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Framework for F# Desktop Applications

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## VinylUI - Framework for F# Desktop Applications

VinylUI is a framework for building WPF and Windows Forms applications in F# that embraces functional paradigms and MVC-like separation of responsibilites. It supports .NET Core 3 and .NET Framework 4.6+.

Code for a window or form is split into the following parts:

- **Model type**: A record type that represents the entire logical state of the window.

- **Events type**: A discriminated union that represents all possible user actions and events of the window.

- **Binder**: Function that creates bindings between the UI components and the Model.

- **Events function**: Function that maps events of the UI components to the logical Events.

- **Dispatcher**: Function that maps logical events to event handlers. An event handler takes a Model instance and returns a new Model instance in response.

VinylUI does not require sub-classing or interface inheritance. Using it is as simple as calling a function that takes the three functions described above. This allows you to structure your functions how you see fit, whether you prefer to organize them into modules or use a more object-oriented approach with classes and dependency injection.

### Immutable models?

It may seem strange to use an immutable model type in a stateful application, but working with immutable types has several benefits. One of those benefits is that your code becomes easier to reason about. Event handlers, where the application logic resides, will be stateless and will always return the same output for a given input. Tests against them will be easy to write.

How can properties of an immutable model be bound? The framework compares "before" and "after" model instances to detect what parts of the model were changed by the event handler and triggers the corresponding bindings to the user interface.

### Show me some code!

Let's build a simple app. We'll ask the user to enter the width and height of a shape and select whether it is a rectangle or an ellipse. The app will display the area of the shape.

![Form](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Acadian-Ambulance/vinyl-ui/master/examples/ShapeArea/form.png)

First, let's model the state of the form:

```fsharp
type Shape = Rectangle | Ellipse

type Model = {
    Width: decimal option
    Height: decimal option
    Shape: Shape
    Area: Result<decimal, string>
}
```

Nice and clean. Now what events does our form have? The user can either change the size or change the shape.

```fsharp
type Events =
    | DimensionChanged
    | ShapeChanged of Shape
```

Now we can write a binder function that hooks up the form controls to our model properties.

```fsharp
/// View binder function where we create bindings between form controls and model properties.
let binder (form: IShapeAreaForm) model =
    // Helper function for width and height bindings below
    let parseDecimal s =
        match Decimal.TryParse s with
        | true, d -> Some d
        | false, _ -> None

// Helper function for area binding below
    let areaDisplay = function
        | Ok (area: decimal) -> string area
        | Error msg -> sprintf "Error - %s" msg

// Create the list of bindings
    [
        // Bind the width and height text boxes' Text one way to the model properties.
        // Uses the parseDecimal function to convert the text input into a decimal option.
        Bind.view(<@ form.WidthInput.Text @>).toModelOneWay(<@ model.Width @>, parseDecimal)
        Bind.view(<@ form.HeightInput.Text @>).toModelOneWay(<@ model.Height @>, parseDecimal)

// Bind the Area Result one way to the display label, using areaDisplay to convert it to a string
        Bind.model(<@ model.Area @>).toViewOneWay(<@ form.AreaDisplay.Text @>, areaDisplay)
    ]
```

This defines a couple of helper functions: one to parse a string into a `decimal option` and another to convert the Area `Result` into a string for display on the label.

The binder then returns a list of bindings using the Bind API. A binding starts at one end, view or model, specifying a property to bind with a quotation, and binds to a property on the other end, again specified with a quotation. Here we create 3 one-way bindings, all specifying conversions with our helper functions (which are necessary since our property types don't match).

Next, we connect form control events to our events:

```fsharp
/// Maps events from view controls to the Events we defined
let events (form: IShapeAreaForm) =
    // Create the list of event observables
    [
        // Map changes in the width and height to the DimensionChanged event
        form.WidthInput.Validated |> Observable.mapTo DimensionChanged
        form.HeightInput.Validated |> Observable.mapTo DimensionChanged

// Map the CheckedChanged events, when changing to checked, to the corresponding ShapeChanged event
        form.RectangleButton.CheckedChanged
            |> Observable.filter (fun _ -> form.RectangleButton.Checked)
            |> Observable.mapTo (ShapeChanged Rectangle)
        form.EllipseButton.CheckedChanged
            |> Observable.filter (fun _ -> form.EllipseButton.Checked)
            |> Observable.mapTo (ShapeChanged Ellipse)
    ]
```

We return a list of Observables of our event type. As you can see, we can use `Observable` functions to manipulate the events from the form and convert them to our events.

One last part to build: the dispatcher and event handlers. This is where our logic goes. Our `dispatcher` function will simply delegate to our handler functions.

```fsharp
// Event dispatcher to delegate events to the handlers.
// Each handler is a function that takes a model and returns a new model.
let dispatcher = function
    | DimensionChanged -> Sync updateArea
    | ShapeChanged s -> Sync (shapeChanged s)
```

The event handlers are synchronous and simply return an updated model based on the current one.

Since we bound the width and height inputs to our model, all we need to do when a size dimension is changed is re-calculate the area `Result` based on the width, height, and shape then return the model with the updated Area. We do this with a pattern match.

```fsharp
// Returns a new model with an updated Area calculated from the other properties
let updateArea model =
    let res =
        match model.Width, model.Height, model.Shape with
        // if we have both dimensions, return a valid area
        | Some w, Some h, Rectangle -> Ok (w * h)
        | Some w, Some h, Ellipse -> Ok ((w * h / 4m) * (decimal Math.PI))
        // if we are missing one or both dimensions, return an error
        | None, Some _, _ -> Error "Missing width"
        | Some _, None, _ -> Error "Missing height"
        | None, None, _ -> Error "Missing width and height"
    { model with Area = res }
```

When the shape changes, we update the Shape property on the model then update the Area.

```fsharp
// Returns a new model with the given shape and updated area
let shapeChanged newShape model =
    { model with Shape = newShape }
    |> updateArea
```

Finally, we tie it all together with a call to `Framework.start` with an initial model.

```fsharp
// Start function to pass into Run, Show, or ShowDialog for the form
let start (form: ShapeAreaForm) =
    // Define the initial state
    let model = {
        Width = None
        Height = None
        Shape = Rectangle
        Area = Error "Missing width and height"
    }

// Call the Framework start function, providing the binder, events, and dispatcher
    Framework.start binder events dispatcher form model
```

... and in Program.fs we kick things off by calling VinylUI's `Run` extension on Form that accepts a "start" function:

```fsharp
let form = new ShapeAreaForm()
form.Run(FormLogic.start) |> ignore
```

Hopefully, this simple example gives you a decent idea of how modeling your application and separating concerns this way can make your code easy to understand and maintain. It keeps Windows Forms and visual concerns out of your business logic. The Model and Events explicitly define what is on the form and how it can be interacted with.

You can find this (and soon other) full working examples in the [examples](examples/) folder.

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