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totalsegmentator2D

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TotalSegmentator 2D: A Tool for Rapid Anatomical Structure Analysis

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# TotalSegmentator 2D: A Tool for Rapid Anatomical Structure Analysis

> ⚡ **Latest Updates**  
> - **2025-08-26**: v1.1.0 released → includes models pretrained on the **TotalSegmentator v2.0.1** 
> - **2025-07-31**: v1.0.0 released → includes **\[MIUA2025a\] TS2D models** pretrained on the **TotalSegmentator v1.0** dataset
> - ✅ Added TSXR models: X-Ray segmentation models, see **\[MIUA2025b\]**
> - 🚧 Coming soon: TSXR documentation & how-tos

## What is TS2D?

**TotalSegmentator 2D (TS2D)** is a fast and lightweight tool for anatomical structure segmentation and analysis.<br>
It adapts [TotalSegmentator (3D)](https://github.com/wasserth/TotalSegmentator) by projecting CT scans into **2D views**, enabling:

- ⚡ **Rapid inference** (results in less than a second, compared to several minutes for 3D methods)
- 💻 **Low GPU/CPU requirements**  
- 🧠 **Accurate segmentation** of 117 anatomical structures (see `ts2d-v2` models)
- 🩻 **Segmentation of native 2D X-ray scans** (see the `tsxr` models)

**Use cases include**:
- Anatomical structure segmentation and analysis in CT images.
- Body-region segmentation and detection in CT scans.
- X-ray image segmentation

_Figure 1: Standard CT workflow. Volumetric scans and ground-truth labels are projected onto the coronal plane to train five specialized 2D U-Net models. These models enable fast and efficient inference of 2D anatomical labels for any projected CT scan._

## How It Works

TS2D uses coronal projection images generated through maximum and average intensity projection for the segmentation of anatomical structures. 
The two-channel input is processed by a 2D U-Net, implemented using our [adapted nnU-Net framework](https://github.com/risc-mi/nnUNet-multilabel/blob/main/readme.md) to support multi-label 
output and thus correctly handle overlapping structures (see Figure 1). 
Pretrained models for both version 1 and version 2 of TotalSegmentator are available. Version 2 supports segmentation of 117 anatomical labels.
The segmentation task was distributed across five specialized models, each focused on a distinct group of anatomical structures (see Figure 2).

_Figure 2: Segmentation results for the five anatomical group models used with the default TS2D configuration (ts2d-v2-ep4000b2), along with the combined output (Patient s0616)._

TS2D was evaluated using projected ground-truth labels and its performance was compared to the original TotalSegmentator tool (TS3D), with both methods' inference results projected to 2D for consistency.
A comprehensive comparison can be found in our publication \[MIUA2025a\].

|   Method    | Overall | Bone Structures | Soft-Tissue Structures | Inference Time (Nvidia RTX 4090) |
|:-----------:|:-------:|:---------------:|:---------------------:|:--------------------------------:|
| TS2D (Ours) | 0.86    | 0.90            | 0.81                  |         **0.5-0.9 secs**         |
|    TS3D     | 0.97    | 0.97            | 0.97                  |           43–146 secs            |

_Note: The table shows results for the TotalSegmentator v1 dataset to ensure comparability with the original TS3D publication._

## Usage

### Setup

TS2D has been tested with **Python 3.12** and Pytorch 2.7.1 (CUDA 11.8) on a **Windows 11** system and on Ubuntu (tested with CPU only).

👉 Install PyTorch **before** installing TS2D (see [PyTorch setup](https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/)).

Then install TS2D via:
- from PyPI: `pip install ts2d`
- from a local clone: `pip install .`
- from GitHub: `pip install git+https://github.com/risc-mi/totalsegmentator2D.git`.

### Get Started

You can run TS2D using the Command line interface (CLI):

`ts2d -i <input_image> -o <output_directory>`

or alternatively, you can use the API to run TS2D in your Python scripts:

```
from ts2d import TS2D
with TS2D() as model:
    result = model.predict('<input_image>')
    result.save(dest='<output_directory>')
```

For CT scans, TS2D will project the input 3D image, run the segmentation models and save a multilabel segmentation file to 
the output directory. The segmentation labels can be parsed from the metadata, to view the segmentation use e.g. 3D Slicer
to view the results. For more information, refer to the CLI help or the API documentation.

For X-ray images, no projection is required and everything is just the same.
Simply specify the correct model key `tsxr` either through CLI or the API interface.

### Default Models
By default, TS2D uses the model key **`ts2d-v2`**, which refers to models trained on the **TotalSegmentator v2.0.1** dataset.

- **`ts2d-v2`** → pretrained on v2.0.1 dataset (117 labels)  
- **`ts2d-v1`** → pretrained on v1.0 dataset (104 labels)
- **`tsxr-v2`** → pretrained on synthetic projections of v2.0.1 dataset (117 labels)

➡️ See [Available Models](doc/available_models.md) for a full list and instructions on selecting specific sub-models.

### Performance Evaluation

The images below illustrate segmentation results for bone tissue (left) and soft tissue (right) using the `ts2d-v2` models.
Dice Similarity Coefficients (DSC) are reported for all 117 anatomical structures, sorted from highest to lowest median DSC.
TS2D is recommended for bone tissue and most soft tissue structures; however, caution is advised for smaller soft tissue structures with lower DSC values.
<p align="center">
  <img src="https://github.com/risc-mi/totalsegmentator2D/raw/main/assets/dsc-bones.png" alt="DSC Bones" style="display:inline-block; width:48%; max-width:300px;" />
  <img src="https://github.com/risc-mi/totalsegmentator2D/raw/main/assets/dsc-soft.png" alt="DSC Soft Tissue" style="display:inline-block; width:48%; max-width:300px;" />
</p>

## Publications

Our following publications are related to the development and application of **TS2D**:

* Original publication introducing TS2D:
  * _[MIUA2025a]_ **TotalSegmentator 2D: A Tool for Rapid Anatomical Structure Analysis**\
  **Presented** at Medical Image Understanding and Analysis (MIUA) Conference 2025\
  Full Reference: `Sabrowsky-Hirsch, B., Alshenoudy, A., Thumfart, S., Giretzlehner, M. (2025).  TotalSegmentator 2D (TS2D): A Tool for Rapid Anatomical Structure Analysis. Medical Image Understanding and Analysis 2025 (MIUA 2025). Springer Nature.`

* TS2D extended to the segmentation of X-Ray images:
  * _[MIUA2025b]_ **Leveraging Synthetic Data for Whole-Body Segmentation in X-ray Images**\
  **Presented** at Medical Image Understanding and Analysis (MIUA) Conference 2025\
   Full Reference: `Alshenoudy, A., Sabrowsky-Hirsch, B., Thumfart, S., Giretzlehner, M. (2025). Leveraging Synthetic Data for Whole-Body Segmentation in X-Ray Images. Medical Image Understanding and Analysis 2025.`

* Our earlier work on body-region segmentation for an industrial usecase:
  * _[AIROV2025]_ **Efficient Automatic Detection of Scanned Body Regions in CT Scans**\
  **Presented** at Austrian Symposium on AI, Robotics, and Vision (AIRoV) Conference 2025\
   Full Reference: `Sabrowsky-Hirsch, Bertram, et al. “Efficient Automatic Detection of Scanned Body Regions in CT Scans.” In Proceedings of the Joint Austrian Computer Vision and Robotics Workshop 2025. Verlag der TU Graz (2025).`

## References

TotalSegmentator 2D builds upon two key works in the field of medical image segmentation:

- **Isensee et al. (2021):** *nnU-Net: A self-configuring method for deep learning-based biomedical image segmentation*. *Nature Methods*, 18, 203–211. [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-020-01008-z](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-020-01008-z)

- **Wasserthal et al. (2023):** *TotalSegmentator: Robust Segmentation of 104 Anatomic Structures in CT Images. Radiology: Artificial Intelligence*. [https://doi.org/10.1148/ryai.230024](https://doi.org/10.1148/ryai.230024)

## Contact

If you have any inquiries, please open a GitHub issue.

## Links

[GitHub](https://github.com/risc-mi/totalsegmentator2D) · [PyPI](https://pypi.org/project/ts2d/) · [Zenodo](https://zenodo.org/records/16985939) · [RISC Software GmbH](https://www.risc-software.at/)

## Acknowledgements

This project is financed by research subsidies granted by the government of Upper Austria. RISC Software GmbH is Member of UAR (Upper Austrian Research) Innovation Network.

### Versions

- v1.0.0: first release of TS2D including the [MIUA2025a] models.
- v1.1.0: added models trained on the TotalSegmentator v2 dataset
- v1.2.0 added TSXR models trained on DiffDRR reconstructions of the TotalSegmentator v2 dataset

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