Awesome-Byte-LLM

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Awesome-Byte-LLM

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A curated list of papers and resources on byte-based large language models (LLMs) — models that operate directly on raw bytes.

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# Awesome Byte-Based Large Language Models

## Introduction

Recently, there has been a growing interest in studying byte-based large language models (LLMs). These models eliminate the need for tokenization and operate directly on raw bytes—the universal format of the digital world. Byte-based models offer several promising advantages, including but not limited to:

- **Enhanced robustness and generalization:** By removing the heuristic biases introduced by tokenization, these models could achieve better adaptability.
- **Cross-modality scalability:** Since all data can be represented as bytes, these models naturally extend to multiple modalities.

This repository serves as an ongoing collection of papers and resources focused on byte-based LLMs.

## Papers

The meaning of most fields are clear by their names. "Date" is the time that the work is released/made public (e.g., the timestamp of its first arXiv version). "Summary" is a one-sentence summary of the paper.

| Title | Date (MM/YY) | Source | Code | Summary |
|-------|:------------:|:------:|:----:|---------|
| [Dynamic Chunking for End-to-End Hierarchical Sequence Modeling](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.07955) | 06/25 | CMU goombalab | [official](https://github.com/goombalab/hnet) | <details>The paper introduces H-Net, an end-to-end hierarchical network with a novel dynamic chunking mechanism that automatically learns data-driven, context-dependent segmentation, outperforming tokenized Transformers in efficiency and robustness, and demonstrating the potential of fully tokenizer-free large language models across diverse languages and modalities.</details> |
| [EvaByte: Efficient Byte-level Language Models at Scale](https://hkunlp.github.io/blog/2025/evabyte/) | 01/25 | HKU NLP Group | [official](https://github.com/OpenEvaByte/evabyte) | <details>EvaByte is a new open-source 6.5B byte-level language model from HKU and SambaNova that eliminates tokenization, achieves faster and more efficient decoding with innovative multibyte prediction and EVA attention, and demonstrates strong performance across text, code, and multimodal tasks using significantly less training data.</details> |
| [Byte Latent Transformer: Patches Scale Better Than Tokens](https://ai.meta.com/research/publications/byte-latent-transformer-patches-scale-better-than-tokens/) | 12/24 | Meta | [official](https://github.com/facebookresearch/blt) | <details>The paper introduces the Byte Latent Transformer (BLT), a novel byte-level large language model (LLM) that dynamically groups bytes into patches, improving inference efficiency, robustness, and scalability beyond tokenization-based models.</details> |
| [SpaceByte: Towards Deleting Tokenization from Large Language Modeling](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2404.14408) | 10/24 | NeurIPS'24 | - | <details>The paper proposes a new byte-level Transformer architecture called SpaceByte, which uses dynamic word-boundary-aware patching and multiscale modeling to close the performance gap with tokenized models while retaining the benefits of tokenization-free language modeling under fixed compute budgets.</details> |
| [Beyond Language Models: Byte Models are Digital World Simulators](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.19155) | 02/24 | arXiv | [official](https://github.com/sanderwood/bgpt) | <details>The paper introduces bGPT, a next-byte prediction model that operates directly on binary data to simulate diverse digital world processes, achieving state-of-the-art performance in modalities like text, audio, images, symbolic music conversion, and even CPU behavior simulation with over 99.99% accuracy.</details> |
| [MambaByte: Token-free Selective State Space Model](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2401.13660) | 01/24 | COLM'24 | [official](https://github.com/jxiw/MambaByte) | <details>MambaByte introduces a token-free selective state space model (SSM) that enables efficient language modeling of byte-level sequences with a fixed-sized memory state, outperforming subword and byte-level Transformers on language modeling tasks while offering improved robustness, efficiency, and speculative decoding for faster inference.</details> |
| [Bytes Are All You Need: Transformers Operating Directly On File Bytes](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2306.00238) | 06/23 | TMLR | [official](https://github.com/apple/corenet/tree/main/projects/byteformer) | <details>The paper introduces ByteFormer, a modality-independent transformer architecture that operates directly on file bytes, eliminating the need for modality-specific processing, and demonstrates superior performance on classification tasks across images, audio, and mixed-modality data.</details> |
| [MEGABYTE: Predicting Million-byte Sequences with Multiscale Transformers](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.07185) | 05/23 | NeurIPS'23 | [unofficial](https://github.com/lucidrains/MEGABYTE-pytorch) | <details>The paper introduces MEGABYTE, a multiscale Transformer architecture that segments sequences into patches, enabling efficient modeling of million-byte sequences with sub-quadratic self-attention, enhanced feedforward computation, and improved decoding parallelism, achieving competitive performance on tasks like long-context language modeling, image generation, and audio modeling.</details> |
| [ByT5: Towards a token-free future with pre-trained byte-to-byte models](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.13626) | 05/21 | TACL | [official](https://github.com/google-research/byt5) | <details>The paper presents ByT5, a token-free byte-to-byte variant of the T5 Transformer that processes raw UTF-8 byte sequences without tokenization, achieving competitive performance across multilingual NLP tasks, offering robustness to noise, and demonstrating improved efficiency, especially in low-resource or multilingual contexts.</details> |
| [CANINE: Pre-training an Efficient Tokenization-Free Encoder for Language Representation](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2103.06874) | 03/21 | TACL | [official](https://github.com/google-research/language/tree/master/language/canine) | <details>The paper introduces CANINE, a tokenization-free neural encoder that directly processes character sequences using a downsampling-transformer-upsampling architecture, achieving competitive multilingual performance on tasks like TYDI QA and NER while offering efficiency and robustness advantages over traditional subword-based models.</details> |

## Contributing

Contributions are always welcome. There are two ways to add a new paper:
1. The easiest way is to open an issue, where I have a template for you to fill out.
2. If you would like to be listed as a contributor, you can add the paper to `papers.json` and make a pull request. Please do NOT directly edit `README.md`.

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