python), you often have little direct control over the serial device settings, and unexpected behaviour and data loss may occur. Setting the device to raw-mode using a library or the `stty` command does not always disable all processing of special characters. Notably, this seems to be the case with PySerial on Raspbian Linux and derivatives. I have provided a little shell-script that will put a device into raw-mode and will undefine all special control characters on the specified device, e.g.: `./unset_serial_ctrlchars.sh /dev/ttyUSB0`

### Communication protocol

Delta Solivia inverters use a simple serial protocol over RS485. The default baud rate seems to be 19200 bits per second, although this can be changed in the inverter settings. You may need to lower it if you have a really long cable, otherwise the default should be fine. The RS485 bus-ID can also be set for each inverter. The default value is 001, but each inverter should be given a unique ID if they're connected to the same bus. The bus needs to have a terminating resistor at each end, the inverters are fitted with a DIP-switch next to the RS485-connector to enable (1) or disable (0) bus termination.

Messages on the RS485-bus look like this:

- 1 byte STX (0x02), start of message
 - 1 byte ENQ (0x05 for a request) or ACK (0x06 for a response)
 - 1 byte inverter ID on the RS485-bus (0x01 for the first inverter, 0x02 for the second, etc.)
 - 1 byte LEN, number of bytes to follow, excluding CRC and ETX
 - 2 bytes CMD, command and subcommand, e.g. 0x00 0x00 to request the inverter type, 0x60 0x01 to request a block of data, etc.
 - data bytes, only in case of a reply
 - 2 bytes CRC-16, over preceding bytes excluding STX, LSB first (little-endian)
 - 1 byte ETX (0x03), end of message

Unfortunately, exactly which variables are assigned to which command or data address seems to vary between inverter models. 
Moreover, a request for data using the command 0x60 0x01 will return a block of data, which seems to contain the values of several important variables.

For Delta Solivia RPI Commercial European three-phase inverters, a request and reply pair may look roughly like this, as read on a Linux-machine with an RS485 USB-dongle:

```
# jpnevulator --ascii --timing-print --tty /dev/ttyUSB0 --read
2016-05-03 12:14:12.944206:
02 05 01 02 60 01 85 FC 03 02 06 01 9D 60 01 31	....`........`.1
35 33 46 41 30 45 30 30 30 30 32 34 31 30 35 31	53FA0E0000241051
35 30 35 30 30 33 34 36 33 32 32 33 30 39 30 31	5050034632230901
30 30 02 18 0F 2D 01 3C 0F 0C 02 24 0F 26 0F C1	00...-.<...$.&..
08 BA 14 9C 13 89 0F B7 13 88 0F CB 08 C2 14 B4	................
13 89 0F BC 13 88 0F C4 08 C7 14 D3 13 89 0F BD	................
13 88 1D 1D 03 52 18 C5 19 08 06 29 27 7C 3E 23	.....R.....)'|>#
0E 78 0E A6 00 00 9C 40 00 00 54 4F 00 00 28 22	.x.....@..TO..("
00 95 94 70 00 32 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00	...p.2..........
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00	................
00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 5B C6 03         	..........[..
```

The data breaks down as follows, for as far as I've been able to figure out:

Request:

- STX, ENQ: 02 05  
 - ID: 01
 - LEN: 02
 - CMD: 60 01
 - CRC: 85 FC
 - ETX: 03

Reply:

- STX, ACK: 02 06  
 - ID: 01
 - LEN, e.g. 9D for 157 bytes
 - CMD: 60 01
 - 11 bytes part number, e.g. 153FA0E0000 for an RPI M15A
 - 18 bytes serial, e.g. 241051505003463223
 - 6 bytes unknown, e.g. 090100
 - 2 bytes firmware revision power management, e.g. 02 18 for version 2.24
 - 2 bytes unknown, e.g. 0F 2D
 - 2 bytes firmware revision STS, e.g. 01 3C for version 1.60
 - 2 bytes unknown, e.g. 0F 0C
 - 2 bytes firmware revision display, e.g. 02 24 for version 2.36
 - 2 bytes unknown, e.g. 0F 26
 - 2 bytes AC inverter voltage between L1 and L2 (?), e.g. 0F C1 for 403.3 V
 - 2 bytes AC inverter current on L1, e.g. 08 BA for 22.34 A
 - 2 bytes AC inverter power on L1, e.g. 14 9C for 5276 W
 - 2 bytes AC inverter frequency on L1, e.g. 13 89 for 50.01 Hz
 - 2 bytes AC net (?) voltage between L1 and L2 (?), e.g. 0F B7 for 402.3 V
 - 2 bytes AC net (?) frequency on L1, e.g. 13 88 for 50.00 Hz
 - 2 bytes AC inverter voltage between L2 and L3 (?), e.g. 0F CB
 - 2 bytes AC inverter current on L2, e.g. 08 C2
 - 2 bytes AC inverter power on L2, e.g. 14 B4
 - 2 bytes AC inverter frequency on L2, e.g. 13 89
 - 2 bytes AC net (?) voltage between L2 and L3 (?), e.g. 0F BC
 - 2 bytes AC net (?) frequency on L2, e.g. 13 88
 - 2 bytes AC inverter voltage between L3 and L1 (?), e.g. 0F C4
 - 2 bytes AC inverter current on L3, e.g. 08 C7
 - 2 bytes AC inverter power on L3, e.g. 14 D3
 - 2 bytes AC inverter frequency on L3, e.g. 13 89
 - 2 bytes AC net (?) voltage between L3 and L1 (?), e.g. 0F BD
 - 2 bytes AC net (?) frequency on L3, e.g. 13 88
 - 2 bytes DC voltage on string 1, e.g. 1D 1D for 745.3 V
 - 2 bytes DC current on string 1, e.g. 03 52 for 08.50 A
 - 2 bytes DC power on string 1, e.g. 18 C5 for 6341 W
 - 2 bytes DC voltage on string 2, e.g. 19 08 for 640.8 V
 - 2 bytes DC current on string 2, e.g. 06 29 for 15.77 A
 - 2 bytes DC power on string 2, e.g. 27 7C for 10108 W
 - 2 bytes total output power (?), e.g. 3E 23 for 15907 W
 - 2 bytes unknown, e.g. 0E 78
 - 2 bytes unknown, e.g. 0E A6
 - 4 bytes energy output on current day, e.g. 00 00 9C 40 for 40 kWh (40000 Wh)
 - 4 bytes feed-in time on current day, e.g. 00 00 54 4F for 21583 seconds
 - 4 bytes total lifetime energy output, e.g. 00 00 28 22 for 10274 kWh
 - 4 bytes unknown, e.g. 00 95 94 70
 - 2 bytes heat sink temperature, e.g. 00 32 for 50 degrees Celcius
 - 36 zero-bytes
 - CRC: 5B C6
 - ETX: 03

The output is very similar for other European three-phase inverters in the Delta Solivia RPI series, such as an RPI M20A (part number 203FA0E0000), but will undoubtedly be different for other series. 
On a North-American split-phase Delta Solivia 5.0 NA G4 TR inverter for instance, the data block is somewhat shorter (150 bytes), and the [communication](https://forums.whirlpool.net.au/forum-replies.cfm?t=1901079&p=11#r204) looks something like this:

```
02 05 01 02 60 01 85 FC 03 02 06 01 96 60 01 45
4F 45 34 36 30 31 30 31 37 35 32 32 30 31 37 35 
31 30 31 32 33 34 30 30 30 35 30 34 31 32 33 34 
31 30 00 2D 2D 00 2D 2D 00 2D 2D 00 2D 2D 01 0A 
00 3E 00 00 00 2B 00 00 00 41 00 F2 06 3E 17 6F 
00 29 62 D4 17 6F 00 01 5E 88 17 6F 00 01 01 41 
00 E9 00 42 00 EC 00 F4 06 43 17 69 17 74 00 00 
AC 9E 00 00 10 9D 00 79 01 6E 0C 3C 00 00 06 D6 
00 00 00 08 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 
01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 
01 01 01 FC C6 03 
```

Some fields seem to be similar (the part number is EOE46010175, the serial is 220175101234000504, etc.), but working out all the details would still require quite a bit of work, which I haven't attempted. This is left as an excercise to the reader. ;-)

### Credits

Credits for figuring out the Delta Solivia communication protocol in general go to all the people on [this thread](https://forums.whirlpool.net.au/forum-replies.cfm?t=1901079).
Special thanks go out to Bram Langen for figuring out that control character processing may interfere with communications in Python, and how to really disable all special character processing on a Linux serial device.

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