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Less3 is an S3-compatible object storage server that runs on your laptop, servers, just about anywhere!

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# Less3 :: S3-Compatible Object Storage

[https://less3.ai](https://less3.ai)

Less3 is an S3-compatible object storage platform that you can run anywhere. As of v4.0.0 the same binary runs two ways: as a standalone single node, or as a multi-node scale-out cluster.

![alt tag](https://github.com/jchristn/less3/blob/main/assets/diagram.png)

## Two Ways to Run

**Standalone single-node** is the default when you run the binary natively. It uses a SQLite control plane, stores objects on local disk, and handles locking in process. Nothing external to install, nothing to provision — `dotnet run` and you have S3-compatible storage. For a laptop, a build agent, or a small private deployment, this is still the right answer, and the out-of-box experience is unchanged from earlier releases.

**Multi-node scale-out cluster** is the default in Docker. Several Less3 processes sit behind an nginx load balancer, all backed by one PostgreSQL control plane and one shared storage volume, coordinating every object mutation through a distributed lock (Clutch by default in Docker, or a native Postgres-backed lock). Reach for it when a single node is no longer enough — more request throughput than one process delivers, or surviving the loss of a node without losing the service.

The cluster keeps one authority for each kind of truth: PostgreSQL for metadata, lock state, and membership; shared storage for immutable blobs that are never overwritten in place. Every read-modify-write on an object — version increment, unversioned overwrite, delete, multipart complete or abort — runs under an exclusive distributed lock and a fencing token that is re-checked before the database commit. A lease that lapses mid-operation cannot corrupt data: the stale holder is fenced out at commit, its one request fails, and another node proceeds. Cluster mode refuses to start on SQLite, because a shared SQLite file cannot back multiple writers. The full operator walkthrough — provisioning Postgres, shared-storage mount rules, the settings blocks, health checks, observability, and the data-integrity model — lives in [`MULTINODE_SETUP.md`](MULTINODE_SETUP.md).

## Use Cases

Core use cases for Less3:

- Local object storage - S3-compatible storage on your laptop, virtual machine, container, or bare metal
- Private cloud object storage - use your existing private cloud hardware to create an S3-compatible storage pool
- Development and test - local devtest against S3-compatible storage
- Remote storage - deploy S3-compatible storage in environments where you must control data placement
- Scale-out storage - run several nodes behind a load balancer against a shared Postgres control plane and shared storage

## Current Version

v4.0.0

- Added the multi-node scale-out cluster: the same binary runs standalone (SQLite, local disk, in-process lock) or as a cluster (PostgreSQL control plane, shared storage, distributed lock, nginx load balancer)
- Added a pluggable distributed lock manager (`ILockManager`) with `Local`, `Postgres`, and optional `Clutch` (WebSocket) providers, using per-key fencing tokens re-checked at the database commit to keep a lapsed lease from corrupting data
- Added fair FIFO read/write/delete lock semantics: shared, uncapped concurrent reads; exclusive writes and deletes granted only after everything that arrived before them drains — reads can't starve a queued writer
- Moved blobs, object-write staging, and multipart parts onto shared storage so any node can complete or abort any upload
- Added cluster membership, the `/api/v1/cluster/*` and `/api/v1/locks` admin endpoints, and an unauthenticated `/healthz` probe for load balancers and orchestrators
- Made cleanup and schema migration leader-only, elected through lock leases and a Postgres advisory lock
- Metered every S3, REST, and admin API and added per-stage timestamps through every object operation (lock-acquire → metadata → storage → commit → blob-delete), surfaced in Grafana
- Added Radiant/Watson observability with per-node Prometheus metrics, application logs shipped to Loki (SyslogLogging → OTLP → collector → Loki), and a Docker stack shipping Prometheus, Grafana (six pre-provisioned dashboards), Loki, Tempo, an OpenTelemetry collector, and the Clutch lock server with its metrics scraped too
- Made PostgreSQL the default in Docker while native OOBE stays on SQLite; cluster mode refuses to start on SQLite
- See `CHANGELOG.md` for release details and `MULTINODE_SETUP.md` for the cluster operator guide

<details>
<summary><strong>Screenshots</strong></summary>

<details>
<summary>Dashboard home</summary>

The dashboard home summarizes tenant, bucket, object, storage, credential, request, failure-rate, and latency metrics, with quick actions and a request summary chart.

</details>

<details>
<summary>Object details</summary>

The object browser exposes bucket contents and object metadata, including identifiers, size, storage class, delete marker state, and download URL.

</details>

<details>
<summary>Object contents</summary>

The object contents view lets users inspect and edit text objects directly from the dashboard.

</details>

<details>
<summary>Request history detail</summary>

Request history detail shows routing, tenant, status, timing, authentication, metadata, and request/response bodies, with cURL export support.

</details>

<details>
<summary>Maintenance settings</summary>

Maintenance settings centralize core server, database, webserver, and IO configuration with restart-required indicators.

</details>

<details>
<summary>API explorer</summary>

The API explorer builds authenticated admin and S3 requests, sends them from the dashboard, and displays body, headers, cURL, and example responses.

</details>

## Help and Feedback

First things first - do you need help or have feedback?  Please file an issue here.

## Special Thanks

Thanks to @iain-cyborn for helping make the platform better!

## Initial Setup

### Prerequisites

- .NET 10.0 SDK or runtime
- Supported databases: SQLite (default for standalone), SQL Server, MySQL, or PostgreSQL (default and required for clusters)

### Quick Start (standalone single-node)

Clone, build, and run Less3 natively for a single-node SQLite deployment:

```bash
git clone https://github.com/jchristn/less3
cd less3
dotnet build src/Less3.sln
cd src/Less3
dotnet run
```

On first launch, Less3 will run a setup wizard that creates:
- `system.json` - Server configuration
- `less3.db` - SQLite database (default)
- A sample "default" bucket with test files

To re-run the setup wizard at any time:
```bash
dotnet run setup
```

### Quick Start (multi-node cluster)

The Docker default is a two-node PostgreSQL cluster behind nginx, with the full observability stack. From the `Docker` directory:

```bash
git clone https://github.com/jchristn/less3
cd less3
build-all.bat v4.0.0
cd Docker
docker compose up -d
```

`compose.yaml` uses the published, tagged images, so build and tag them first (`build-all.bat v4.0.0`), then bring the stack up. It starts PostgreSQL, two Less3 nodes sharing a storage volume, nginx on port `8000`, the dashboard on port `3000`, the Clutch lock server and dashboard, and Prometheus, Grafana, Loki, Tempo, and an OpenTelemetry collector. Point an S3 client at `http://localhost:8000` and requests round-robin across the nodes. See [`MULTINODE_SETUP.md`](MULTINODE_SETUP.md) for provisioning, shared-storage rules, the full HTTP port list, and running the same topology by hand. For one durable node on Postgres without the load balancer, use `docker compose -f compose.single.yaml up -d`.

### Starting the Dashboard

Less3 includes a web-based dashboard for managing buckets, objects, tenants, users, credentials, RBAC, request history, and maintenance. After starting the Less3 server, you can start the dashboard:

```bash
cd dashboard
npm install
npm run build
npm run start
```

The dashboard will be available at `http://localhost:3000`.

By default, the dashboard expects the Less3 server to be available at `http://localhost:8000` and validates that the configured endpoint exposes the Less3 admin API before saving it.

For development, you can use:
```bash
npm run dev
```

**Note**: The dashboard requires Node.js v18.20.4 or later.

### Publishing for Deployment

```bash
dotnet publish src/Less3/Less3.csproj -c Release -o ./publish
cd publish
dotnet Less3.dll
```

### Configuration Requirements

**Webserver.Hostname**: MUST be set to a DNS hostname. IP addresses are not supported (parsing will fail). Incoming HTTP requests must have a HOST header matching this value, or you will receive `400/Bad Request`.

**Wildcard Listeners**: Using `*`, `+`, or `0.0.0.0` for `Webserver.Hostname` requires administrative/root privileges (OS requirement).

### Key Configuration Settings (system.json)

```json
{
  "Webserver": {
    "Hostname": "localhost",
    "Port": 8000
  },
  "BaseDomain": null,
  "Storage": {
    "DiskDirectory": "./disk/",
    "TempDirectory": "./temp/"
  },
  "Database": {
    "Type": "Sqlite",
    "Filename": "./less3.db"
  },
  "AdminApiKey": "less3admin",
  "ValidateSignatures": true,
  "RequestHistoryRetentionDays": 30,
  "CleanupIntervalMs": 3600000,
  "UseTcpServer": false
}
```

## S3 Client Compatibility

Less3 was designed to be consumed using the AWS SDK, AWS CLI, MinIO Client (mc), or direct RESTful integration in accordance with Amazon's official S3 API documentation (https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/Welcome.html).

### Tested and Compatible Clients

- **AWS SDK** (C#, Python, Java, etc.)
- **AWS CLI** - See `AWSCLI.md` for comprehensive testing commands
- **MinIO Client (mc)** - See `MINIO.md` for comprehensive testing commands
- **CloudBerry Explorer for S3** (https://www.cloudberrylab.com/explorer/windows/amazon-s3.aspx)
- **S3 Browser** (http://s3browser.com/)

Should you encounter a discrepancy between how Less3 operates and how AWS S3 operates, please file an issue with details and supporting AWS documentation.

## Supported S3 APIs

Less3 implements the following AWS S3 APIs. For a complete compatibility matrix, refer to the 'assets' directory.

### Service APIs
- **ListBuckets** - List all buckets

### Bucket APIs
- **CreateBucket** (Write) - Create a new bucket
- **DeleteBucket** (Delete) - Delete an empty bucket
- **HeadBucket** (Exists) - Check if bucket exists
- **ListObjectsV2** (Read) - List objects in a bucket
- **ListObjectVersions** (ReadVersions) - List object versions
- **GetBucketAcl** (ReadAcl) - Get bucket access control list
- **PutBucketAcl** (WriteAcl) - Set bucket access control list
- **GetBucketTagging** (ReadTagging) - Get bucket tags
- **PutBucketTagging** (WriteTagging) - Set bucket tags
- **DeleteBucketTagging** (DeleteTagging) - Delete bucket tags
- **GetBucketVersioning** (ReadVersioning) - Get bucket versioning configuration
- **PutBucketVersioning** (WriteVersioning) - Set bucket versioning (no MFA delete support)
- **GetBucketLocation** (ReadLocation) - Get bucket location/region
- **ListMultipartUploads** (ReadMultipartUploads) - List in-progress multipart uploads

### Object APIs
- **PutObject** (Write) - Upload an object
- **GetObject** (Read) - Download an object
- **HeadObject** (Exists) - Check if object exists
- **DeleteObject** (Delete) - Delete an object or version
- **DeleteObjects** (DeleteMultiple) - Delete multiple objects
- **GetObjectAcl** (ReadAcl) - Get object access control list
- **PutObjectAcl** (WriteAcl) - Set object access control list
- **GetObjectTagging** (ReadTagging) - Get object tags
- **PutObjectTagging** (WriteTagging) - Set object tags
- **DeleteObjectTagging** (DeleteTagging) - Delete object tags
- **GetObject with Range** (ReadRange) - Download partial object content

### Multipart Upload APIs
- **CreateMultipartUpload** (InitiateMultipartUpload) - Start a multipart upload
- **UploadPart** - Upload a part of a multipart upload
- **CompleteMultipartUpload** - Finalize a multipart upload
- **AbortMultipartUpload** - Cancel a multipart upload
- **ListParts** (ReadParts) - List parts of a multipart upload

## Implementation Notes

Less3 aims to faithfully implement S3 API behavior. However, there are a few minor differences that should be inconsequential for most use cases:

- **Version IDs**: Stored as integers internally rather than opaque strings (e.g., `1`, `2`, `3` instead of AWS-style strings)
- **Region**: Defaults to `us-west-1` (configurable via `RegionString` in system.json)
- **Signature Validation**: Can be enabled/disabled via `ValidateSignatures` setting (enabled by default)

If you encounter incompatibilities or unexpected behavior with supported APIs, please file an issue with:
- Description of the expected behavior
- Link to AWS S3 documentation
- Steps to reproduce the issue

## URL Styles: Path-Style vs Virtual Hosted

Less3 supports both S3 URL styles for accessing buckets and objects:

### Path-Style URLs (Default)
- **Format**: `http://hostname:port/bucket/key`
- **Configuration**: Do NOT set `BaseDomain` in system.json (leave it null)
- **Example**: `http://localhost:8000/mybucket/myfile.txt`
- **Use Case**: Simple setup, local development, no DNS configuration needed

### Virtual Hosted-Style URLs
- **Format**: `http://bucket.hostname:port/key`
- **Configuration Requirements**:
  1. Set `BaseDomain` to your base domain (e.g., `.localhost` - note the leading period)
  2. Set `Webserver.Hostname` to `*` (wildcard listener)
  3. Run Less3 with administrative/root privileges
  4. Ensure DNS resolves bucket subdomains to your Less3 server (e.g., `mybucket.localhost`)
- **Example**: `http://mybucket.localhost:8000/myfile.txt`
- **Use Case**: Production environments, AWS S3-like URL structure

**Configuration Example (system.json for virtual hosted-style)**:
```json
{
  "BaseDomain": ".localhost",
  "Webserver": {
    "Hostname": "*",
    "Port": 8000
  }
}
```

## Administrative APIs

Less3 provides REST APIs for administrative operations such as managing users, credentials, and buckets.

### Authentication
Admin APIs accept either the `x-api-key` header with a value matching `AdminApiKey` in system.json (default: `less3admin`) or an RBAC-authorized `x-less3-session-token` header.

### Endpoint Format
```
http://hostname:port/admin/{resource}/{operation}
```

### Available Resources
- **users** - Manage user accounts
- **credentials** - Manage access keys and secret keys
- **buckets** - Manage buckets and bucket configuration
- **stats** - Retrieve aggregate bucket, object, and storage metrics for dashboard and admin views
- **reports** - Retrieve request reporting summaries including request rate, failure rate, latency, and top usage fields
- **maintenance** - Inspect cleanup status, update runtime maintenance settings, purge request history, clean temp uploads, verify objects, and inspect migration status
- **effectivepermissions** - Inspect how RBAC would decide a principal/resource/operation request

### Example
```bash
curl -X GET http://localhost:8000/admin/users/list \
  -H "x-api-key: less3admin"
```

```bash
curl -X GET http://localhost:8000/admin/stats \
  -H "x-api-key: less3admin"
```

For detailed API documentation, refer to the project wiki.

## REST API

Alongside the S3 and admin surfaces, Less3 exposes a versioned REST API under `/api/v1/...` for tenant, credential, bucket, object, and cluster operations. In a cluster it also reports live topology and lock state:

- `GET /api/v1/cluster/nodes` - registered nodes and their heartbeat/health
- `GET /api/v1/cluster/health` - aggregate cluster health
- `GET /api/v1/cluster/leader` - the current cleanup/migration leader
- `GET /api/v1/locks` - all active locks across the cluster
- `GET /api/v1/locks/{key}` - the holders and waiters for one lock key
- `GET /healthz` - unauthenticated liveness/readiness probe returning `{status, nodeId, version}`, reflecting database and storage writability

The full REST surface is documented in [`REST_API.md`](REST_API.md); the S3 surface is documented in [`S3_API.md`](S3_API.md).

## Distributed Locking and Data Integrity

Data integrity is the design invariant for cluster mode. Every read-modify-write on object state — version increment, unversioned overwrite, delete, and multipart complete/abort, plus the blob delete that follows — runs under an exclusive distributed lock and is gated by a fencing token that is re-checked at the guarded database commit. If a lease lapses mid-operation, the stale holder is fenced out at commit: its one request fails and another node proceeds, so a slow or partitioned node can never corrupt data.

Locks are **fair FIFO** with read/write/delete modes:

- **Reads** take a shared lock and run concurrently with no cap. Object read paths hold the shared lock for the life of the streamed response.
- **Writes** are exclusive and are granted only after every request that arrived before them releases — a write lets pending reads flush first.
- **Deletes** are exclusive and drain everything ahead of them.

Ordering is strictly by arrival, so a steady stream of reads cannot starve a queued writer or deleter. The lock provider is pluggable via `Cluster.LockProvider`:

- **`Local`** - an in-process fair queue for single-node/SQLite deployments.
- **`Postgres`** (cluster default) - the database is the authority; each grant decision runs inside a PL/pgSQL function under a per-key advisory lock, so exactly one node decides at a time. Lease expiry uses the database clock, and each grant bumps a per-key monotonic fencing token.
- **`Clutch`** (alpha, opt-in) - connects to a Clutch server over its native WebSocket lock protocol with one persistent connection per node, so a node crash auto-releases every lock it held. Clutch performs the same fair drain server-side and shares the same Postgres via bring-your-own-database.

## Observability

Less3's library code is instrumented with base-class-library `Meter` and `ActivitySource` instruments under `Less3.*` names — no telemetry-SDK dependency in the instrumented code. Every S3, REST, and admin API operation is metered (request count and duration, labeled by surface and operation), and every object operation records per-stage timestamps throughout its execution (lock-acquire, metadata-read, storage read/write, database-commit, blob-delete).

Each node also exposes Watson's native Prometheus `/metrics` endpoint on its main port. In the Docker stack, Prometheus scrapes that endpoint directly for the Watson HTTP metrics, while the `Less3.*` domain metrics and traces are exported over OTLP to an OpenTelemetry collector (metrics re-exported for Prometheus, traces to Tempo). Application logs are bridged from the SyslogLogging module into the same OTLP pipeline and land in Loki, so every node's log stream is queryable in Grafana (labeled by `service_instance_id`) and correlated with traces. Grafana ships with six pre-provisioned dashboards:

- **Less3 — Overview** - traffic, storage, and error-rate summary
- **Less3 — Locks & Data Integrity** - lock acquires/denials/waiters and the fencing-conflict counter, which should stay at zero
- **Less3 — Cluster** - node membership and health
- **Less3 — API Operations** - per-operation request rate, error rate, p95 latency, and object-operation stage timings
- **Less3 — Clutch Lock Server** - Clutch lock activity, WebSocket connections, and HTTP throughput (Clutch's own metrics are scraped into the same Prometheus)
- **Less3 — Logs** - live application logs from every node (via Loki), with a per-node filter and log-volume graph

## Open Source Packages

Less3 is built using a series of open-source packages, including:

- AWS SDK - https://github.com/aws/aws-sdk-net
- S3 Server - https://github.com/jchristn/s3server
- Watson Webserver - https://github.com/jchristn/WatsonWebserver

## Docker Deployment

Less3 is available on [DockerHub](https://hub.docker.com/r/jchristn77/less3). The Docker default is a multi-node PostgreSQL cluster; a single-node-on-Postgres overlay is also provided.

### Multi-Node Cluster (default)

From the `Docker` directory:

```bash
build-all.bat v4.0.0
cd Docker
docker compose up -d
```

`compose.yaml` is the definitive multi-node deployment. It references the published, tagged images (`jchristn77/less3:v4.0.0`, `jchristn77/less3-ui:v4.0.0`), so build and tag them first with `build-all.bat v4.0.0`, then bring the stack up. It starts PostgreSQL 17, two Less3 nodes (`less3-node1` and `less3-node2`) sharing the `less3-data` volume mounted at `/less3`, nginx, the Less3 dashboard, the Clutch lock server and its dashboard, and the observability stack (an OpenTelemetry collector, Prometheus, Grafana, Loki, Tempo). The nodes read `system.node.json`, which sets `Cluster.Enabled`, `LockProvider: Clutch`, and the shared storage paths. Each node serves its Watson HTTP metrics at `/metrics` on its main port and pushes its `Less3.*` domain metrics to the collector over OTLP; Prometheus scrapes both.

The Docker stack routes Less3's locking through the bundled Clutch lock server by default, so each node holds a persistent lock WebSocket to Clutch (visible as two connections on the "Less3 — Clutch Lock Server" Grafana board) and the dashboard's "Manage Locks" action opens a live Clutch UI. Clutch shares this same PostgreSQL via bring-your-own-database, so the database stays authoritative for fencing tokens. Clutch is alpha; to use the in-database provider instead — no extra service, and the more battle-tested path — set `Cluster.LockProvider` to `Postgres` in `system.node.json`.

#### HTTP ports

The default stack publishes these host ports (PostgreSQL and the individual node listeners stay internal to the Docker network):

| Host port | Service | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| 8000 | nginx | Single entry point, load-balanced across the nodes: S3 API, REST API (`/api/v1/...`), admin API (`/admin/...`), `/healthz`, per-node `/metrics`. |
| 3000 | less3-ui | Less3 dashboard. |
| 3001 | grafana | Grafana (anonymous admin); six Less3 dashboards pre-provisioned (Overview, Locks & Data Integrity, Cluster, API Operations, Clutch, Logs). |
| 9090 | prometheus | Prometheus UI / query API. |
| 3100 | loki | Loki log API. |
| 3200 | tempo | Tempo trace API. |
| 4317 / 4318 | otel-collector | OTLP ingest (gRPC / HTTP) for node metrics, traces, and logs. |
| 8080 | clutch | Clutch REST + lock WebSocket API (`ws://localhost:8080/v1.0/lock/connect`). |
| 3002 | clutch-ui | Clutch operator dashboard. |

See [`MULTINODE_SETUP.md`](MULTINODE_SETUP.md) for the full walkthrough (including the internal ports and running the same topology without Docker).

### Single Node on Postgres

For one durable node on a Postgres control plane without the load balancer or scale-out:

```bash
docker compose -f compose.single.yaml up -d --build
```

### Default Configuration
- **Port**: 8000 (nginx, or the single node directly)
- **Access Key**: `default`
- **Secret Key**: `default`
- **Admin API Key**: `less3admin`
- **Protocol**: HTTP (no SSL)
- **URL Style**: Path-style (`http://localhost:8000/bucket/key`)
- **Hostname**: `*` (accepts all incoming requests)

On first startup, Less3 detects an empty database and seeds the default tenant, the `default` access key and secret key, and a `default` bucket automatically.

### Building Your Own Image
```bash
cd src
docker build -t less3:custom -f Less3/Dockerfile .
```

**Important**: For production deployments, always:
1. Change the default access key, secret key, and admin API key
2. Use persistent volumes for the database and the shared storage volume
3. Point cluster nodes at a real shared filesystem (NFS/SMB/cluster-FS) mounted at the same path on every host — the demo's single named volume works only on one host (see `MULTINODE_SETUP.md`)

## Version History

Refer to CHANGELOG.md for details.

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