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Connect Erlang, Julia and Elixir

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# Erjulix

Connecting Erlang, Julia, Elixir

[![Stable](https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-stable-blue.svg)](https://pbayer.github.io/erjulix/stable)
[![Dev](https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-dev-blue.svg)](https://pbayer.github.io/erjulix/dev)
[![Build Status](https://github.com/pbayer/erjulix/workflows/CI/badge.svg)](https://github.com/pbayer/erjulix/actions)
[![Coverage](https://codecov.io/gh/pbayer/erjulix/branch/master/graph/badge.svg)](https://codecov.io/gh/pbayer/erjulix)

## Project

This is my ambitious little project to connect the different worlds of Erlang/Elixir and Julia:

- Provide one package for three platforms/languages,
- Allow them to talk to and call each other.

Now Erlang and Elixir processes can send messages to each other since they run on the same BEAM platform and share PIDs. But how about sending messages to Julia and back to Erlang/Elixir?

## A sample session

In the Julia REPL we start a `pServer` task, which on demand spawns an `EvalServer` task with its own module namespace.

```julia
julia> using Erjulix, Sockets

julia> pServer(6000)
Task (runnable) @0x0000000110b30ab0
```

In the Elixir REPL we request a Julia `EvalServer` and use it to 
evaluate Julia expressions or to call Julia functions.

```elixir
iex(1)> {:ok, jl, _} = :ejx_udp.srv(6000)  # get an eval server from Julia
{:ok, {{127, 0, 0, 1}, 54465}, "Main.##esm#257"}
iex(2)> :ejx_udp.eval(jl, "using .Threads")
{:ok, []}
iex(3)> :ejx_udp.call(jl, :threadid)
{:ok, 3}
iex(4)> :ejx_udp.call(jl, :factorial, [50])
{:error,
 "OverflowError(\"50 is too large to look up in the table; consider using `factorial(big(50))` instead\")"}
iex(5)> :ejx_udp.eval(jl, """    # define a function on the Julia server
...(5)> function fact(x)
...(5)>     factorial(big(x))
...(5)> end
...(5)> """)
{:ok, "Main.##esm#257.fact"}
iex(6)> :ejx_udp.call(jl, :fact, [50])
{:ok, 30414093201713378043612608166064768844377641568960512000000000000}
iex(7)> :timer.tc(:ejx_udp, :call, [jl, :fact, [55]])
{527,
 {:ok,
  12696403353658275925965100847566516959580321051449436762275840000000000000}}
```

The last timing shows that the ping-pong for calling the created Julia `fact` function with data from Elixir and getting the result back takes roughly 500 µs with both sessions running on the same machine (MacBook Pro).

```elixir
iex(8)> a = Enum.map(1..10, fn _ -> :rand.uniform() end)
[0.9414436609049482, 0.08244595999142224, 0.6727398779368937,
 0.18612089183158875, 0.7414592106015152, 0.7340558985797445,
 0.9511971092470349, 0.7139960750204088, 0.31514816254491884, 0.94168140313657]
iex(9)> :ejx_udp.set(jl, :a, a)  # create variable a on the Julia server
{:ok, []}
```

Back in the Julia REPL:

```julia
julia> exmod = Erjulix._ESM[1]  # get access to the server module
Main.##esm#257

julia> exmod.a                  # and to the created variable a
10-element Vector{Any}:
 0.9414436609049482
 0.08244595999142224
 0.6727398779368937
 0.18612089183158875
 ⋮
 0.9511971092470349
 0.7139960750204088
 0.31514816254491884
 0.94168140313657

julia> using Plots ....
```

### Working remotely

If we start our `pServer` with the machine's IP address and a key, communication with remote clients gets SHA-256 encrypted:

```julia
julia> getipaddr()
ip"192.168.2.113"

julia> key = Erjulix.genpasswd(12)
"1XQeFem2NUNw"

julia> pServer(getipaddr(), 6000, key)
Task (runnable) @0x00000001110e7b90
```

We use the machine's IP address and that key to access the `pServer` from a Raspberry Pi in the local network:

```elixir
iex(1)> :inet.gethostname()
{:ok, 'raspberrypi'}
iex(2)> key = "1XQeFem2NUNw"
"1XQeFem2NUNw"
iex(3)> {:ok, jl, _} = :ejx_udp.srv({{192,168,2,113}, 6000, key})
{:ok, {{192, 168, 2, 113}, 55052, "j8Gh3G6dPfJm28UpthL0dXew"}, "Main.##esm#258"}
iex(4)> :ejx_udp.call(jl, :factorial, [20])
{:ok, 2432902008176640000}
iex(5)> :timer.tc(:ejx_udp, :call, [jl, :factorial, [20]])
{86620, {:ok, 2432902008176640000}}
```

The `pServer` generated a new key for encrypted network access to the Julia `EvalServer`. The timing shows that network ping-pong took under 100 ms between the two machines (without encryption it takes around 70 ms).

```elixir
iex(9)> :ejx_udp.client(jl, :exit)
{:ok, :done}
```

## Rationale

This is a prototype for interoperability based on [Erlang`s Term Format](http://erlang.org/doc/apps/erts/erl_ext_dist.html) over UDP.

- It is aimed at experimenting and learning before providing Julia [Actors](https://github.com/JuliaActors/Actors.jl) with functionality for sharing messages with Erlang/Elixir.
- It allows applications in Web services, IoT or microservices.
- A more general application, providing message-based interop also with other languages should be done with [OSC](http://opensoundcontrol.org).

## Caveats

**Thread-safety:** Of course accessing the server module as demonstrated is not thread-safe and thus should not be done concurrently.

**Security:** If you share UDP-Server addresses and ports, a remote client can get access to the filesystem. If you provide 
a key to the `pServer`, data transmissions will use SHA-256 encryption.

## ToDo

- [x] Implement [JWT](https://jwt.io) tokenized secure data transmission,
- [ ] Implement an Elixir server to serve Julia with Elixir/Erlang functionality.

## Dependencies

- The Julia package currently depends on [`ErlangTerm.jl`](https://github.com/helgee/ErlangTerm.jl).
- The Erlang/Elixir part depends on [a fork](https://github.com/pbayer/jwerl) of `jwerl`, compatible with Erlang/OTP 24. There is [an issue](https://gitlab.com/glejeune/jwerl/-/issues/18) to update the main repo.

## Installation

When available in the Julia registry, you can install the package with

```julia
pkg> add Erjulix
```

If [available in Hex](https://hex.pm/docs/publish), the package can be installed in Elixir by adding `erjulix` to your list of dependencies in `mix.exs`:

```elixir
def deps do
  [
    {:erjulix, "~> 0.1.0"}
  ]
end
```

Documentation can be generated with [ExDoc](https://github.com/elixir-lang/ex_doc)
and published on [HexDocs](https://hexdocs.pm). Once published, the docs can
be found at [https://hexdocs.pm/erjulix](https://hexdocs.pm/erjulix).

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