ThrottleBlaster

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ThrottleBlaster

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A Turbo circuit with a MHz display that can slow down the CPU speed

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# ThrottleBlaster

A Pi Pico-based Turbo circuit with a MHz display that reduces the effective frequency of fast CPUs by pulling down the STPCLK# pin at a specified frequency and duty-cycle.

This allows you to play speed-sensitive games, like Digger on a 1200MHz Athlon!

Since rev.0.8e we also support the Pico 2!

Videos:
- Part 3 (rev 0.3): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4OluJwGDEQ
- Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nGy8OmOe_34
- Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9uNml2j6sy0

- Mounted on a 5.25 panel: https://www.youtube.com/shorts/n1aFvRNtOcw (by Michael Swimm)
- Controllable by serial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=71rln-R2mis (by Michael Swimm)

Download firmware ThrottleBlaster_pico1.uf2 (or ThrottleBlaster_pico2.uf2 for the Pico 2): https://github.com/scrapcomputing/ThrottleBlaster/releases

Download gerbers (ThrottleBlaster_gerbers_rev.X.X.zip): https://github.com/scrapcomputing/ThrottleBlaster/releases

A front panel design by Michael Swimm: https://www.thingiverse.com/thing:6619261

# How it works
The Throttle Blaster is a fancy PWM controller that pulls the CPU's STPCLK# to ground.

It is tailored to the needs of vintage PC enthusiasts, so it drives a 4-digit 7-segment display and is pre-loaded with presets that span several hardware generations.

# Features
- Four modes of operation to fit your needs, selected by jumpers:
  1. single push-button control. This is great for re-purposing the Turbo button (NOTE: the on/off turbo switch would need to be replaced with a push-button).
  2. Two-button control (left/right).
  3. rotary-encoder with a push-button. This is great for placing it on a drive bay panel.
  4. analogue potentiometer with/without a push-button. This could be used for configurations without a display.
- 7-segment TM1637-based display that shows the effective frequency. This can be considered optional, but is highly recommended.
- Cycle through preset frequencies or select a frequency at a 1MHz granularity.
- Each preset can be tuned/programmed both in terms of the PWM level but also the PWM frequency.
- Configuration changes are permanently stored in the Pico's flash memory.
- The PWM pulses are generated by the Pico's PIOs and are clock-accurate, with no jitter.

# Modes of operation

## Mode 1: Rotary Encoder (ROT)

- The devices starts at the "Presets" state (mode).
- Turn the knob to select a frequency
- Short push to switch to fine-grain frequency selection
- Long push to enter configuration of the current preset:
  - Fine-tune actual frequency, short push to switch to PWM period tuning. Long-push escapes.
  - Fine-tune PWM period, short push to switch to preset deletion. Long-push escapes.
  - Select if preset should be deleted, short push to confirm.

## Initial configuration
- The default CPU frequency is 200MHz. Long push to configure the CPU speed. Select the frequency and short push to get back to the presets.

## Mode 2: Single-button (1Btn)

- The device starts at the "Presets" state.
- Three types of push:
  1. Short push (release immediately)
  2. Medium push (for ~0.5 seconds)
  3. Long push (about 2 seconds)
- Cycle through presets with a short push. A medium push brings us back to the default CPU frequency.
- Long push to enter programming mode.

## Mode 3: Two-button (2Btn)

- The device starts at the "Presets" state.
- Two types of push: long and short
- Three types of actions:
  1. Short Left or Right push (release immediately)
  2. Both Left and Right short push
  3. Both Left and Right long push.
- Cycle through presets with a L or R short push.
- Go to 1-1 manual mode with both L and R short push.
- Long push (L or R) to enter programming mode, or to configure the CPU Frequency (CPUF) when showing the maximum frequency.
- Reset to defaults by long press L and R twice.

## Mode 4: Potentiometer (POT)

- Can be used in conjunction with the single-button operation. Turning the potentiometer overrides the preset selected by the button.

## Serial Mode (UART): Control by the serial port, works in conjunction with all other modes.

You can connect to the Throttle Blaster via the serial port and set the Frequency and PWM Period.
This is convenient for launching a game with a `.bat` file that first configures the Throttle Blaster and then launches the game.

## Reset to factory defaults during power on (since rev 0.9)

Press the button (rotary encoder, or any individual button in other modes) and plug in the ThrottleBlaster to power. The led on the Pico will start flashing fast for around 2 seconds and the MHz display will show "RES".

This helps revert the deleted presets or any potential flash-related issue.

### UART Circuit
- Connect the Throttle Blaster's Tx pin to the PC's serial port Rx pin (that is pin 2 of the serial connector), the Throttle Blaster's Rx pin to serial Tx (pin 3) and ground to ground (pin 5)

### UART Software
- Serial port settings: 9600 8N1, no flow control
- The string to send is in the form `F<MHz>P<Period>\r`, where:
  - `<MHz>` is the desired effective frequency in MHz (float),
  - `<Period>` is the PWM Period level (1-256),
  - `\r` (also seen as `^M`) is the Carriage-Return character (ASCII 13 0x0d).
  - For example `F4.77P8` sets the frequency to `4.77MHz` and the PWM period to `8` which is a around 50us.
- In DOS you can use a terminal emulator, like [Kermit](http://www.columbia.edu/kermit/ftp/archives/msk314.zip), to connect and send the command.
  - You could use this one-liner in a batch file: `kermit set port COM1, set speed 9600, output F4.77P8\13`. This will set the frequency to 4.77 MHz, the period to 8 and will send a Carriage-Return character (`\13`).

> **Note**
> Changing the frequency is not instantaneous. So if you are setting the frequency in a batch file, please consider adding a delay before launching the game.

> **Note**
> Please note that the serial-port functionality is totally optional. You don't need to populate the MAX3232 IC and its capacitors if you are not planning to use it.

## Preset Buttons (since rev 0.7)
Since revision 0.7 you can also directly select a preset by pushing one of the 8 available buttons.
This functionality is compatible with all other modes of operation.

Please note that you don't need a Rev 0.7 PCB to use this feature.
You can simply connect buttons to the Pico's GPIOs, with one button pin to the GPIO and the other to ground, see table below:

GPIO       | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 18 | 19 | 20  | 21  
------------|----|----|----|----|----|----|-----|-----
 Freq (MHz) |  4 |  8 | 10 | 25 | 33 | 66 | 133 | Max

## Reset Detection (Optional and experimental) (since rev 0.8)
Connect the computer case reset button to `RES1` and another cable from `RES2` to the computer motherboard.
Now when you press the reset button, the Throttle Blaster will detect it and will temporarily set the frequency to maximum for a faster boot.
During this time the MHz display will show "boot" and show a count down until the frequency is restored.

> **Note**
> Polarity matters: If you connect the reset cables to the RES headers the wrong way your PC won't boot!

## Reverse Direction jumper JP3 (since rev 0.4)
Since revision 0.4 the default rotation direction of the knob has been changed and a new jumper JP3 has been added.
Closing the jumper will reverse the direction for both the rotary encoder and the potentiometer.

# Presets

Display | Performance equivalence
---------|------------------------
 4       | 4.77 MHz IBM PC
 8       | 8 MHz
 10      | 10 MHz
 25      | 25 MHz
 33      | 33 MHz 486
 66      | 66 MHz 486
 133     | 133 MHz Pentium
 450     | 450 MHz Pentium-II
 733     | 733 MHz Pentium-III

# Firmware

## Dependencies
- C++17 cross compiler for pico (see [README](https://github.com/raspberrypi/pico-sdk))
- [pico-sdk](https://github.com/raspberrypi/pico-sdk) 2.2 or later
- (Optional) [TM1637 display library](https://github.com/wahlencraft/TM1637-pico) 1.2.1

## Build Instructions
- Download release (v1.2.1) https://github.com/wahlencraft/TM1637-pico and extract it.
- `cd firmware/ && mkdir build && cd build`
- `cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release -DPICO_SDK_PATH=/path/to/pico-sdk/ -DPICO_BOARD=<pico|pico2> -DPICO_TM1637_PATH=/path/to/TM1637-pico/ ../src/ && make`
- This will place the firmware into: `ThrottleBlaster_pico1.uf2` (or `ThrottleBlaster_pico2.uf2`) in the `build` directory.

## Installing the firmware
- Unplug the Pico
- Press and hold the small "BOOTSEL" button on the Pico
- While holding the BOOTSEL button, connect the Pico to your PC with a micro-USB cable
- The Pico should show up as a mass-storage device
- Copy the `ThrottleBlaster_pico1.uf2` (or `ThrottleBlaster_pico2.uf2` for the Pico 2) firmware to the drive associated with the Pico
- Safely eject the mass-storage device

The Pico should boot and you should see the Pico's LED light up.

# Circuit

## Schematic

The Throttle Blaster circuit is fairly simple:
- The Rotary Encoder, the Push Button and the Potentiometer are connected to the Pico's GPIOs.
- The Display is also connected directly to GPIOs
- The STPCLK# pin is driven by a N-channel MOSFET, a 2N7000, and its gate pin connects to the Pico's GPIO via a 1K resistor and the transistor's drain connects to STPCLK# via a 100 Ohm resistor.
- The circuit is powered directly from the PSU's 5V power supply via diode (preferrably a Schottky).
- The serial port circuit relies on a MAX3232 for converting the RS232 levels to Pi-Pico levels.

## PCB

## Bill Of Materials (BOM)

Download gerbers: https://github.com/scrapcomputing/ThrottleBlaster/releases

Reference      | Quantity          | Value                                                 | Description
---------------|-------------------|-------------------------------------------------------|------------
N/A            | 1 (recommended)   | TM1637 based 4-digit 7-segment display                | The display of the Throttle Blaster
D1             | 1                 | Through-hole diode (preferrably Schottky 1N5817)      | Reverse polarity protection
N/A (for Pico) | 2                 | 1x17 female through-hole pin-header 2.54mm pitch (Harwin M20-7821746) | For attaching the Pico to the board.
J1             | 1 (optional)      | 1x01 male through-hole angled pin-header 2.54mm pitch | For the STPCLK# cable
RES1,2         | 2 (optional)      | 1x02 male through-hole angled pin-header 2.54mm pitch | For Reset detection
J2             | 1 (optional UART) | 1x03 male through-hole pin-header 2.54mm pitch        | For controlling the Throttle Blaster via serial. (Requires MAX3232)
JP1/JP2        | 1                 | 2x02 (or 2x 1x02) male through-hole pin-header 2.54mm | Selects mode of operation.
JP3            | 1                 | 1x02 male through-hole pin-header 2.54mm pitch        | For the JP3 jumper that flips the rotation direction
SW1/SW2        | 2 (optional)      | 1x02 male through-hole pin-header 2.54mm pitch        | For the SW1 and SW2 switches
U1             | 1 (optional)      | 1x04 male through-hole angled pin-header 2.54mm pitch | For connecting the TM1637 7-segment display.
Jumpers        | 2                 | 2.54mm pitch Jumpers                                  | For JP1/JP2
Q1 (optional Q2) | 1 (2 for optional RESET detection) | 2N7000 N-channel MOSFET                               | Pulls down the CPU's STPCLK# pin
R1             | 1                 | 1K Resistor SMD 1206                                  | For the throttle transistor gate.
R2             | 1                 | 100 Ohm Resistor SMD 1206 WARNING: P-iii CPUs and VIA MVP3-based boards may need lower values like 47 Ohms | Between the throttle pin and the throttling transistor for additional safety. It's value could be lower.
Pot1           | 1 (mode POT)      | 10K linear potentiometer                              | Selects Frequency in Potentiometer mode.
SW1            | 1 (mode 1Btn)     | Push button                                           | Selects Frequency in 1Btn mode.
SW3            | 1 (mode 2Btn)     | Push button                                           | The right button in 2Btn mode.
Preset Btns P1-P8| 8 (optional)      | 1x02 (or one 8x02) male through-hole pin-header 2.54mm| Headers for the 8 preset push-buttons.
SW2            | 1 (mode ROT)      | Rotary Encoder with push-button, (ALPS EC11E-Switch) Vertical | Selects Frequency in Rotary mode. Note: These are widely available online using keywords like: "rotary encoder switch Arduino" and they can also be found in kits with fitting knobs.
U2             | 1                 | Raspberry Pi Pico                                     |
U3             | 1                 | 1x04 horizontal pin header 2.54mm pitch               | For connecting to the floppy power connector, for powering the unit.
C1             | 1 (mode POT)      | 100pF Ceramic capacitor SMD 1205                      | Used to reduce potentiometer noise.
C2,C3,C4,C5,C6 | 5 (optional UART) | 1uF Ceramic Capacitor SMD 1206                        | For MAX3232 (serial port)
U4             | 1 (optional UART) | MAX3232 SOIC-16 5.3x10.2mm (Commonly listed as 16-SOIC 3.90mm width) | For controlling the Throttle Blaster via the serial port. **WARNING:** There are many fakes/clones of the MAX3232 available online but these are known not to work well or at all. They may need smaller capacitor values as mentioned in [fake max3232 issue](https://github.com/scrapcomputing/ThrottleBlaster/issues/24#). So please avoid them and get a MAX3232 from a known brand and supplier.

## Using the circuit for the first time
- Select the operation mode using jumpers JP1/JP2.
- Connect J1 to your CPU's STPCLK# pin.
- Power it on and you are good to go.
- You can reverse the knob direction by closing JP3 (since rev.0.4)

## Basic Troubleshooting
- Check that the Throttle Blaster's ground is connected to the motherboard's ground
- Check the voltage at the STPCLK# pin:
  - Max frequency: The voltage should be matching the CPU's I/O high ~3.3V for most CPUs
  - Any other frequency: You should be seing pulses using an oscilloscope, or values between 0 and ~3.3V using a multimeter.
- Confirm that it's working as expected by running benchmarks from [Phil's DOS Benchmark Pack](https://www.philscomputerlab.com/dos-benchmark-pack.html)

## How to find the `STPCLK#` pin
Just look for it in your CPU's datasheet. 
This table lists the STPCLK# pin number for your reference:

CPU                 | STPCLK# Pin
----------------------|------------
 Pentium MMX          | V34
 Pentium Pro          | A3
 Pentium-iii socket   | AG35
 Pentium-iii slot1    | B6
 Athlon XP            | AC1

# How about older CPUs that don't have a STPCLK pin?
486 or older CPUs don't usually have a STPCLK# pin.
Instead they have the HOLD pin which has somewhat similar functionality and is active high.
Some boards use PWM on this HOLD pin when the Turbo button is pressed.

The HOLD pin is not pulled down internally by the CPU.
So it is up to the motherboard to pull it down.
The problem is that this is usually actively pulled down by the CPU chipset, meaning that if we try to pull it up with the Throttle Blaster we may damage the chipset.
So I don't think there is a way to get the Throttle Blaster to work universally with older systems.

# Change Log
- Rev 0.9: Allows deletion of presets and adds flash reset when button pressed during boot.
- Rev 0.8e: Fixes single/two-button configuration bug (introduced in 0.8b). Adds Pico2 support.
- Rev 0.8d: Fixes reset detection
- Rev 0.8c: Fixes bugs introduced in Rev 0.8b.
- Rev 0.8b: Improves responsiveness of rotary encoder. WARNING: This revision is buggy, please upgrade to Rev 0.8c (thanks @nahimov for reporting the bug).
- Rev 0.8: Adds RESET detction circuit (optional) which will temporarily set the speed to max for 20 seconds.
- Rev 0.7: Adds support for 8 preset buttons.
- Rev 0.6: Firmware bug fixes: (i) fix saving MHz/Period adjustments to flash and (ii) one-button mode frequency glitch.
- Rev 0.5: Replaces potentiometer capacitor with SMD and several firmware fixes.
- Rev 0.4: Reverses knob direction and adds jumper JP3 for selecting direction.
- Rev 0.3: Adds UART support in both firmware and PCB.
- Rev 0.2: Adds two-button mode "2Btn".
- Rev 0.1: Initial release.

# Acknowledgements
- Many thanks to all of you who have reported bugs or asked for clarifications or features requests. By doing so you are helping improve the project! Special thanks to Michael Swimm for extensive testing, reporting bugs, coming up with awesome ideas for new features, and for sharing fancy mounting hardware for the Throttle Blaster!

# License
The project is GPLv2 except for `Pwm.pio` which comes from the Pi Pico SDK examples and is under `SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause`.

ThrottleBlaster

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