gotyno-hs

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A type definition language and type compiler that generates type definitions and validation functions for them in different languages.

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# gotyno-hs

[![Tests](https://github.com/GoNZooo/gotyno-hs/actions/workflows/test.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/GoNZooo/gotyno-hs/actions/workflows/test.yml)

A tool for generating validation/encoding/decoding code for types via a type definition language.
See details of the language [here](#the-language).

## Installation

Make sure you have the Haskell tool
[`stack`](https://docs.haskellstack.org/en/stable/install_and_upgrade/). This is used for building
the entire project and once you've installed it, it will manage having the correct version of the
compiler and all the Haskell libraries that are used as well.

Once we have `stack` installed we can simply run the following in this project directory:

```bash
stack install
```

Stack will now install `gotyno-hs` as a binary in your `$HOME/.local/bin` directory. If you've made
sure that you have this directory in your `$PATH` you can execute `gotyno-hs` anywhere.

If we wanted to compile a file at `examples/basic.gotyno` into both TypeScript and F# into separate
output directories as well as watch for file changes and recompile when they happen, we could
execute the following at this point:

```bash
$ gotyno-hs --typescript ts-output --fsharp fsharp-output --watch examples/basic.gotyno
Watching directory: '<ABSOLUTE-PATH-TO-EXAMPLES-DIRECTORY>'
```

## Supported languages

- TypeScript

## Newly introduced / beta languages

These are languages that likely could be brought up to full support status with some work, given an
active user and a small-ish amount of bug reports. These have been tested to *some* extent but I
can't personally vouch for them in a production context right now.

- Kotlin
- Haskell
- F#
- D
- Python

## Planned support

- PureScript
- Elixir

## Maybe supported in the future

- Swift
- Scala 3 (if it's better now)
- Rust

## Options you can pass to the compiler

The help text for the compiler illustrates most of what you can do.

```bash
$ gotyno-hs --help
gotyno - Compile type definitions into encoders/decoders for languages

Available options:
  --ts,--typescript =|-|PATH
                           Set TypeScript output
  --fs,--fsharp =|-|PATH   Set FSharp output
  --py,--python =|-|PATH   Set Python output
  -w,--watch               Watch files and recompile automatically
  -v,--verbose             Output info about compilation
  -h,--help                Show this help text
```

### `=|-|PATH`

The output destination for a language can be set to `=` for "same as input file" `-` for standard
output or a path for all output for that language.

## TypeScript example

[basic.gotyno](./examples/basic.gotyno) has an example of some types being defined and
[basic.ts](./test/reference-output/basic.ts) is the automatically generated TypeScript output from
this file. This directory contains other examples, used primarily for testing purposes.

Behind the scenes it's using a validation library I wrote for validating `unknown` values
(for the most part against given interface definitions).

## F# example

[basic.gotyno](./examples/basic.gotyno) has an example of some types being defined and
[basic.fs](./test/reference-output/basic.fs) is the automatically generated F# output from this
file. This directory contains other examples, used primarily for testing purposes.

The F# version uses `Thoth` for JSON decoding, as well as an additional extension library to it for
some custom decoding helpers that I wrote.

Import names (and by extension declaration source names) are automatically converted to use an
initial uppercase letter for F#. Note, however, that PascalCase is not automatically converted to.
If import names are written in snake_case the output will be Snake_case. For the most part camelCase
will work well for Gotyno file names, since the output will be "CamelCase" for that particular
example.

## The Language

All supported type names are uppercase and type definitions currently are enforced as such as well.

### Annotations/Types

- `?TypeName` signifies an optional type.
- `*TypeName` signifies a pointer to that type. In languages where pointers are hidden from the user
  this may not be visible in types generated for it.
- `[]TypeName` signifies a sequence of several `TypeName` with a length known at run-time, whereas
  `[N]TypeName` signifies a sequence of several `TypeName` with a known and enforced length at
  compile-time. Some languages may or may not have the latter concept and will use only the former
  for code generation.
- `TypeName<OtherTypeName>` signifies an application of a generic type, such that whatever type
  variable `TypeName` takes in its definition is filled in with `OtherTypeName` in this specific
  instance.
- Conversely, `struct/union TypeName <T>{ ... }` is how one defines a type that takes a type
  parameter. The `<T>` part is seen here to take and provide a type `T` for the adjacent scope,
  hence its position in the syntax.
- The type `"SomeValue"` signifies a literal string of that value and can be used very effectively
  in TypeScript.
- The unsigned integer type is the same, but for integers. It's debatable whether this is useful to
  have.

### Structs

```gotyno
struct Recruiter {
    name: String
}

struct Person {
    name: String
    age: U8
    efficiency: F32
    on_vacation: Boolean
    hobbies: []String
    last_fifteen_comments: [15]String
    recruiter: ?Recruiter
}

struct Generic <T>{
    field: T
    other_field: ?T
    other_field_with_slice: []T
}
```

### Enums

```gotyno
enum Colors {
    red = "FF0000"
    green = "00FF00"
    blue = "0000FF"
}
```

### Unions

#### Tagged

```gotyno
union InteractionEvent {
    Click: Coordinates
    KeyPress: KeyCode
    Focus: *Element
}

union Option <T>{
    None
    Some: T
}

union Result<E, T>{
    Error: E
    Ok: T
}
```

#### Untagged

Sometimes a union that carries no extra tags is required, though usually these will have to be
identified less automatically, perhaps via custom tags in their respective payload:

```gotyno
struct SomeType {
    type: "SomeType"
    some_field: F32
    some_other_field: ?String
}

struct SomeOtherType {
    type: "SomeOtherType"
    active: Boolean
    some_other_field: ?String
}

untagged union Possible {
    SomeType
    SomeOtherType
    String
}
```

In TypeScript, for example, the correct type guard and validator for this untagged union will be
generated, and the literal string fields can still be used for identifying which type one has.

#### Setting the tag key and embedding it in payload structures

The above can also be accomplished by setting the tag key to be embedded in options passed to the
`union` keyword (we can also set which key is used):

```gotyno
struct SomeType {
    some_field: F32
    some_other_field: ?String
}

struct SomeOtherType {
    active: Boolean
    some_other_field: ?String
}

union(tag = type_tag, embedded) Possible {
    FirstConstructor: SomeType
    SecondConstructor: SomeOtherType
}
```

This effectively will create a structure where we get the field `type_tag` embedded in the payload
structures (`SomeType` & `SomeOtherType`) with the values `"FirstConstructor"` and
`"SecondConstructor"` respectively.

Note that in order to embed a type key we need the payload (if present) to be a structure type,
otherwise we have no fields to merge the type tag field into.

Both checks for existence of the referenced payload types and checks that they are structures are
done during compilation.

### Declarations

When a type that is outside of Gotyno files is needed, we can use a declaration to assert that it
exists. It will function much like an import in the generated code and it's up to the user to supply
the required functionality for each language in the required file:

```gotyno
declare external.Option<T>

declare otherExternalModule.Plain

struct HasOption<T> {
    field: Option<T>
    field2: Plain
}
```

Note that the above code will generate an import for each unique source module
(on the left of the '.') and each usage is automatically recognized as a reference to a declaration.
The code output will rely on this module being present in the same output directory as the generated
code.

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