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cmd

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Non-blocking external commands in Go with streaming output

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# go-cmd/Cmd

[![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/go-cmd/cmd)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/go-cmd/cmd) [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/github/go-cmd/cmd/badge.svg?branch=master)](https://coveralls.io/github/go-cmd/cmd?branch=master)
[![Go Reference](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/github.com/go-cmd/cmd/.svg)](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/go-cmd/cmd/)

This package is a small but very useful wrapper around [os/exec.Cmd](https://pkg.go.dev/os/exec#Cmd) that makes it safe and simple to run external commands in highly concurrent, asynchronous, real-time applications. It works on Linux, macOS, and Windows. Here's the basic usage:

```go
import (
	"fmt"
	"time"
	"github.com/go-cmd/cmd"
)

func main() {
	// Start a long-running process, capture stdout and stderr
	findCmd := cmd.NewCmd("find", "/", "--name", "needle")
	statusChan := findCmd.Start() // non-blocking

ticker := time.NewTicker(2 * time.Second)

// Print last line of stdout every 2s
	go func() {
		for range ticker.C {
			status := findCmd.Status()
			n := len(status.Stdout)
			fmt.Println(status.Stdout[n-1])
		}
	}()

// Stop command after 1 hour
	go func() {
		<-time.After(1 * time.Hour)
		findCmd.Stop()
	}()

// Check if command is done
	select {
	case finalStatus := <-statusChan:
		// done
	default:
		// no, still running
	}

// Block waiting for command to exit, be stopped, or be killed
	finalStatus := <-statusChan
}
```

That's it, only three methods: `Start`, `Stop`, and `Status`. When possible, it's better to use `go-cmd/Cmd` than `os/exec.Cmd` because `go-cmd/Cmd` provides:

1. Channel-based fire and forget
1. Real-time stdout and stderr
1. Real-time status
1. Complete and consolidated return
1. Proper process termination
1. _100%_ test coverage, no race conditions

### Channel-based fire and forget

As the example above shows, starting a command immediately returns a channel to which the final status is sent when the command exits for any reason. So by default commands run asynchronously, but running synchronously is possible and easy, too:

```go
// Run foo and block waiting for it to exit
c := cmd.NewCmd("foo")
s := <-c.Start()
```
To achieve similar with `os/exec.Cmd` requires everything this package already does.

### Real-time stdout and stderr

It's common to want to read stdout or stderr _while_ the command is running. The common approach is to call [StdoutPipe](https://pkg.go.dev/os/exec#Cmd.StdoutPipe) and read from the provided `io.ReadCloser`. This works but it's wrong because it causes a race condition (that `go test -race` detects) and the docs say it's wrong:

> It is thus incorrect to call Wait before all reads from the pipe have completed. For the same reason, it is incorrect to call Run when using StdoutPipe.

The proper solution is to set the `io.Writer` of `Stdout`. To be thread-safe and non-racey, this requires further work to write while possibly N-many goroutines read. `go-cmd/Cmd` has done this work.

### Real-time status

Similar to real-time stdout and stderr, it's nice to see, for example, elapsed runtime. This package allows that: `Status` can be called any time by any goroutine, and it returns this struct:
```go
type Status struct {
    Cmd      string
    PID      int
    Complete bool
    Exit     int
    Error    error
    Runtime  float64 // seconds
    Stdout   []string
    Stderr   []string
}
```

### Complete and consolidated return

Speaking of that struct above, Go built-in `Cmd` does not put all the return information in one place, which is fine because Go is awesome! But to save some time, `go-cmd/Cmd` uses the `Status` struct above to convey all information about the command. Even when the command finishes, calling `Status` returns the final status, the same final status sent to the status channel returned by the call to `Start`.

### Proper process termination

[os/exec/Cmd.Wait](https://pkg.go.dev/os/exec#Cmd.Wait) can block even after the command is killed. That can be surprising and cause problems. But `go-cmd/Cmd.Stop` reliably terminates the command, no surprises. The issue has to do with process group IDs. It's common to kill the command PID, but usually one needs to kill its process group ID instead. `go-cmd/Cmd.Stop` implements the necessary low-level magic to make this happen.

### 100% test coverage, no race conditions

In addition to 100% test coverage and no race conditions, this package is actively used in production environments.

---

## Acknowledgements

[Brian Ip](https://github.com/BrianIp) wrote the original code to get the exit status. Strangely, Go doesn't just provide this, it requires magic like `exiterr.Sys().(syscall.WaitStatus)` and more.

---

## License

cmd

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