quine-relay

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An uroboros program with 100+ programming languages

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# Quine Relay

[![CI](https://github.com/mame/quine-relay/workflows/CI/badge.svg)](https://github.com/mame/quine-relay/actions?query=workflow%3ACI)

## What this is

[QR.rb](https://github.com/mame/quine-relay/blob/master/QR.rb) is a Ruby program that generates
a Rust program that generates
a Scala program that generates
...(through 128 languages in total)...
a REXX program that generates
the original Ruby code again.

![Language Uroboros][langs]

[langs]: langs.png

(If you want to see the old 50-language version, see the [50](https://github.com/mame/quine-relay/tree/50) branch.)

## Usage

### Ubuntu

If you are using Ubuntu 25.10 (Questing Quokka), you can follow these steps.

#### 1. Install all the interpreters/compilers.

First, you need to type the following apt-get command to install them all.

$ sudo apt-get install afnix algol68g aplus-fsf aspectj asymptote \
      ats2-lang bash bc bsh clisp clojure cmake coffeescript crystal dc \
      dhall dotnet8 elixir emacs-nox erlang execline f2c fish flex \
      fp-compiler g++ gambas3-gb-pcre gambas3-scripter gap gawk gcc gdb gdc \
      genius gforth gfortran ghc ghostscript gm2 gnat gnucobol4 gnuplot \
      gobjc golang gpt groovy guile-3.0 gzip haxe icont iconx intercal \
      iverilog jasmin-sable jq kotlin ksh libevent-dev libpolyml-dev \
      livescript llvm lua5.3 m4 make minizinc mono-devel nasm neko nickle \
      nim node-typescript nodejs ocaml octave openjdk-11-jdk pari-gp \
      parser3-cgi perl php-cli pike8.0 polyml python3 r-base rakudo ratfor \
      rc regina-rexx ruby ruby-mustache rustc scala scilab-cli sed slsh spin \
      squirrel3 surgescript swi-prolog swiftlang tcl tcsh valac vim wabt \
      xsltproc yabasic yorick zoem zsh

Then, build the bundled interpreters.

$ sudo apt-get install cmake libpng-dev libgd-dev groff bison curl
    $ make -C vendor

#### 2. Run each program on each interpreter/compiler.

$ ulimit -s unlimited
    $ ruby QR.rb > QR.rs
    $ rustc QR.rs && ./QR > QR.scala
    $ scalac QR.scala && scala QR > QR.scm
    $ guile QR.scm > QR.sci
    $ scilab-cli -nb -f QR.sci > QR.sed
    $ sed -E -f QR.sed QR.sed > QR.spl
    $ spl2c < QR.spl > QR.spl.c && gcc -z muldefs -o QR -I ./vendor/local/include -L ./vendor/local/lib QR.spl.c -lspl -lm &&
      ./QR > QR.sl
    $ slsh QR.sl > QR.nut
    $ squirrel QR.nut > QR.sml
    $ polyc -o QR QR.sml && ./QR > QR.sq
    $ ruby vendor/subleq.rb QR.sq > QR.ss
    $ surgescript QR.ss > QR.swift
    $ swiftc QR.swift && ./QR > QR.tcl
    $ tclsh QR.tcl > QR.tcsh
    $ tcsh QR.tcsh > QR.t
    $ ruby vendor/thue.rb QR.t > QR.ts
    $ tsc --outFile QR.ts.js QR.ts && nodejs QR.ts.js > QR.unl
    $ ruby vendor/unlambda.rb QR.unl > QR.vala
    $ valac QR.vala && ./QR > QR.mid
    $ mono vendor/local/bin/Vlt.exe /s QR.mid && mono QR.exe > QR.v
    $ iverilog -o QR QR.v && ./QR -vcd-none > QR.vim
    $ vim -EsS QR.vim > QR.vb
    $ echo '<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk"><PropertyGroup><OutputType>Exe</OutputType><TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework><EnableDefaultCompileItems>false</EnableDefaultCompileItems></PropertyGroup><ItemGroup><Compile Include="QR.vb" /></ItemGroup></Project>' > tmp.vbproj &&
      DOTNET_NOLOGO=1 dotnet run --project tmp.vbproj > QR.wasm
    $ $(WASI_RUNTIME) QR.wasm > QR.wat
    $ wat2wasm QR.wat -o QR.wat.wasm && $(WASI_RUNTIME) QR.wat.wasm > QR.ws
    $ ruby vendor/whitespace.rb QR.ws > QR.xslt
    $ xsltproc QR.xslt > QR.yab
    $ yabasic QR.yab > QR.yorick
    $ yorick -batch QR.yorick > QR.azm
    $ zoem -i QR.azm > QR.zsh
    $ zsh QR.zsh > QR.+
    $ a+ QR.+ > qr.adb
    $ gnatmake qr.adb && ./qr > QR.als
    $ LANG=C LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/afnix axi QR.als > QR.aheui
    $ ruby vendor/aheui.rb QR.aheui > QR.a68
    $ a68g QR.a68 > QR.ante
    $ ruby vendor/ante.rb QR.ante > QR.aj
    $ ajc QR.aj && java QR > QR.asy
    $ asy QR.asy > QR.dats
    $ patscc -o QR QR.dats && ./QR > QR.awk
    $ awk -f QR.awk > QR.bash
    $ bash QR.bash > QR.bc
    $ BC_LINE_LENGTH=4000000 bc -q QR.bc > QR.bsh
    $ bsh QR.bsh > QR.bef
    $ cfunge QR.bef > QR.Blc
    $ ruby vendor/blc.rb < QR.Blc > QR.bf
    $ ruby vendor/bf.rb QR.bf > QR.c
    $ gcc -o QR QR.c && ./QR > QR.cpp
    $ g++ -o QR QR.cpp && ./QR > QR.cs
    $ echo '<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk"><PropertyGroup><OutputType>Exe</OutputType><TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework><EnableDefaultCompileItems>false</EnableDefaultCompileItems></PropertyGroup><ItemGroup><Compile Include="QR.cs" /></ItemGroup></Project>' > tmp.csproj &&
      DOTNET_NOLOGO=1 dotnet run --project tmp.csproj > QR.chef
    $ PERL5LIB=vendor/local/lib/perl5 compilechef QR.chef QR.chef.pl &&
      perl QR.chef.pl > QR.clj
    $ clojure QR.clj > QR.cmake
    $ cmake -P QR.cmake > QR.cob
    $ cobc -O2 -x QR.cob && ./QR > QR.coffee
    $ coffee --nodejs --stack_size=100000 QR.coffee > QR.lisp
    $ clisp QR.lisp > QR.cr
    $ crystal QR.cr > QR.d
    $ gdc -o QR QR.d && ./QR > QR.dc
    $ dc QR.dc > QR.dhall || true
    $ dhall text --file QR.dhall > QR.exs
    $ elixir QR.exs > QR.el
    $ emacs -Q --script QR.el > QR.erl
    $ escript QR.erl > QR.e
    $ execlineb QR.e > QR.fsx
    $ echo '<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk"><PropertyGroup><OutputType>Exe</OutputType><TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework><EnableDefaultCompileItems>false</EnableDefaultCompileItems></PropertyGroup><ItemGroup><Compile Include="QR.fsx" /></ItemGroup></Project>' > tmp.fsproj &&
      DOTNET_NOLOGO=1 dotnet run --project tmp.fsproj > QR.false
    $ ruby vendor/false.rb QR.false > QR.fl
    $ flex -o QR.fl.c QR.fl && gcc -o QR QR.fl.c && ./QR > QR.fish
    $ fish QR.fish > QR.fs
    $ gforth QR.fs > QR.f
    $ gfortran -o QR QR.f && ./QR > QR.f90
    $ gfortran -o QR QR.f90 && ./QR > QR.gbs
    $ gbs3 QR.gbs > QR.g
    $ gap -q QR.g > QR.gdb
    $ gdb -q -x QR.gdb > QR.gel
    $ genius QR.gel > QR.plt
    $ gnuplot QR.plt > QR.go
    $ go run QR.go > QR.gs
    $ ruby vendor/golfscript.rb QR.gs > QR.gpt
    $ mv QR.c QR.c.bak && gpt -t QR.c QR.gpt && gcc -o QR QR.c && ./QR > QR.grass &&
      mv QR.c.bak QR.c
    $ ruby vendor/grass.rb QR.grass > QR.groovy
    $ groovy QR.groovy > QR.gz
    $ gzip -cd QR.gz > QR.hs
    $ rm -f QR.o && ghc QR.hs && ./QR > QR.hx
    $ haxe -main QR -neko QR.n && neko QR.n > QR.icn
    $ icont -s QR.icn && ./QR > QR.i
    $ ick -bfOc QR.i && gcc -std=c99 -static QR.c -I /usr/include/ick-* -o QR -lick &&
      ./QR > QR.j
    $ jasmin QR.j && java QR > QR.java
    $ javac QR.java && java QR > QR.js
    $ nodejs QR.js > QR.jq
    $ jq -r -n -f QR.jq > QR.jsfuck
    $ nodejs --stack_size=100000 QR.jsfuck > QR.kt
    $ kotlinc QR.kt -include-runtime -d QR.jar && kotlin QR.jar > QR.ksh
    $ ksh QR.ksh > QR.lazy
    $ lazyk QR.lazy > QR.ls
    $ lsc QR.ls > QR.ll
    $ llvm-as QR.ll && lli QR.bc > QR.lol
    $ lci QR.lol > QR.lua
    $ lua5.3 QR.lua > QR.m4
    $ m4 QR.m4 > QR.mk
    $ make -f QR.mk > QR.mzn
    $ minizinc --solver COIN-BC --soln-sep '' QR.mzn > QR.mod
    $ gm2 -fiso QR.mod -o QR && ./QR > QR.il
    $ ilasm QR.il && mono QR.exe > QR.mustache
    $ mustache QR.mustache QR.mustache > QR.asm
    $ nasm -felf QR.asm && ld -m elf_i386 -o QR QR.o && ./QR > QR.neko
    $ nekoc QR.neko && neko QR.n > QR.5c
    $ nickle QR.5c > QR.nim
    $ nim compile QR.nim && ./QR > QR.m
    $ gcc -o QR QR.m && ./QR > QR.ml
    $ ocaml QR.ml > QR.octave
    $ mv QR.m QR.m.bak && octave -qf QR.octave > QR.ook && mv QR.m.bak QR.m
    $ ruby vendor/ook-to-bf.rb QR.ook QR.ook.bf && ruby vendor/bf.rb QR.ook.bf > QR.gp
    $ gp -f -q QR.gp > QR.p
    $ parser3 QR.p > QR.pas
    $ fpc QR.pas && ./QR > QR.pl
    $ perl QR.pl > QR.pl6
    $ perl6 QR.pl6 > QR.php
    $ php QR.php > QR.png
    $ npiet QR.png > QR.pike
    $ pike QR.pike > QR.ps
    $ gs -dNODISPLAY -q QR.ps > QR.prolog
    $ swipl -q -t qr -f QR.prolog > QR.pr
    $ spin -T QR.pr > QR.py
    $ python3 QR.py > QR.R
    $ R --slave -f QR.R > QR.ratfor
    $ ratfor -o QR.ratfor.f QR.ratfor && gfortran -o QR QR.ratfor.f &&
      ./QR > QR.rc
    $ rc QR.rc > QR.rexx
    $ rexx ./QR.rexx > QR2.rb

You will see that `QR.rb` is the same as `QR2.rb`.

$ diff QR.rb QR2.rb

Alternatively, just type `make`.

$ make

Note: It may take a lot of memory to compile some files.

### Docker

Simply build the image and run a container as follows:

$ docker build -t qr .
    $ docker run --privileged --rm -e CI=true qr

Note: You must run in privileged mode, otherwise the `maxima` command will fail.

If you want to check the generated files, you can mount the local directory in the Docker container (but still use the `vendor` directory of the container), as follows:

$ docker run --privileged --rm -e CI=true -v $(pwd):/usr/local/share/quine-relay -v /usr/local/share/quine-relay/vendor qr

### Other platforms

You may find [instructions for other platforms in the wiki](https://github.com/mame/quine-relay/wiki/Installation).

If you do not use these Linux distributions, please find your own way.
If you manage it, please let me know.  I wish you good luck.

## Interpreter/compiler versions tested

I used the following Ubuntu deb packages to test this program.

\#  |language                    |ubuntu package                    |version
----|----------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------------------------
1   |Ruby                        |ruby                              |1:3.3
2   |Rust                        |rustc                             |1.85.1ubuntu1
3   |Scala                       |scala                             |2.11.12-6
4   |Scheme                      |guile-3.0                         |3.0.10+really3.0.10-5
5   |Scilab                      |scilab-cli                        |2024.1.0+dfsg-7ubuntu1
6   |sed                         |sed                               |4.9-2build2
7   |Shakespeare                 |*N/A*                             |-
8   |S-Lang                      |slsh                              |2.3.3-5
9   |Squirrel                    |squirrel3                         |3.1-8.2
10  |Standard ML                 |polyml, libpolyml-dev             |5.7.1-5build1
11  |Subleq                      |*N/A*                             |-
12  |SurgeScript                 |surgescript                       |0.5.4.4-1.1
13  |Swift                       |swiftlang                         |6.0.3-2build1
14  |Tcl                         |tcl                               |8.6.16
15  |tcsh                        |tcsh                              |6.24.13-2
16  |Thue                        |*N/A*                             |-
17  |TypeScript                  |node-typescript                   |5.0.4+ds1-2
18  |Unlambda                    |*N/A*                             |-
19  |Vala                        |valac                             |0.56.18-2
20  |Velato                      |*N/A*                             |-
21  |Verilog                     |iverilog                          |12.0-2build2
22  |Vimscript                   |vim                               |2:9.1.0967-1ubuntu6
23  |Visual Basic                |dotnet8                           |8.0.120-8.0.20-0ubuntu1
24  |WebAssembly (Binary format) |wabt                              |1.0.36+dfsg+\~cs1.0.36-2ubuntu1
25  |WebAssembly (Text format)   |wabt                              |1.0.36+dfsg+\~cs1.0.36-2ubuntu1
26  |Whitespace                  |*N/A*                             |-
27  |XSLT                        |xsltproc                          |1.1.43-0.1
28  |Yabasic                     |yabasic                           |1:2.91.4-1
29  |Yorick                      |yorick                            |2.2.04+dfsg1-14
30  |Zoem                        |zoem                              |21-341-2
31  |zsh                         |zsh                               |5.9-8ubuntu2
32  |A+                          |aplus-fsf                         |4.22.1-13
33  |Ada                         |gnat                              |14.1ubuntu1
34  |AFNIX                       |afnix                             |3.8.0-1.1ubuntu1
35  |Aheui                       |*N/A*                             |-
36  |ALGOL 68                    |algol68g                          |3.1.2-1
37  |Ante                        |*N/A*                             |-
38  |AspectJ                     |aspectj                           |1.9.6-1
39  |Asymptote                   |asymptote                         |3.05+ds-2
40  |ATS                         |ats2-lang                         |0.4.2-3
41  |Awk                         |gawk                              |1:5.3.2-1build1
42  |bash                        |bash                              |5.2.37-2ubuntu5
43  |bc                          |bc                                |1.07.1-4
44  |BeanShell                   |bsh                               |2.0b4-20
45  |Befunge                     |*N/A*                             |-
46  |BLC8                        |*N/A*                             |-
47  |Brainfuck                   |*N/A*                             |-
48  |C                           |gcc                               |4:15.2.0-4ubuntu1
49  |C++                         |g++                               |4:15.2.0-4ubuntu1
50  |C#                          |dotnet8                           |8.0.120-8.0.20-0ubuntu1
51  |Chef                        |*N/A*                             |-
52  |Clojure                     |clojure                           |1.12.0-1
53  |CMake                       |cmake                             |3.31.6-2ubuntu6
54  |Cobol                       |gnucobol4                         |4.0\~early\~20200606-8
55  |CoffeeScript                |coffeescript                      |2.7.0+dfsg1-2
56  |Common Lisp                 |clisp                             |1:2.49.20250504.gitf662209-1
57  |Crystal                     |crystal, libevent-dev             |1.14.0+dfsg-1
58  |D                           |gdc                               |4:15.2.0-4ubuntu1
59  |dc                          |dc                                |1.07.1-4
60  |Dhall                       |dhall                             |1.42.1-1build2
61  |Elixir                      |elixir                            |1.18.3.dfsg-1
62  |Emacs Lisp                  |emacs-nox                         |1:30.1+1-9ubuntu1
63  |Erlang                      |erlang                            |1:27.3.4.1+dfsg-1build1
64  |Execline                    |execline                          |2.9.6.1-1
65  |F#                          |dotnet8                           |8.0.120-8.0.20-0ubuntu1
66  |FALSE                       |*N/A*                             |-
67  |Flex                        |flex                              |2.6.4-8.2build1
68  |Fish                        |fish                              |4.0.6-0ubuntu1
69  |Forth                       |gforth                            |0.7.3+dfsg-9build4.1
70  |FORTRAN77                   |f2c                               |20240504-1
71  |Fortran90                   |gfortran                          |4:15.2.0-4ubuntu1
72  |Gambas script               |gambas3-scripter, gambas3-gb-pcre |3.20.4-1build1
73  |GAP                         |gap                               |4.15.0-1
74  |GDB                         |gdb                               |16.3-1ubuntu2
75  |GEL (Genius)                |genius                            |1.0.27-1build4
76  |Gnuplot                     |gnuplot                           |6.0.2+dfsg1-2ubuntu1
77  |Go                          |golang                            |2:1.24\~2
78  |GolfScript                  |*N/A*                             |-
79  |G-Portugol                  |gpt                               |1.1-8
80  |Grass                       |*N/A*                             |-
81  |Groovy                      |groovy                            |2.4.21-10
82  |Gzip                        |gzip                              |1.13-1ubuntu4
83  |Haskell                     |ghc                               |9.6.6-4
84  |Haxe                        |haxe                              |1:4.3.7-1
85  |Icon                        |icont, iconx                      |9.5.25a-1
86  |INTERCAL                    |intercal                          |30:0.30-6
87  |Jasmin                      |jasmin-sable                      |2.5.0-3
88  |Java                        |openjdk-11-jdk                    |11.0.28+6-1ubuntu1
89  |JavaScript                  |nodejs                            |20.19.4+dfsg-1
90  |Jq                          |jq                                |1.8.1-3ubuntu1
91  |JSFuck                      |nodejs                            |20.19.4+dfsg-1
92  |Kotlin                      |kotlin                            |1.3.31+ds1-3
93  |ksh                         |ksh                               |20240113-1.0.10-2
94  |Lazy K                      |*N/A*                             |-
95  |LiveScript                  |livescript                        |1.6.1+dfsg-3
96  |LLVM asm                    |llvm                              |1:20.0-63ubuntu1
97  |LOLCODE                     |*N/A*                             |-
98  |Lua                         |lua5.3                            |5.3.6-2build2
99  |M4                          |m4                                |1.4.19-8
100 |Makefile                    |make                              |4.4.1-2
101 |MiniZinc                    |minizinc                          |2.9.2+dfsg1-1
102 |Modula-2                    |gm2                               |4:15.2.0-4ubuntu1
103 |MSIL                        |mono-devel                        |6.12.0.199+dfsg-6
104 |Mustache                    |ruby-mustache                     |1.1.1-2
105 |NASM                        |nasm                              |2.16.03-1
106 |Neko                        |neko                              |2.4.1-1
107 |Nickle                      |nickle                            |2.103
108 |Nim                         |nim                               |2.2.4-1
109 |Objective-C                 |gobjc                             |4:15.2.0-4ubuntu1
110 |OCaml                       |ocaml                             |5.3.0-3
111 |Octave                      |octave                            |9.4.0-1
112 |Ook!                        |*N/A*                             |-
113 |PARI/GP                     |pari-gp                           |2.17.2-1
114 |Parser 3                    |parser3-cgi                       |3.5.1-3
115 |Pascal                      |fp-compiler                       |3.2.2+dfsg-46
116 |Perl 5                      |perl                              |5.40.1-6build1
117 |Perl 6                      |rakudo                            |2024.09-4
118 |PHP                         |php-cli                           |2:8.4+96ubuntu1
119 |Piet                        |*N/A*                             |-
120 |Pike                        |pike8.0                           |8.0.1956-1
121 |PostScript                  |ghostscript                       |10.05.0dfsg1-0ubuntu4
122 |Prolog                      |swi-prolog                        |9.2.9+dfsg-1
123 |Promela (Spin)              |spin                              |6.5.2+dfsg-2
124 |Python                      |python3                           |3.13.7-1
125 |R                           |r-base                            |4.5.1-1
126 |Ratfor                      |ratfor                            |1.07-1
127 |rc                          |rc                                |1.7.4+97.gceb59bb-6
128 |REXX                        |regina-rexx                       |3.9.5+dfsg1-0.2

Note that some languages are not available in Ubuntu (marked as *N/A*).
This repository contains their implementations in `vendor/`.
See also `vendor/README` for detail.

## Frequently asked questions

### Q. Why?

A. [Take your pick](https://github.com/mame/quine-relay/issues/11).

### Q. How?

A. Good news: I have published a book, ["The World of Obfuscated, Esoteric, Artistic Programming"](http://gihyo.jp/book/2015/978-4-7741-7643-7).
It explains how to write a quine, an ascii-art quine, and an uroboros quine like this quine-relay.
You can buy my book on [amazon.co.jp](http://www.amazon.co.jp/dp/4774176435).

(It also contains my almost all of my (about forty) works, including
[alphabet-only Ruby program](http://www.slideshare.net/mametter/ruby-esoteric-obfuscated-ruby-programming-5088683),
[radiation-hardened quine](https://github.com/mame/radiation-hardened-quine),
etc., and explains many techniques for writing such programs.)

Bad news: It is written in Japanese.
I hope you can translate it into English <strike>and help me earn royalties</strike>.

### Q. Language XXX is missing!

A. See [the language inclusion criteria][criteria] in detail.  (In short, please create a deb package and contribute it to Ubuntu.)

quine-relay

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