An-Overview-of-Segformer-and-Details-Description

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An-Overview-of-Segformer-and-Details-Description

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This repository provides an overview of Segformer, architecture encoder in particular. Some details of Segformer can be misleaded, thus makes a short description here to help understand the model. Meanwhile, the code (Keras/TensorFlow) is also provided for supporting.

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# An Overview of Segformer and Details Description
## Preface
In this repository, the structure of the Segformer model is explained. In many recent blog posts and tutorials, the structure of Segformer has been misunderstood by many people, even experienced computer vision engineers, for reasons that may include misleading diagrams of the Segformer structure in the [original paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.15203.pdf), but the model structure is shown clearly in the [source code address](https://github.com/NVlabs/SegFormer) given in the paper. Therefore, the details of the Segformer, including OverlapPatchEmbedding, Efficient Multihead Attention, Mixed-FeedForward Network, OverlapPatchMerging and Segformer block, will also be elaborated here. If there is any problem, please feel free to make a complain, also make a [contact](hzhang205@sheffield.ac.uk) if convenient. 
Also, the code has been uploaded for a reference which is developed by Keras/TensorFlow.

<img src="images/im1.jpeg" width="24%" />
 <img src="images/seg1.png" width="24%" />
 <img src="images/im2.jpeg" width="24%" />
 <img src="images/seg2.png" width="24.23%" /> 

This is an multi-task segmentation example of street scene. Images taken from city center, Sheffield, England.

## Basics and File Description
Project:

```
git clone https://github.com/ACSEkevin/An-Overview-of-Segformer-and-Details-Description.git
```

`ADEChallengeData2016/`: ADE20K dataset which has been used for training and testing the model, please refer to: [ADE20K Dataset](https://github.com/CSAILVision/ADE20K). 
`models/`: Two types of programming the model: structrual and class inheritance. 
`adedataset.py`: a dataset batch generator (keras requirement). 
`train.py`: model train script. NOTICE: this is an example basic train script that Keras .fit() API has been used, for detailed model training please use TensorFlow to build a `train_one_epoch()`.
To be continued: A validation script; a predict script for model output.

## A General Overview of the Model Arcitecture
Here a re-drawn architecture replaces the one from the [original paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.15203.pdf), which might help to gain a better understanding.
 
<img src="images/segformer_arch.png" alt="drawing" width="800"/>

To conclude and compare:
* In encoder, an input image is scaled to its $\frac{1}{32}$ and then upsampled to $\frac{1}{4}$ of the original size in decoder. However, the model given in the repository upsampled to the full size to attempt for a better result. This can be revised after cloning.
* In the original figure, OverlapPatchEmbedding layer is only shown at the begining of the architecture, which can be misleading, infact, there is always OverlapPatchEmbedding layers followed by previous transformer block (shown as SegFormer Block in the figure). Nevertheless, the paper presents a plural term as `OverlapPatchEmbeddings' which implies that there more than one layer.
* There is a OverlapPatchMerging layer at the end of the transformer block, this layer reshapes the vector groups back to feature maps. It can be easy to confuse these two layers as many blogs shows a `no-merging-after-block' opinion.
* The feature map $C_1$ goes through the MLP Layer without upsampling. Others are upsampled by $\times 2, \times 4, \times 8$ respectively with bilinear interpolation.

## A Single Stage of the Encoder
### OverlapPatchEmbedding
In basic trabsformer block, an image is split and patched as a 'sequence', there is no info interaction between patches (strides=patch_size). While in Segformer, the patch size > strides which leads to information sharing between patches (each conv row) thus called 'overlapped' patches. In the end, followed by a layer normalization.

```python
x = Conv2D(n_filters, kernel_size=kernel_size, strides=strides, padding='same')(inputs)
batches, height, width, embed_dim = x.shape
x = tf.reshape(x, shape=[-1, height * width, embed_dim])
x = LayerNormalization()(x)
```

### A Segformer Block
Below is a diagram that shows the detailed architecture of an A Segformer Block module. A sequence goes through `Efficient Self-Attention` and
`Mix-Feedforward Network` layers, each preceded by a `Layer Normalization`.
 
<img src="images/block_arch.png" alt="drawing" width="800"/>

### Efficient Self-Attention
In the [paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.15203.pdf), the authors proposed an Efficient Self-Attention to reduce the temporal complexity from $O(n^2)$ to $O(\frac{n^2}{sr})$ where $sr$ is sampling reduction ratio. The module trans back to basic Self-Attention $sr=1$. 
* Like a normal Self-Attention module, each vector of an input sequence will propose $query$, $key$ and $value$. While there is only one vector shown in the figure.
* Differently, $key$ and $value$ matrices go through `reduction` layer then participate in transformations. The layer can be implemented by `Conv2D` which plays a role of down sampling (strides $=$ kernel_size), then followed by a `Layer Normalization`. The `Reshape` layers helps reconstruct and de-construct feature maps respectively.
* Shape changes in reduction layer: $[num_{patches}, dim_{embed}]$ -> $[height, width, dim_{embed}]$ -> $[\frac{height}{sr}, \frac{width}{sr}, dim_{embed}]$ -> $[\frac{height \times width}{sr^2}, dim_{embed}]$.
 
reduction layer:
```python
batches, n_patches, channels = inputs.shape
if sr_ratio > 1:
 inputs = tf.reshape(inputs, shape=[batches, height, width, embed_dim])
 inputs = Conv2D(embed_dim, kernel_size=sr_ratio, strides=sr_ratio, padding='same')(inputs)
 inputs = LayerNormalization()(inputs)
 inputs = tf.reshape(inputs, shape=[batches, (height * width) // (sr_ratio ** 2), embed_dim])
```

### Mix-Feedforward Network
[Condtional Positional Encoding](https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.10882) method addresses the problem of loss of accuracy resulted from different input resolutions in VisionTransformer. In this [paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.15203.pdf) authors pointed out that positional encoding(PE) is not necessary for segmentation tasks. Thus there is only a `Conv` $3 \times 3$ layer without PE in `Mix-FFN`. 
* In the [code](https://github.com/NVlabs/SegFormer), the layer DWConv was adpoted rather than `Conv` $3 \times 3$ descripted in the paper , which can be mis-leading.
* The `Reshape` layers have the same purpose as those in `reduction` layer from Efficient Self-Attention.
* Shape changes in Mix-FFN layer: $[num_{patches}, dim_{embed}]$ -> $[num_{patches}, dim_{embed} \cdot rate_{exp}]$ -> $[height, width, dim_{embed} \cdot rate_{exp}]$ -> $[num_{patches}, dim_{embed} \cdot rate_{exp}]$ -> $[num_{patches}, dim_{embed}]$.
 
```python
batches, n_patches, channels = inputs.shape
x = Dense(int(embed_dim * expansion_rate), use_bias=True)(inputs)
x = tf.reshape(x, shape=[batches, height, width, int(embed_dim * expansion_rate)])
x = DepthwiseConv2D(kernel_size=3, strides=1, padding='same')(x)
x = tf.reshape(x, shape=[batches, n_patches, int(embed_dim * expansion_rate)])
x = Activation('gelu')(x)
x = Dense(embed_dim, use_bias=True)(x)
x = Dropout(rate=drop_rate)(x)
```
### OverlapPatchMerging
This is a simple reshape operation to reconstruct sequences (patches) to feature maps. There is also a detail that the layer is also proceded by a `Layer Normalization`.
```python
x = LayerNormalization()(x)
feature_Cx = tf.reshape(x, shape=[batches, height_Cx, width_Cx, embed_dims[index]])
```
where embed_dims[index] can be a list that stores the embedding dimension of each Segformer block.

## References
* Xie, E. *et al.*  'SegFormer: Simple and Efficient Design for Semantic Segmentation with Transformers', *NeurIPS 2021*, arXiv doi: [10.48550/arXiv.2105.15203](https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2105.15203)

* Chu, X. *et al.* (2021) 'Conditional Positional Encodings for Vision Transformers', *ICLR 2023*, pp. 1-19. arXiv doi: [10.48550/arXiv.2102.1088](https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2102.10882)

* Zhou, B. *et al.* (2017). 'Scene Parsing through ADE20K Dataset', *Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR)*. doi: [10.1109/CVPR.2017.544](https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2017.544)
  
## Author and Contributor
### [@ACSEKevin](https://github.com/ACSEkevin)

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