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photovoltaic-detection

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Detecting available rooftop area from satellite images to install photovoltaic panels - LESO-PB Lab @ EPFL

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# Detecting available rooftop area from satellite images to install photovoltaic panels

The repository contains the code for Machine Learning course 2020 (CS-433) project 2 at [EPFL](https://www.epfl.ch/en/) in partnership with [LESO-PB Lab](https://www.epfl.ch/labs/leso/) (4 pages [report](https://github.com/riccardocadei/photovoltaic-detection/blob/main/reference/report.pdf)) and it is also the baseline code for the reasearch project: 'Quantification of the suitable area for rooftop solar panel installation from overhead imagery using Convolutional Neural Networks' [[IOPscience](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2042/1/012002)].

### Authors

- Raphaël Attias: [@raphaelattias](https://github.com/raphaelattias)
- Riccardo Cadei: [@riccardocadei](https://github.com/riccardocadei)
- Shasha Jiang: [@dust629](https://github.com/dust629)

### Environment
- Tested with `Python 3.6`.
- Dependencies: `NumPy`, `PyTorch`, `scikit-learn`, `OpenCV`.
- Visualization: `Matplotlib`.

## Overview

### Task: Detecting available rooftop area for PV installation

The project target is to segment in aerial images of Switzerland (Geneva) the area available for the installation of rooftop photovoltaics (PV) panels, namely the area we have on roofs after excluding chimneys, windows, existing PV installations and other so-called ‘superstructures’. The task is a pixel-wise binary-semantic segmentation problem. And we are interested in the class where pixels can be classified as ‘suitable area’ for PV installations.

![Screenshot from 2020-12-16 13-11-43](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/32882147/102347151-47643980-3fa0-11eb-83c7-354c90462914.png)

### Data ([Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/datasets/raphaelattias/overfitteam-geneva-satellite-images))
- The input aerial images are RGB aerial images in PNG form and  each  image  has  size 250×250×3 with pixelsize 0.25×0.25 m^2. 
- All the images in the dataset are manually labelled using the useful functions in `labelling_tool`. 
- The labelled images are a binary mask with 1 for pixel in PV area, and 0 otherwise.
- The original input images are transformed with saturation and classic normalization before training. 
- A real-time data argumentation is applied only on the training set by randomly flipping images horizontally or vertically or rotating in ninety degrees.
- The  output  of  our  model  is again a binary image, where the pixel is one, if its probability of being in the PV area is bigger than a fixed threshold.
- Train/Validation/Test Ratio : 80/10/10 \%

### Methods
- We used a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN) model based on U-net and an adaptive learning algorithm to train it. Iou and Acurrancy are computed to evaluate the performances.
- We trained our model firstly on the whole dataset, then we focused only on a specific class of images, residential area

### Results
We are able to automatically detect in test images the available rooftop area at pixel level with performances comparable the state-of-the-art.
In particular, focusing only on the residential area images we got on the test set an accuracy of about 0.97 and an Intersection over Union index of 0.77 using only 244 images for training. Below an example of a prediction on the test set.

![intro](https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/32882147/102341360-0a944480-3f98-11eb-8970-9ddbd0277339.jpeg)

* * *
## Project structure
```bash
├── labelling_tool
│   ├── crop.py
│   ├── data-verification.ipynb
│   ├── label_images_from_txt.py
│   ├── label_images.py
│   ├── move.py
│   ├── README.md
│   └── scan_images.py
├── loss
│   ├── 1.png
│   ├── 2.png
│   ├── loss.ipynb
│   ├── loss.py
│   └── __pycache__
│       └── loss.cpython-38.pyc
├── main.ipynb
├── model
│   ├── model.ipynb
│   ├── __pycache__
│   │   └── unet.cpython-38.pyc
│   └── unet.py
├── plots
│   ├── all
│   │   ├── batch5loss4
│   │   │   ├── history_train_ioubatch5loss4_1000.npy
│   │   │   ...
│   │   │   └── loss400_batch5loss4.png
│   │   └── batch5loss9
│   │       ├── history_train_ioubatch5loss9_1000.npy
│   │       ... 
│   │       └── loss1000_batch5loss9.png
│   ├── other
│   │   ├── b5w4_iou.pdf
│   │   ├── b5w4_loss.pdf
│   │   ├── history_train_iou09122020.npy
│   │   ...
│   │   ├── loss_batch5loss4.pdf
│   │   └── loss_batch5loss5.pdf
│   ├── plots.py
│   └── residencial
│       ├── history_train_ioubatch5loss6_1000.npy
│       ...
│       ├── loss1000_batch5loss6.png
│       └── loss_batch5loss6.png
├── process_data
│   ├── data_loader.py
│   ├── import_test.py
│   ├── normalize.py
│   └── __pycache__
│       ├── data_loader.cpython-38.pyc
│       ├── data_noara_loader.cpython-38.pyc
│       └── data_nopv_loader.cpython-38.pyc
├── README.md
├── reference
│   └── Literature
│       ├── Adam a method \for stochastic optimization.pdf
│       ├── Deep learning \in the built environment automatic detection of rooftop solar panels 
│           using Convolutional Neural Networks.pdf
│       ├── Dropout vs. batch normalization an empirical study.pdf
│       ├── Satellite Image Segmentation \for Building Detection using U-Net.pdf
│       ├── Semantic Segmentation of Satellite Images using Deep Learning.pdf
│       └── U-Net, Convolutional Networks \for Biomedical Image Segmentation.pdf
├── run.py
└── train
    ├── pred_residencial_3.png
    └── train.py
```

## References

[Paper](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2042/1/012002)
```
@inproceedings{castello2021quantification,
  title={Quantification of the suitable rooftop area for solar panel installation from overhead imagery using Convolutional Neural Networks},
  author={Castello, Roberto and Walch, Alina and Attias, Rapha{\"e}l and Cadei, Riccardo and Jiang, Shasha and Scartezzini, Jean-Louis},
  booktitle={Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
  volume={2042},
  number={1},
  pages={012002},
  year={2021},
  organization={IOP Publishing}
}
```

[Dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/raphaelattias/overfitteam-geneva-satellite-images)
```
@dataset{geneva_satellite_2024,
  title={Geneva Satellite Images Dataset - Rooftop Segmentation},
  author={Attias, Raphaël and Cadei, Riccardo and Jiang, Shasha},
  year={2024},
  publisher={Hugging Face},
  url={https://huggingface.co/datasets/raphaelattias/overfitteam-geneva-satellite-images}
}
```

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