libpapago

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Modern, Powerful, and Simple C Web Framework

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# papago

Modern web framework designed to be simple, full featured, and powerful all while being extremely user friendly.

## Features

* RESTful Routing - GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, PATCH support
* SSL/TLS Encryption - Server and client side
* Path Parameters - Dynamic routes like `/users/:id`
* Wildcard URIs - Example: `/api/v1/*` 
* Query Parameters - Parse URL query strings
* Form Parsing - Parse application/x-www-form-urlencoded bodies
* HTML Templates - Easy dynamic content via server side templating
* Middleware System - Global and path-specific middleware
* File stream - video / audio / large files, zero-copy, automatic MIME type detection
* Multipart Form Uploads - Stream file uploads (single or multiple) to disk without buffering the full body in memory
* WebSocket Support - Real-time bidirectional communication
* WebSocket Client - included
* Embedded File Support - Embed HTML, JS, CSS, etc into the application
* JSON Responses - Built-in JSON helpers
* Static Files - Serve files from directories
* Thread-Safe - Built on proven concurrent architecture
* Rate limiting by IP
* Compression with Gzip
* CORS Support
* Metrics collection and exposure via Prometheus endpoint
* Simple HTTP Client
* Extensible Middleware System

### MIME Types Supported
HTML, CSS, JS, JSON, XML, TXT
PNG, JPG, GIF, SVG, ICO, WebP
MP4, WebM, OGG
MP3, WAV, M4A
PDF, ZIP, TAR, GZ
WOFF, WOFF2, TTF

## Dependencies

* libmicrohttpd
* libwebsockets
* GnuTLS
* Zlib
* libmaple - [Maple Template Engine](https://github.com/briandowns/libmaple)

## Build

Papago has the template engine (Maple) disabled by default. If this component is required, add `PAPAGO_USE_MAPLE=1` to the `make` command when building.

```sh 
make
```

## Install
```sh
sudo make install
```

## Quick Start

Below is a very simple demonstration of how to create a handler for a `GET` request.

Default server runs on port `:8080`.

```c
#include <stdio.h>

#include <papago.h>

void
hello_handler(papago_request_t *req, papago_response_t *res, void *user_data)
{
	PAPAGO_UNUSED(req);
    PAPAGO_UNUSED(user_data);

papago_res_json(res, "{\"message\":\"Hello, World!\"}");
}

int
main(void)
{
	papago_t *server = papago_new();
	
	papago_route(server, PAPAGO_GET, "/hello", hello_handler, NULL);
	
    papago_config_t config = papago_default_config();
	papago_start(server, &config); // blocking
	
	papago_destroy(server);

return 0;
}
```

Build and run:

```sh
cc -o hello hello.c -lpapago
./hello
```

Test:

```sh
curl http://localhost:8080/hello
# {"message":"Hello, World!"}
```

More examples can be found in the [examples](/examples) directory. Each example has a `make` target.

You can make all examples with `make examples_all PAPAGO_USE_MAPLE=1`.

```sh
make example
```

A convenience script is included to generate certificates to run the example below.

```sh
generate_certs.sh
```

```sh
make example_ssl
```

```sh
make example_websocket
```

## Config Defaults

* Port = 8080
* Host = 0.0.0.0
* Timeout = 30s
* Max conns = 256
* SSL Enabled = off
* Rate Limiting = off
* Template rendering = off
* Compression = off
* Max body size = 10485760 (10 * 1024 * 1024)
* Thread pool size = 4

All config values can be easily set on the `papago_config_t` value. Check the examples for more details.

## Core Concepts

### HTTP Routes

```c
// basic routes
papago_route(server, PAPAGO_GET, "/", index_handler, NULL);
papago_route(server, PAPAGO_POST, "/users", create_user, NULL);
papago_route(server, PAPAGO_PUT, "/users/:id", update_user, NULL);
papago_route(server, PAPAGO_DELETE, "/users/:id", delete_user, NULL);

// path parameters
void
user_handler(papago_request_t *req, papago_response_t *res, void *user_data)
{
    const char *id = papago_req_param(req, "id");
    // use id...
}
papago_route(server, PAPAGO_GET, "/users/:id", user_handler, NULL);

// query parameters
void
search_handler(papago_request_t *req, papago_response_t *res, void *user_data)
{
    const char *q = papago_req_query(req, "q");
    const char *page = papago_req_query(req, "page");
    // use q and page...
}
papago_route(server, PAPAGO_GET, "/search", search_handler, NULL);
```

### Convenience Functions

Convenience functions are provided to make seneding responses even easier.

`papago_res_send`, `papago_res_html`, `papago_res_json` are meant to be used when sending simple text, HTML, and JSON respectively. The last 2 set appropriate headers for the payload while the first leaves this to the user.

### Middleware

Papago middleware consists of defining 2 functions, `before` and `after` and assigning them to the `papago_middleware_t` struct. The `before` function is ran on every request and is required to be present. The `after` function is optional.

```c
static bool
mw_before(papago_request_t *req, papago_response_t *res, void *user_data);

static void
mw_after(papago_request_t *req, papago_response_t *res, void *user_data);
```

```c
papago_middleware_t middleware = {
    .before    = mw_before,
    .after     = mw_after,
    .user_data = NULL,
};
```

After defining the middleware and assigning the functions to the struct, Papago supports setting the middleware to run globally or on specific routes. This is especially helpful when writing loggers or authentication middleware.

```c
// global middleware - runs on ALL routes
papago_middleware_add(server, middleware);

// path-specific - runs only on /api/* routes
papago_middleware_path_add(server, "/api", middleware);
```

Examples of some common middlewares (logger, rate-limiting) can be found in the [examples](examples/) directory.

### Websocket

Below is example code of how to use the websocket functionality. For the available websocket client API, reference the [Papago Websocket Client Header](papago_wsc.h) file.

```c
void
ws_on_connect(papago_ws_connection_t *conn)
{
    printf("Client connected: %s\n", papago_ws_get_client_ip(conn));
    papago_ws_send(conn, "{\"type\":\"welcome\"}");
}

void
ws_on_message(papago_ws_connection_t *conn, const char *message,
              size_t length, bool is_binary)
{
    printf("Received: %s\n", message);
    
    // echo back
    papago_ws_send(conn, message);
    
    // or broadcast to all
    papago_ws_broadcast(papago_get_current_server(), message);
}

void
ws_on_close(papago_ws_connection_t *conn)
{
    printf("client disconnected\n");
}

void
ws_on_error(papago_ws_connection_t *conn, const char *error)
{
    fprintf(stderr, "error: %s\n", error);
}

// register websocket endpoint
papago_ws_endpoint(server, "/ws", 
    ws_on_connect, ws_on_message, ws_on_close, ws_on_error);
```

Client-side JavaScript:

```javascript
const ws = new WebSocket('ws://localhost:8081/ws');

ws.onopen = () => ws.send('Hello!');
ws.onmessage = (e) => console.log('Received:', e.data);
```

### Request & Response

```c
void
handler(papago_request_t *req, papago_response_t *res, void *user_data)
{
    // read request
    const char *content_type = papago_req_header(req,
        PAPAGO_RESPONSE_HEADER_CONTENT_TYPE);
    const char *id = papago_req_param(req, "id");
    const char *search = papago_req_query(req, "q");
    const char *body = papago_req_body(req);
    
    // send response
    papago_res_status(res, PAPAGO_STATUS_OK);
    papago_res_header(res, "X-Custom", "value");
    papago_res_json(res, "{\"status\":\"ok\"}");
}
```

To build the client along with the Papago framework, use: `make PAPAGO_WITH_WSC` and `sudo make install PAPAGO_WITH_WSC=1`.

## Metrics

To expose the Prometheus endpoint, register the metrics handler in your application.

```c
papago_route(server, PAPAGO_GET, "/metrics", papago_metrics_handler, NULL);
```

## Threading Model

- HTTP: Thread pool - 4 (default) (libmicrohttpd)
- WebSocket: Event loop in separate thread
- Broadcast: Thread-safe with mutex protection

## Contributing

Please feel free to open a PR!

## Contact

Brian Downs [@bdowns328](http://twitter.com/bdowns328)

## License

BSD 2 Clause [License](/LICENSE).

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