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⛰️ PrexSyn: Efficient and Programmable Exploration of Synthesizable Chemical Space

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# PrexSyn

[![arXiv](https://img.shields.io/badge/arXiv-2512.00384-b31b1b.svg)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.00384)
[![readthedocs](https://app.readthedocs.org/projects/prexsyn/badge/?version=v0.1.0)](https://prexsyn.readthedocs.io)
[![data](https://img.shields.io/badge/%F0%9F%A4%97%20Hugging%20Face-Data-blue)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/luost26/prexsyn-data/tree/main)

PrexSyn is an efficient, accurate, and programmable framework for exploring synthesizable chemical space.

PrexSyn is based on a decoder-only transformer architecture that autoregressively generates [*postfix notations of
synthesis*](https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.04628) (a molecular representation based on chemical reactions and purchasable building blocks) conditioned on molecular descriptors.

PrexSyn is trained on a billion-scale datastream of postfix notations paired with molecular descriptors using only two GPUs and 32 CPU cores in two days. This is made possible by [PrexSyn Engine](https://github.com/luost26/prexsyn-engine), a real-time, high-throughput C++-based data generation pipeline.

**Note:** features described in the original paper (e.g. property-based queries) are not supported in the current version (v1) of PrexSyn for now. If you need these features, please switch to the [v0 branch](https://github.com/luost26/prexsyn/tree/dev-v0).

[[Documentation]](https://prexsyn.readthedocs.io)
[[Paper]](https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.00384)
[[PrexSyn Engine]](https://github.com/luost26/prexsyn-engine)
[[Data and Model Weights]](https://huggingface.co/datasets/luost26/prexsyn-data/tree/main)

## Capabilities

| Capability | Input | Output | Performance |
| :---: | :---: | :---: | :---: |
| **Chemical space projection** | ![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/luost26/prexsyn/refs/heads/main/docs/imgs/proj-in.png) | ![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/luost26/prexsyn/refs/heads/main/docs/imgs/proj-out.png) | ![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/luost26/prexsyn/refs/heads/main/docs/imgs/projection-compare.png) |
| **Fingerprint/descriptor based generation** | ![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/luost26/prexsyn/refs/heads/main/docs/imgs/fp-in.png) | ![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/luost26/prexsyn/refs/heads/main/docs/imgs/proj-out.png) | ![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/luost26/prexsyn/refs/heads/main/docs/imgs/projection-compare.png) |
| **Molecular sampling** | ![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/luost26/prexsyn/refs/heads/main/docs/imgs/sample-in.png) | ![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/luost26/prexsyn/refs/heads/main/docs/imgs/sample-out.png) | ![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/luost26/prexsyn/refs/heads/main/docs/imgs/sampling-compare-1.png) |

## Usage

### Documentation

Please refer to the [documentation](https://prexsyn.readthedocs.io) for detailed usage instructions on installation, data setup, reproducibility, and customization.

### Quick example

To run a quick example, make sure [uv](https://docs.astral.sh/uv/) is installed, then clone this repository. The command below is **all you need** to get started. No need to manually configure or download anything! On the first run, the preprocessed chemical space and model checkpoints will be downloaded automatically.

```
uv run python scripts/examples/projection.py \
    --smiles "COc1ccc(-c2ccnc(Nc3ccccc3)n2)cc1" \
    --draw-output-dir ./draw
```

The diagrams of the synthesis pathways will be saved in the `./draw` directory.

![examples](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/luost26/prexsyn/refs/heads/main/docs/getting-started/imgs/projection-example.png)

If you need to customize the environment (e.g., specific PyTorch/CUDA versions), please refer to the [installation instructions](https://prexsyn.readthedocs.io/en/latest/getting-started/installation/) for guidance.

### Use PrexSyn in your own project

PrexSyn is designed to be modular and easy to integrate into your own projects. To get started, install PrexSyn directly from this repository (a PyPI release is planned), which will automatically install all required dependencies:

```bash
pip install git+https://github.com/luost26/prexsyn.git
```

The example below demonstrates how to use PrexSyn to generate synthesis pathways for a target SMILES string:

```python
from prexsyn.shortcuts import AllInOneLoader, MoleculeProjector

config_path = "./data/trained_models/enamine2310_rxn115_202511.yml"

loader = AllInOneLoader(config_path)
projector = MoleculeProjector(
    model=loader.model().to("cuda").eval(),
    detokenizer=loader.detokenizer(),
    descriptor="ecfp4",
    num_samples=16,
)

result = projector.one("COc1ccc(-c2ccnc(Nc3ccccc3)n2)cc1")
for i, item in enumerate(result.items):
    print(item.get_tree())  # print the synthesis tree in python dict format

img = item.get_image()
    img.save(f"output_{i}.png")  # save the synthesis tree diagram as a PNG image
    img.close()
```

More examples can be found in the [`scripts/examples`](./scripts/examples) directory.

## Upgrade to PrexSyn v1

We have substantially refactored both the PrexSyn codebase and the [PrexSyn Engine](https://github.com/luost26/prexsyn-engine) to improve usability, performance, and extensibility. Key updates include:

- ✅ **Improved usability:** PrexSyn Engine is now available via PyPI.
- ✅ **Higher performance and stability:** Data generation is now approximately 2× faster than reported in the paper, with improved robustness thanks to a more reliable compilation pipeline.
- ✅ **Greater flexibility:** Chemical space definitions and training workflows are now easier to customize for new use cases.
- ✅ **Cleaner interfaces:** Simplified and more consistent APIs for projection, fingerprint/descriptor-based generation, and sampling.
- 🚧 Migrate molecular sampling benchmarks to the new codebase.
- ⚠️ Some features described in the original paper (mostly property-based queries) are no longer supported in the current version of PrexSyn. If you need these features, please use the [v0 branch](https://github.com/luost26/prexsyn/tree/dev-v0).

## Citation

```bibtex
@article{luo2025prexsyn,
  title   = {Efficient and Programmable Exploration of Synthesizable Chemical Space},
  author  = {Shitong Luo and Connor W. Coley},
  year    = {2025},
  journal = {arXiv preprint arXiv: 2512.00384}
}

@inproceedings{luo2024chemprojector,
  title={Projecting Molecules into Synthesizable Chemical Spaces},
  author={Shitong Luo and Wenhao Gao and Zuofan Wu and Jian Peng and Connor W. Coley and Jianzhu Ma},
  booktitle={Forty-first International Conference on Machine Learning},
  year={2024}
}
```

prexsyn

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