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:computer: Learn to make machines learn so that you don't have to struggle to program them; The ultimate list

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# Machine Learning Curriculum

Machine Learning is a branch of Artificial Intelligence dedicated at making
machines learn from observational data without being explicitly programmed.

> Machine learning and AI are not the same. Machine learning is an instrument in
> the AI symphony — a component of AI. So what is Machine Learning — or ML —
> exactly? It’s the ability for an algorithm to learn from prior data in order
> to produce a behavior. ML is teaching machines to make decisions in situations
> they have never seen.

This curriculum is made to guide you to learn machine learning, recommend tools, and help you to embrace ML lifestyle by suggesting media to follow.
I update it regularly to maintain freshness and get rid of outdated content and deprecated tools.

## Machine Learning in General

Study this section to understand fundamental concepts and develop intuitions before going any deeper.

> A computer program is said to learn from experience `E` with respect to some
> class of tasks `T` and performance measure `P` if its performance at tasks in
> `T`, as measured by `P`, improves with experience `E`.

* [Elements of AI](https://www.elementsofai.com/) A bunch of easy courses teaching AI and machine learning
* [COMS W4995 Applied Machine Learning Spring 2020](https://www.cs.columbia.edu/~amueller/comsw4995s20/schedule/) videos and slides of an applied ML course from Columbia University.
* [Opinionated Machine Learning Course by Fast.ai](http://course.fast.ai/ml.html)
* [Machine Learning Crash Course with TensorFlow APIs](https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/crash-course/) Google's fast-paced, practical introduction to machine learning
* [Intro to Machine Learning - Udacity](https://www.udacity.com/course/intro-to-machine-learning--ud120) hands on scikit-learn (python) programming learning on core ML concepts
* [Machine Learning: Supervised, Unsupervised & Reinforcement - Udacity](https://www.udacity.com/course/machine-learning--ud262) the 2 instructors are hilarious
* [Machine Learning Mastery](http://machinelearningmastery.com/start-here/) carefully laid out step-by-step guide to some particular algorithms
* [Andrew Ng's Specialization on Coursera](https://www.coursera.org/specializations/machine-learning-introduction) recommended for people who want to know the details of ML algorithms under the hood, understand enough maths to be dangerous and do coding assignments in python
* [ML Recipes - YouTube Playlist](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLOU2XLYxmsIIuiBfYad6rFYQU_jL2ryal) a really nicely designed concrete actionable content for ML introduction
* [Machine Learning is Fun Part 1](https://medium.com/@ageitgey/machine-learning-is-fun-80ea3ec3c471) simple approach to machine learning for non-maths people
* [Machine Learning with Python - YouTube Playlist](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQVvvaa0QuDfKTOs3Keq_kaG2P55YRn5v)
* [Machine Learning Yearning by Andrew Ng](http://www.mlyearning.org/)
* [Landing A Data Job: The Course](https://www.sharpestminds.com/landing-a-data-job-the-course) is an opinionated and practical guideline for people who want to focus on landing a job. For example, they suggest that knowing how decision tree works is already good enough, you don't need to know how all the models work, which is true! But this advice is mostly for tabular data.
* [Serverless Machine Learning](https://www.serverless-ml.org/) Build your own Machine Learning Serverless Prediction Service
* [Effective MLOps: Model Development](https://www.wandb.courses/courses/effective-mlops-model-development) A free course by Weights & Biases with certification
* [Mathematics for Machine Learning and Data Science Specialization](https://www.coursera.org/specializations/mathematics-for-machine-learning-and-data-science) math course by Coursera

### Books

* [Machine Learning with PyTorch and Scikit-Learn](https://sebastianraschka.com/books/#machine-learning-with-pytorch-and-scikit-learn) by Sebastian Raschka
* [Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow, 2nd Edition](https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/hands-on-machine-learning/9781492032632/) by Aurélien Géron is the best selling book because it's great.
* https://github.com/fastai/fastbook The fastai book, published as Jupyter Notebooks
* https://www.deeplearningbook.org/ math heavy book by Ian Goodfellow and Yoshua Bengio and Aaron Courville
* https://christophm.github.io/interpretable-ml-book/ A Guide for Making Black Box Models Explainable
* https://themlbook.com/ The Hundred-Page Machine learning book by Andriy Burkov

## Reinforcement Learning

Building a machine that senses the environment and then chooses the best policy
(action) to do at any given state to maximize its expected long-term scalar
reward is the goal of reinforcement learning.

* [OpenAI Spinning Up](https://spinningup.openai.com/en/latest/index.html) This is an educational resource produced by OpenAI that makes it easier to learn about deep reinforcement learning (deep RL).
* [Basic Reinforcement Learning](https://github.com/vmayoral/basic_reinforcement_learning) An introduction series to Reinforcement Learning (RL) with comprehensive step-by-step tutorials.
* [Advanced Topics: RL 2015 (COMPM050/COMPGI13)](http://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/D.Silver/web/Teaching.html) by [David Silver](http://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/d.silver/web/Home.html) (the guy behind [AlphaGo](https://deepmind.com/research/alphago/))
* [An Introduction Book by Richard S. Sutton and Andrew G. Barto](https://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~sutton/book/ebook/the-book.html)
* [Deep Reinforcement Learning: Pong from Pixels](http://karpathy.github.io/2016/05/31/rl/)
* [Lecture 10: Reinforcement Learning - YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXuHxkpO5E8)
* [A Survey Paper](https://www.jair.org/media/301/live-301-1562-jair.pdf)
* [Deep Reinforcement Learning: A Tutorial - OpenAI](https://gym.openai.com/docs/rl)
* [CS 294: Deep Reinforcement Learning, Spring 2017](http://rll.berkeley.edu/deeprlcourse/)

## Deep Learning

Deep learning is a branch of machine learning where deep artificial neural
networks (DNN) — algorithms inspired by the way neurons work in the brain — find
patterns in raw data by combining multiple layers of artificial neurons. As the
layers increase, so does the neural network’s ability to learn increasingly
abstract concepts.

The simplest kind of DNN is
a [Multilayer Perceptron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilayer_perceptron)
(MLP).

* [THE LITTLE BOOK OF DEEP LEARNING](https://fleuret.org/francois/lbdl.html) This book is a short introduction to deep learning for readers with a STEM background, originally designed to be read on a phone screen. It is distributed under a non-commercial Creative Commons license and was downloaded close to 250'000 times in the month following its public release.
* [Full Stack Deep Learning](https://fullstackdeeplearning.com/) Learn Production-Level Deep Learning from Top Practitioners
* [DeepLearning.ai](https://www.deeplearning.ai/) a bunch of courses taught by Andrew Ng at Coursera; It's the sequel of [Machine Learning course](https://www.coursera.org/learn/machine-learning) at Coursera.
* [Intro to Deep Learning with PyTorch](https://www.udacity.com/course/deep-learning-pytorch--ud188) a course by Facebook AI on Udacity
* [A friendly introduction to Deep Learning and Neural Networks](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BR9h47Jtqyw)
* [A Neural Network Playground](http://playground.tensorflow.org/) Tinker with a simple neural network designed to help you visualize the learning process
* [Deep Learning Demystified - Youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9Z20HCPnww) explain inspiration of deep learning from real neurons to artificial neural networks
* [Learn TensorFlow and deep learning, without a Ph.D.](https://cloud.google.com/blog/big-data/2017/01/learn-tensorflow-and-deep-learning-without-a-phd) This 3-hour course (video + slides) offers developers a quick introduction to deep-learning fundamentals, with some TensorFlow thrown into the bargain.
* [A Guide to Deep Learning by YN^2](http://yerevann.com/a-guide-to-deep-learning/) a curated maths guide to Deep Learning
* [Practical Deep Learning For Coders Course at Fast.ai](http://course.fast.ai/) taught by Jeremy Howard (Kaggle's #1 competitor 2 years running, and founder of Enlitic)
* [Deep learning - Udacity](https://www.udacity.com/course/deep-learning--ud730) recommended for visual learner who knows some ML, this course provides high level ideas of deep learning, dense intuitive details put in a short amount of time, you will use TensorFlow inside the course
* [Deep Learning Summer School, Montreal 2015](http://videolectures.net/deeplearning2015_montreal/)
* [Neural networks class - YouTube Playlist](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6Xpj9I5qXYEcOhn7TqghAJ6NAPrNmUBH)
* [http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/index.html](http://neuralnetworksanddeeplearning.com/index.html) a hands-on online book for deep learning maths intuition, I can say that after you finish this, you will be able to explain deep learning in a fine detail.
* [The Neural Network Zoo](http://www.asimovinstitute.org/neural-network-zoo/) a bunch of neural network models that you should know about (I know about half of them so don't worry that you don't know many because most of them are not popular or useful in the present)
* [Intro to TensorFlow for Deep Learning](https://www.udacity.com/course/intro-to-tensorflow-for-deep-learning--ud187) taught at Udacity
* [Primers • AI](https://aman.ai/primers/ai/) Here’s a hand-picked selection of articles on AI fundamentals/concepts that cover the entire process of building neural nets to training them to evaluating results. There is also a very detailed Transformer architecture explanation.
* [Hugging Face Diffusion Models Course](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusion-models-class) Learn the theory, train the model from scratch, and use it to generate images and audio.
* [Deep Learning Fundamentals](https://lightning.ai/pages/courses/deep-learning-fundamentals/) by Lightning.AI with Sebastian Raschka

### Convolutional Neural Networks

DNNs that work with grid data like sound waveforms, images and videos better
than ordinary DNNs. They are based on the assumptions that nearby input units
are more related than the distant units. They also utilize translation
invariance. For example, given an image, it might be useful to detect the same
kind of edges everywhere on the image.
They are sometimes called **convnets** or **CNNs**.

* [How Convolutional Neural Networks work - Youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmpDIaiMIeA) technical
  explanation including pooling operations, ReLU, fully connected layer,
  optimization using gradient descent
* [Neural Network that Changes Everything - Computerphile](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=py5byOOHZM8)
* [A Beginner's Guide To Understanding Convolutional Neural Networks](https://adeshpande3.github.io/adeshpande3.github.io/A-Beginner%27s-Guide-To-Understanding-Convolutional-Neural-Networks/)
* [Deep Learning for Computer Vision (Andrej Karparthy, OpenAI)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6aEYuemt0M) this
  is my most favorite video of convolutional net. Andrej explains convnet in
  detail answering all the curious questions that one might have. For example,
  most articles only talk about convolution in grayscale image, but he describe
  convolution in images with color channels as well. He also talks about the
  concerns and the assumptions that convnets make. This is a great lecture!
* [Understanding Neural Networks Through Deep Visualization](http://yosinski.com/deepvis) explains
  how to visualize a convnet using various techniques

### Recurrent Neural Networks

DNNs that have states. They also understand sequences that vary in length.
They are sometimes called **RNNs**.

* [http://karpathy.github.io/2015/05/21/rnn-effectiveness/](http://karpathy.github.io/2015/05/21/rnn-effectiveness/)
* [http://colah.github.io/posts/2015-08-Understanding-LSTMs/](http://colah.github.io/posts/2015-08-Understanding-LSTMs/)
* [http://www.wildml.com/2015/09/recurrent-neural-networks-tutorial-part-1-introduction-to-rnns/](http://www.wildml.com/2015/09/recurrent-neural-networks-tutorial-part-1-introduction-to-rnns/)

### Best Practices

* [Rules of Machine Learning: Best Practices for ML Engineering](https://developers.google.com/machine-learning/guides/rules-of-ml) it's a document by Martin Zinkevich about Google's best practices in machine learning.
* [A Recipe for Training Neural Networks](http://karpathy.github.io/2019/04/25/recipe/) Andrej's blogpost about how to train yourself to be a paranoid machine learning engineer.
* [How to debug neural networks. Manual.](https://hackernoon.com/how-to-debug-neural-networks-manual-dc2a200f10f2)
* [An overview of gradient descent optimization algorithms](http://ruder.io/optimizing-gradient-descent/index.html)
* [Deep Learning Tuning Playbook](https://github.com/google-research/tuning_playbook) A playbook for systematically maximizing the performance of deep learning models.

## Tools

Libraries and frameworks that are useful for practical machine learning

### Frameworks

Machine learning building blocks

* [scikit-learn](https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn) general machine learning library, high level abstraction, geared towards beginners
* [TensorFlow](https://github.com/tensorflow/tensorflow); [Awesome TensorFlow](https://github.com/jtoy/awesome-tensorflow); computation graph framework built by Google, has nice visualization board, probably the most popular framework nowadays for doing Deep Learning
* [Keras: Deep Learning for humans](https://github.com/keras-team/keras) Keras is a deep learning API written in Python, running on top of TensorFlow. It's still king of high level abstraction for deep learning. **Update: Keras is now available for TensorFlow, JAX and PyTorch!**
* [PyTorch](https://github.com/pytorch/pytorch) Tensors and Dynamic neural networks in Python with strong GPU acceleration. It's commonly used by cutting-edge researchers including OpenAI.
* [Lightning](https://github.com/Lightning-AI/lightning) The Deep Learning framework to train, deploy, and ship AI products Lightning fast. (Used to be called PyTorch Lightning)
* [JAX](https://github.com/google/jax) is Autograd and XLA, brought together for high-performance machine learning research.
* [OneFlow](https://github.com/Oneflow-Inc/oneflow) is a deep learning framework designed to be user-friendly, scalable and efficient.
* [Apache MXNet (incubating) for Deep Learning](https://github.com/apache/incubator-mxnet) Apache MXNet is a deep learning framework designed for both efficiency and flexibility. It allows you to mix symbolic and imperative programming to maximize efficiency and productivity.
* [Chainer](https://github.com/pfnet/chainer) A flexible framework of neural networks for deep learning
* [Vowpal Wabbit](https://github.com/VowpalWabbit/vowpal_wabbit) is a machine learning system which pushes the frontier of machine learning with techniques such as online, hashing, allreduce, reductions, learning2search, active, and interactive learning. There is a specific focus on reinforcement learning with several contextual bandit algorithms implemented and the online nature lending to the problem well.
* [H2O](https://github.com/h2oai/h2o-3) is an in-memory platform for distributed, scalable machine learning.
* [spektral](https://github.com/danielegrattarola/spektral/) Graph Neural Networks with Keras and Tensorflow 2.
* [Ivy](https://github.com/unifyai/ivy) is both an ML transpiler and a framework, currently supporting JAX, TensorFlow, PyTorch and Numpy. Ivy unifies all ML frameworks 💥 enabling you not only to write code that can be used with any of these frameworks as the backend, but also to convert 🔄 any function, model or library written in any of them to your preferred framework!

#### No coding

* [Ludwig](https://github.com/ludwig-ai/ludwig) Ludwig is a toolbox that allows users to train and test deep learning models without the need to write code. It is built on top of TensorFlow.

#### Gradient Boosting

Models that are used heavily in competitions because of their outstanding generalization performance.

* https://github.com/dmlc/xgboost eXtreme Gradient Boosting
* https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM lightweight alternative compared to xgboost
* https://github.com/catboost/catboost A fast, scalable, high performance Gradient Boosting on Decision Trees library, used for ranking, classification, regression and other machine learning tasks for Python, R, Java, C++. Supports computation on CPU and GPU.
* https://github.com/tensorflow/decision-forests TensorFlow Decision Forests (TF-DF) is a collection of state-of-the-art algorithms for the training, serving and interpretation of Decision Forest models.
* [PyTorch](https://github.com/dreamquark-ai/tabnet)/[TensorFlow](https://github.com/titu1994/tf-TabNet) implementation of [TabNet paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1908.07442.pdf). Further read: [TabNet balances explainability and model performance on tabular data, but can it dethrone boosted tree models?](https://towardsdatascience.com/tabnet-e1b979907694)

#### Time Series Inference

Time series data require unique feature extraction process for them to be usable in most machine learning models because most models require data to be in a tabular format.
Or you can use special model architectures which target time series e.g. LSTM, TCN, etc.

* https://github.com/timeseriesAI/tsai Time series Timeseries Deep Learning Pytorch fastai - State-of-the-art Deep Learning with Time Series and Sequences in Pytorch / fastai. Further read: [tsai — State of the Art Machine Learning for Time Series, Part 1.](https://peijin.medium.com/tsai-state-of-the-art-machine-learning-for-time-series-part-1-dd4cac6707bc)
* https://github.com/alan-turing-institute/sktime A unified framework for machine learning with time series
* https://github.com/sktime/sktime-dl An extension package for deep learning with Tensorflow/Keras for sktime
* https://github.com/tslearn-team/tslearn/ A machine learning toolkit dedicated to time-series data
* https://github.com/blue-yonder/tsfresh Automatic extraction of relevant features from time series
* https://github.com/johannfaouzi/pyts A Python package for time series classification
* https://github.com/facebook/prophet Tool for producing high quality forecasts for time series data that has multiple seasonality with linear or non-linear growth.
* https://github.com/philipperemy/keras-tcn Keras Temporal Convolutional Network
* [ROCKET: Exceptionally fast and accurate time series classification using random convolutional kernels](https://github.com/angus924/rocket); [MINIROCKET: A Very Fast (Almost) Deterministic Transform for Time Series Classification](https://github.com/angus924/minirocket); these 2 techniques are for extracting time series features. Further read: [ROCKET: Fast and Accurate Time Series Classification](https://pub.towardsai.net/rocket-fast-and-accurate-time-series-classification-f54923ad0ac9)

### Life Cycle

Libraries that help you develop/debug/deploy the model in production (MLOps). There is more to ML than training the model.

* https://huggingface.co/ Just like GitHub, but for storing ML models, datasets, and apps (they call apps as spaces). They have libraries for you to easily use their models/datasets in your code. The storage is free and unlimited for both public and private projects.
* https://wandb.ai/ Build better models faster with experiment tracking, dataset versioning, and model management
* https://github.com/flyteorg/flyte Flyte makes it easy to create concurrent, scalable, and maintainable workflows for machine learning and data processing.
* https://github.com/allegroai/clearml Auto-Magical Suite of tools to streamline your ML workflow. Experiment Manager, ML-Ops and Data-Management
* https://github.com/quantumblacklabs/kedro A Python framework for creating reproducible, maintainable and modular data science code.
* https://github.com/determined-ai/determined Determined is an open-source deep learning training platform that makes building models fast and easy. I use it mainly for tuning hyperparameters.
* https://github.com/iterative/cml Continuous Machine Learning (CML) is an open-source library for implementing continuous integration & delivery (CI/CD) in machine learning projects. Use it to automate parts of your development workflow, including model training and evaluation, comparing ML experiments across your project history, and monitoring changing datasets.
* https://github.com/creme-ml/creme Python library for **online machine learning**. All the tools in the library can be updated with a single observation at a time, and can therefore be used to learn from streaming data.
* https://github.com/aimhubio/aim A super-easy way to record, search and compare 1000s of ML training runs
* https://github.com/Netflix/metaflow Metaflow is a human-friendly Python library that helps scientists and engineers build and manage real-life data science projects. Metaflow was originally developed at Netflix.
* [MLflow](https://mlflow.org/) MLflow (currently in beta) is an open source platform to manage the ML lifecycle, including experimentation, reproducibility and deployment. It currently offers three components: MLflow Tracking, MLflow Projects, MLflow Models.
* [FloydHub](https://www.floydhub.com/) a Heroku for Deep Learning (You focus on the model, they'll deploy)
* [comet.ml](https://www.comet.ml/) Comet enables data scientists and teams to track, compare, explain and optimize experiments and models across the model's entire lifecycle. From training to production
* https://neptune.ai/ Manage all your model building metadata in a single place
* https://github.com/fastai/nbdev Create delightful python projects using Jupyter Notebooks
* https://rapids.ai/ data science on GPUs
* https://github.com/datarevenue-berlin/OpenMLOps
* https://github.com/jacopotagliabue/you-dont-need-a-bigger-boat Not really a tool, but a guide on how to compose many tools together in real-world reasonable scale business.
* https://www.modular.com/ A company with ambitious goal of redesigning AI infrastructure from the ground up. They introduce a new language called Mojo which is a superset of python.

### GPU Cloud

Remember that this is an opinionated list. There are bazillions of cloud providers out there. I'm not going to list them all. I'm just going to list the ones that I'm familiar with and I think are good.

* https://lightning.ai/ Lightning Studio makes it possible for you to ditch your high-end laptop for developing machine learning models. Just write code in the cloud using VSCode and use their GPUs for training or inference. Lightning Studio is similar to GitHub Codespaces but with GPU.
* https://modal.com/ Modal lets you run or deploy machine learning models, massively parallel compute jobs, task queues, web apps, and much more, without your own infrastructure.
* https://www.runpod.io/ Save over 80% on GPUs. GPU rental made easy with Jupyter for PyTorch, Tensorflow or any other AI framework. I've used it before. Quite easy to use.
* https://replicate.com/ Run and fine-tune open-source models. Deploy custom models at scale using [cog](https://github.com/replicate/cog). All with one line of code.
* https://bentoml.com/ BentoML is the platform for software engineers to build AI products. Deploy using [BentoML](https://github.com/bentoml/BentoML) package.
* https://www.baseten.co/ Fast and scalable model inference in the cloud using [truss](https://github.com/basetenlabs/truss/)
* https://lambdalabs.com/ GPU cloud built for deep learning. Instant access to the best prices for cloud GPUs on the market. No commitments or negotiations required. Save over 73% vs AWS, Azure, and GCP. Configured for deep learning with Pytorch, TensorFlow, Jupyter
* https://www.beam.cloud/ On-demand GPU compute: Train and deploy AI and LLM applications securely on serverless GPUs, without managing infrastructure

### Data Storage

* https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/ a package for loading, preprocessing and sharing datasets.
* https://github.com/activeloopai/deeplake Data Lake for Deep Learning. Build, manage, query, version, & visualize datasets. Stream data real-time to PyTorch/TensorFlow.
* https://github.com/determined-ai/yogadl Better approach to data loading for Deep Learning. API-transparent caching to disk, GCS, or S3.
* https://github.com/google/ml_collections ML Collections is a library of Python Collections designed for ML use cases. It contains ConfigDict, a "dict-like" data structures with dot access to nested elements. It is supposed to be used as a main way of expressing configurations of experiments and models.

### Data Wrangling

Data cleaning and data augmentation

* https://github.com/cgnorthcutt/cleanlab Clean labeling error of dataset
* https://github.com/aleju/imgaug Image augmentation library which supports converting keypoints to heatmaps
* https://github.com/albu/albumentations Fastest image augmentation library
* https://github.com/mdbloice/Augmentor Easy-to-use image augmentation for classification tasks (cannot augment keypoints)
* https://github.com/facebookresearch/AugLy A data augmentations library for audio, image, text, and video.

### Data Orchestration

* https://github.com/PrefectHQ/prefect
* https://github.com/dagster-io/dagster
* https://github.com/ploomber/ploomber Ploomber is the fastest way to build data pipelines ⚡️. Use your favorite editor (Jupyter, VSCode, PyCharm) to develop interactively and deploy ☁️ without code changes (Kubernetes, Airflow, AWS Batch, and SLURM).
* https://github.com/orchest/orchest Build data pipelines, the easy way using user-friendly UI

### Data Visualization

* https://github.com/gradio-app/gradio Create UIs for your machine learning model in Python in 3 minutes. The UI is a web app that can be shared with anyone, even non-technical people. One of the features I like is the [examples](https://gradio.app/docs/#examples) component. It shows you very well that this app is for machine learning use case.
* https://github.com/streamlit/streamlit Streamlit turns data scripts into shareable web apps in minutes. All in Python. All for free. No front‑end experience required.
* https://github.com/oegedijk/explainerdashboard Quickly build Explainable AI dashboards that show the inner workings of so-called "blackbox" machine learning models.
* https://github.com/lux-org/lux By simply printing out a dataframe in a Jupyter notebook, Lux recommends a set of visualizations highlighting interesting trends and patterns in the dataset.
* https://github.com/slundberg/shap SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) is a game theoretic approach to explain the output of any machine learning model.
* https://github.com/comet-ml/kangas Kangas is a tool for exploring, analyzing, and visualizing large-scale multimedia data. It provides a straightforward Python API for logging large tables of data, along with an intuitive visual interface for performing complex queries against your dataset.

### Hyperparameter Tuning

Before you begin, please read this blog post to understand the motivation of searching in general: https://www.determined.ai/blog/stop-doing-iterative-model-development

Open your eyes to search-driven development. It will change you. Main benefit is that there will be no setbacks. Only progress and improvement are allowed. Imagine working and progressing everyday, instead of regressing backwards because your new solution doesn't work. This guaranteed progress is what search-driven development will do to you. Apply it to everything in optimization, not just machine learning.

My top opinionated preferences are determined, ray tune, and optuna because of parallelization (distributed tuning on many machines), flexibility (can optimize arbitrary objectives and allow dataset parameters to be tuned), library of SOTA tuning algorithms (e.g. HyperBand, BOHB, TPE, PBT, ASHA, etc), result visualization/analysis tools, and extensive documentations/tutorials.

* https://github.com/determined-ai/determined Determined is an open-source deep learning training platform that makes building models fast and easy. IMO, it's best for **cheaply** tuning hyperparameters of deep learning models because it will train many epochs on models that have promising metrics and early stop models that don't. They support AWS and most cloud services as first-class citizen. They also support *preemptible* instances, which is again, cheap. When you finish training, all the GPU instances are automatically shutdown. If you want to save money on large-scale training, go with Determined.
* https://docs.ray.io/en/master/tune/index.html Ray Tune is a Python library for experiment execution and hyperparameter tuning at any scale. If you are looking for distributed tuning, Ray Tune is probably the most serious framework out there.
* https://github.com/optuna/optuna an automatic hyperparameter optimization software framework (framework agnostic, define-by-run)
* https://github.com/pyhopper/pyhopper PyHopper is a hyperparameter optimizer, made specifically for high-dimensional problems arising in machine learning research and businesses. [This guy](https://twitter.com/ramin_m_h/status/1577985269067911169) claimed that it's 10x faster than Optuna. Is this claim true? We can't know until we try!
* https://github.com/keras-team/keras-tuner an easy-to-use, distributable hyperparameter optimization for keras; read its article [here](https://blog.tensorflow.org/2020/01/hyperparameter-tuning-with-keras-tuner.html)
* https://github.com/autonomio/talos Hyperparameter Optimization for Keras, TensorFlow (tf.keras) and PyTorch
* https://github.com/maxpumperla/hyperas Keras + Hyperopt: A very simple wrapper for convenient hyperparameter optimization
* https://github.com/fmfn/BayesianOptimization A Python implementation of global optimization with gaussian processes.
* https://github.com/hyperopt/hyperopt
* https://github.com/msu-coinlab/pymoo Multi-objective Optimization in Python
* https://github.com/google/vizier Open Source Vizier: Reliable and Flexible Black-Box Optimization. OSS Vizier is a Python-based service for black-box optimization and research, based on Google Vizier, one of the first hyperparameter tuning services designed to work at scale.

### AutoML

Make machines learn without the tedious task of feature engineering, model selection, and hyperparameter tuning
that you have to do yourself. Let the machines perform machine learning for you!

Personally if I have a tabular dataset I would try FLAML and mljar first, especially if you want to get something working fast.
If you want to try gradient boosting frameworks such as XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost, etc but you don't know which one works best,
I suggest you to try AutoML first because internally it will try the gradient boosting frameworks mentioned previously.

* [Best OpenSource AutoML frameworks in 2021](https://techninjahere.medium.com/best-opensource-automl-frameworks-4e40820e2d79) an article on medium containing a curated list of OpenSource AutoML frameworks.
* https://github.com/dabl/dabl Data Analysis Baseline Library; quickly train a simple model to be used as a performance baseline
* https://www.automl.org/ Find curated list of AutoML libraries and researches
* https://github.com/jhfjhfj1/autokeras As of writing (24 August 2018), this library is pretty premature as it can only does classification.
* https://github.com/automl/auto-sklearn/ Does not run on Windows, you need to install WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux) to use it
* https://github.com/EpistasisLab/tpot Run thousands of machine learning pipelines and output the code for you
* https://github.com/ClimbsRocks/auto_ml Read what the author think about [the comparison between tpot and  auto-sklearn](https://github.com/ClimbsRocks/auto_ml/issues/230)
* https://github.com/microsoft/FLAML Fast and Lightweight AutoML with cost-effective economical optimization algorithms.
* https://github.com/mljar/mljar-supervised an Automated Machine Learning Python package that works with tabular data. I like that it generates visualization report (in the Explain mode) and extra features for you e.g. golden features and K-means features.
* https://github.com/awslabs/autogluon AutoML for Text, Image, and Tabular Data. But it doesn't support Windows (as of 11 October 2021).
* https://github.com/AutoViML/Auto_ViML Auto_ViML was designed for building High Performance Interpretable Models with the fewest variables needed.

### Model Architectures

Architectures that are state-of-the-art in its field.

* [https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models](https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models) PyTorch image models, scripts, pretrained weights -- ResNet, ResNeXT, EfficientNet, EfficientNetV2, NFNet, Vision Transformer, MixNet, MobileNet-V3/V2, RegNet, DPN, CSPNet, and more. It is typically called `timm`.
* [https://modelzoo.co/](https://modelzoo.co/) Model Zoo
* [https://github.com/tensorflow/models](https://github.com/tensorflow/models)
* [Magenta: Music and Art Generation with Machine Intelligence](https://github.com/tensorflow/magenta)
* [https://github.com/phillipi/pix2pix](https://github.com/phillipi/pix2pix)
  Image-to-image translation using conditional adversarial nets;
  [TensorFlow port of pix2pix](https://github.com/affinelayer/pix2pix-tensorflow);
  Watch the presentation of this work:
  [Learning to see without a teacher](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ck3_7tVuCRs)
* [wav2letter](https://github.com/flashlight/wav2letter) Facebook AI Research's Automatic Speech Recognition Toolkit
* [https://github.com/huggingface/transformers](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers) State-of-the-art Natural Language Processing for TensorFlow 2.0 and PyTorch
* [https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers) 🤗 Diffusers: State-of-the-art diffusion models for image and audio generation in PyTorch
* [https://bigscience.huggingface.co/blog/bloom](https://bigscience.huggingface.co/blog/bloom) open large language model from BigScience LLM. [Article](https://towardsdatascience.com/bloom-is-the-most-important-ai-model-of-the-decade-97f0f861e29f)
* [https://github.com/hpcaitech/ColossalAI](https://github.com/hpcaitech/ColossalAI) [Article](https://www.marktechpost.com/2022/07/13/colossal-ai-a-unified-deep-learning-system-for-big-models-seamlessly-accelerates-large-models-at-low-costs-with-hugging-face/)
* [https://stability.ai/blog/stable-diffusion-public-release](https://stability.ai/blog/stable-diffusion-public-release) Stable Diffusion is a model that can generate high-quality images from brief text descriptions. [Here is a short Twitter thread](https://twitter.com/tomgoldsteincs/status/1560334207578161152) explaining why it works so well. And [here is a thread](https://twitter.com/svpino/status/1579441642603311109) containing resources to learn more about diffusion models.

### Prompt Engineering

Large language models (LLMs) like GPT-3 are powerful, but they need to be prompted to generate the desired output. This is where prompt engineering comes in. Prompt engineering is the process of designing prompts that can be used to generate the desired output.

* https://github.com/hwchase17/langchain It's a python package for building applications with LLMs through composability.
* https://dust.tt/ A web-based tool for designing and deploying large language model apps.
* https://github.com/jerryjliu/gpt_index GPT Index is a project consisting of a set of data structures that are created using LLMs and can be traversed using LLMs in order to answer queries.
* https://github.com/Xpitfire/symbolicai/ Compositional Differentiable Programming Library: Building applications with LLMs at its core through our Symbolic API leverages the power of classical and differentiable programming in Python.

## Nice Blogs & Vlogs to Follow
* [https://www.pyimagesearch.com/](https://www.pyimagesearch.com/) Frequently updated blog about OpenCV and deep learning
* [http://colah.github.io/](http://colah.github.io/) nice explanations with beautiful visualizations
* [https://karpathy.github.io/](https://karpathy.github.io/) He has taught some courses on Deep Nets and used to work at Tesla as the AI director.
* [http://ruder.io](http://ruder.io) Sebastian Ruder's Deep Learning and NLP blog
* [http://www.wildml.com/](http://www.wildml.com/)
* [https://machinelearningmastery.com/](https://machinelearningmastery.com/) Contains a lot of content and beautiful website
* [Sirajology's YouTube Playlists](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCWN3xxRkmTPmbKwht9FuE5A/playlists) lots of dense short hilarious introduction to ML
* [Two Minute Papers on Deep Learning Playlist](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLujxSBD-JXglGL3ERdDOhthD3jTlfudC2)
* [Distill.pub](https://distill.pub/) A modern medium for presenting research in Machine Learning
* [deeplearn.org](https://deeplearn.org/) Deep Learning Monitor; news about deep learning papers and tweets
* [datarevenue](https://www.datarevenue.com/en-blog) blog about MLOps mostly
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/AndrejKarpathy](https://www.youtube.com/c/AndrejKarpathy) Andrej Karparthy created a new YouTube channel after he left Tesla Autopilot team to teach people how to implement neural networks in "spelled-out" style.
* [https://e2eml.school/blog.html](https://e2eml.school/blog.html) End-to-End Machine Learning blog that covers a lot of topics in detail e.g. [How transformers work](https://e2eml.school/transformers.html).
* [https://jalammar.github.io/](https://jalammar.github.io/) Visualizing machine learning one concept at a time. His blog contains illustrated explanations of ML concepts such as transformer or stable diffusion.
* [Radek Osmulski blog](https://radekosmulski.com/) He blogs about DL techniques and strategies you can leverage to learn faster.

## Impactful People

* [Geoffrey Hinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton), he has been called
  the [godfather of deep learning](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uAu3jQWaN6E)
  by introducing 2 revolutionizing techniques (ReLU and Dropout) with his students.
  These techniques solve the Vanishing Gradient and Generalization problem of
  deep neural networks.
* [Yann LeCun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yann_LeCun), he invented CNNs
  (Convolutional neural networks), the kind of network that is really popular
  among computer vision developers today. Currently working at Meta.
* [Yoshua Bengio](http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~bengioy/yoshua_en/) another
  serious professor at Deep Learning, you can
  [watch his TEDx talk here (2017)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uawLjkSI7Mo)
* [Andrew Ng](http://www.andrewng.org/) he discovered that GPUs make deep learning faster.
  He taught 2 famous online courses, Machine Learning and Deep Learning specialization at Coursera.
  particular type of RNN)
* [Jeff Dean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Dean_(computer_scientist)), a
  Google Brain engineer, watch [his TEDx Talk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BfDQNrVphLQ)
* [Ian Goodfellow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Goodfellow), he invented
  GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks), is an OpenAI engineer
* [David Silver](http://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/d.silver/web/Home.html) this is
  the guy behind AlphaGo and Artari reinforcement learning game agents at DeepMind
* [Demis Hassabis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demis_Hassabis) CEO of
  DeepMind, has given a lot of talks about AlphaGo and Reinforcement Learning
  achievements they have
* [Andrej Karparthy](http://cs.stanford.edu/people/karpathy/) he teaches convnet
  classes, wrote ConvNetJS, and produces a lot of content for DL community, he
  also writes a blog (see **Nice Blogs & Vlogs to Follow** section)
* [Pedro Domingos](https://homes.cs.washington.edu/~pedrod/) he wrote the book
  *The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will
  Remake Our World*, [watch his TEDx talk here](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qIZ5PXLVZfo)
* [Emad Mostaque](https://twitter.com/EMostaque) he is the founder of [stability.ai](https://stability.ai/), a company that releases many open source AI models including Stable Diffusion
* [Sam Altman](https://twitter.com/sama) he is the president of OpenAI, a company
  that releases ChatGPT

## Cutting-Edge Research Publishers

Steal the most recent techniques introduced by smart computer scientists (could be you).

* http://www.arxiv-sanity.com/ Arxiv Sanity Preserver
* [https://research.facebook.com/ai/](https://research.facebook.com/ai/)
* [http://research.google.com/pubs/MachineIntelligence.html](http://research.google.com/pubs/MachineIntelligence.html)
* [https://deepmind.com/research/](https://deepmind.com/research/) Research of DeepMind company
* [https://www.openai.com/](https://www.openai.com/)
* [https://www.openai.com/requests-for-research/](https://www.openai.com/requests-for-research/)
* [State of the art performance on each ML task](http://rodrigob.github.io/are_we_there_yet/build/)
* [State-of-the-art result for all Machine Learning Problems](https://github.com/RedditSota/state-of-the-art-result-for-machine-learning-problems)
* [https://stability.ai/](https://stability.ai/) is releasing a lot of open source high-quality models.
* [https://twitter.com/ai__pub](https://twitter.com/ai__pub) AI papers and AI research explained, for technical people.
* [https://twitter.com/_akhaliq](https://twitter.com/_akhaliq) is a Twitter account that tweets the latest research papers in the field of AI.

## Practitioner Community
* [https://www.kaggle.com](https://www.kaggle.com)
* [https://gym.openai.com](https://gym.openai.com)
* [https://universe.openai.com/](https://universe.openai.com/)
* [/r/MachineLearning](https://www.reddit.com/r/MachineLearning/)
* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/DeepNetGroup/](https://www.facebook.com/groups/DeepNetGroup/)

## Thoughtful Insights for Future Research
* [Why AI is Harder Than We Think](https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.12871)
* [The Consciousness Prior](https://arxiv.org/abs/1709.08568) by Yoshua Bengio
* [What Can't Deep Learning Do?](http://rbharath.github.io/what-cant-deep-learning-do/) a list of problems that deep learning faces
* [Pedro Domingos: "The Master Algorithm" - Talks at Google](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8J4uefCQMc)
* [The AI Revolution: The Road to Superintelligence](http://waitbutwhy.com/2015/01/artificial-intelligence-revolution-1.html)
* [https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report](https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report)
* [Why does Deep Learning work so well? - The Extraordinary Link Between Deep Neural Networks and the Nature of the Universe](https://www.technologyreview.com/s/602344/the-extraordinary-link-between-deep-neural-networks-and-the-nature-of-the-universe/)
* [These are three of the biggest problems facing today's AI](http://www.theverge.com/2016/10/10/13224930/ai-deep-learning-limitations-drawbacks)
* [Four Questions For: Geoff Hinton](https://gigaom.com/2017/01/16/four-questions-for-geoff-hinton/) Geoff Hinton is referred to as "godfather of neural networks"
* [What product breakthroughs will recent advances in deep learning enable? - Quora](https://www.quora.com/What-product-breakthroughs-will-recent-advances-in-deep-learning-enable/answer/Eric-Jang?srid=Ul)
* [Liquid Neural Networks](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IlliqYiRhMU)

## Uncategorized
* [Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (Online Book)](http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/)
* [The Principles of Modern Game AI](https://courses.nucl.ai/)
* [Scipy Lecture Notes](http://www.scipy-lectures.org/index.html)
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/aicourses](https://www.youtube.com/user/aicourses)
* [The Fundamentals of Neuroscience](https://www.mcb80x.org/) learn how our
brain works so that you can discover new deep learning breakthrough
* [Bayesian Methods for Hackers](https://github.com/CamDavidsonPilon/Probabilistic-Programming-and-Bayesian-Methods-for-Hackers) An introduction to Bayesian methods + probabilistic programming with a computation/understanding-first, mathematics-second point of view. All in pure Python ;)

## Other Big Lists

* https://github.com/ahmedbahaaeldin/From-0-to-Research-Scientist-resources-guide This guide is designated to anybody with basic programming knowledge or a computer science background interested in becoming a Research Scientist with 🎯 on Deep Learning and NLP.
* https://www.mrdbourke.com/ml-resources/ Machine Learning Courses & Resources recommendation by Daniel Bourke
* [List of MLOps Courses and Books by Damien Benveniste on Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/damien.benveniste/posts/pfbid0urWLFrAHged7MLYnVwqKMGzNJMn5N94p3RhiDG8ACzNZCRoBPNRVo691JvXBksDJl)
* https://github.com/collections/machine-learning
* https://github.com/topics/machine-learning
* https://github.com/topics/mlops
* https://github.com/GokuMohandas/MadeWithML Join 30K+ developers in learning how to responsibly deliver value with ML.
* https://papers.labml.ai/papers/daily
* [https://github.com/alirezadir/Production-Level-Deep-Learning](https://github.com/alirezadir/Production-Level-Deep-Learning)
* [https://github.com/jindongwang/transferlearning](https://github.com/jindongwang/transferlearning)
* [https://github.com/kmario23/deep-learning-drizzle](https://github.com/kmario23/deep-learning-drizzle)
* [https://github.com/ZuzooVn/machine-learning-for-software-engineers](https://github.com/ZuzooVn/machine-learning-for-software-engineers)
* [https://github.com/josephmisiti/awesome-machine-learning](https://github.com/josephmisiti/awesome-machine-learning)
* [https://github.com/ujjwalkarn/Machine-Learning-Tutorials](https://github.com/ujjwalkarn/Machine-Learning-Tutorials)
* [https://github.com/terryum/awesome-deep-learning-papers](https://github.com/terryum/awesome-deep-learning-papers)
* [https://github.com/ChristosChristofidis/awesome-deep-learning](https://github.com/ChristosChristofidis/awesome-deep-learning)
* [https://github.com/Developer-Y/cs-video-courses#machine-learning](https://github.com/Developer-Y/cs-video-courses#machine-learning)
* [Deep Learning Resources by Jeremy D. Jackson](http://www.jeremydjacksonphd.com/category/deep-learning/)
* [https://github.com/songrotek/Deep-Learning-Papers-Reading-Roadmap](https://github.com/songrotek/Deep-Learning-Papers-Reading-Roadmap)
* [https://github.com/aikorea/awesome-rl](https://github.com/aikorea/awesome-rl) Awesome Reinforcement Learning
* [https://github.com/artix41/awesome-transfer-learning](https://github.com/artix41/awesome-transfer-learning) Awesome Transfer Learning
* [https://github.com/heejkoo/Awesome-Diffusion-Models](https://github.com/heejkoo/Awesome-Diffusion-Models) Awesome Diffusion Models
* [https://github.com/Renumics/awesome-open-data-centric-ai](https://github.com/Renumics/awesome-open-data-centric-ai) Data-centric AI is the practice of systematically engineering the data used to build AI systems.
* https://github.com/labmlai/annotated_deep_learning_paper_implementations
* https://github.com/ashishpatel26/500-AI-Machine-learning-Deep-learning-Computer-vision-NLP-Projects-with-code

## I am confused, too many links, where do I start?
If you are a beginner and want to get started with my suggestions, please read this issue:
[https://github.com/offchan42/machine-learning-curriculum/issues/4](https://github.com/offchan42/machine-learning-curriculum/issues/4)

## Disclaimer

From now on, this list is going to be compact and *opinionated* towards my own real-world ML journey and I will put only content that I think are truly beneficial for me and most people.
All the materials and tools that are not good enough (in any aspect) will be gradually removed to combat information overload, including:

* too difficult materials without much intuition; impractical content
* too much theory without real-world practice
* low-quality and unstructured materials
* courses that I don't consider to enroll myself
* knowledge or tools that are too niche and not many people can use it in their works e.g. deepdream or unsupervised domain adaptation (because you can Google it if you want to use it in your work).
* tools that are beaten by other tools; not being state-of-the-art anymore
* commercial tools that look like it can die any time soon
* projects that are outdated or not maintained anymore

**NOTE**: There is no particular rank for each link. The order in which they
appear does not convey any meaning and should not be treated differently.

## How to contribute to this list
1. Fork this [repository](https://github.com/offchan42/machine-learning-curriculum), then apply your change.
2. Make a [pull request](https://github.com/offchan42/machine-learning-curriculum/pull/new/master) and tag me if you want.
3. That's it. If your edition is useful, I'll merge it.

Or you can just submit a [new issue](https://github.com/offchan42/machine-learning-curriculum/issues/new)
containing the resource you want me to include if you don't have time to send a pull request.

The resource you want to include should be free to study.

<hr>

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