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Grape

★ 401 Open GitHub ↗

A Swift library for graph visualization and efficient force simulation.

// repository documentation

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<div align="center">
 <img alt="grape-icon" src="https://github.com/swiftgraphs/Grape/assets/45376537/4ab08ea1-22e6-4fe8-ab2b-99ae325b46a6" height="96">
 <h1 align="center">Grape</h1>

</div>

<a href="https://swiftpackageindex.com/swiftgraphs/Grape"><img src="https://img.shields.io/endpoint?color=FA7343&url=https://swiftpackageindex.com/api/packages/swiftgraphs/Grape/badge?type=platforms" alt="swift package index"></a>&thinsp;
 <a href="https://swiftpackageindex.com/swiftgraphs/Grape"><img src="https://img.shields.io/endpoint?color=FA7343&url=https://swiftpackageindex.com/api/packages/swiftgraphs/Grape/badge?type=swift-versions" alt="swift package index"></a>

A Swift library for graph visualization and efficient force simulation.
 
<picture alt="example of grape">
 <source srcset="https://github.com/swiftgraphs/Grape/assets/45376537/6703480d-5737-4a8e-bc08-92d8676456da" media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)">
 <source srcset="https://github.com/swiftgraphs/Grape/assets/45376537/22988cfb-8e01-49b7-a55b-b476fcd9de7c" media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)">
 <img src="https://github.com/swiftgraphs/Grape/assets/45376537/22988cfb-8e01-49b7-a55b-b476fcd9de7c">
</picture>

## Examples

### Force Directed Graph
This is a force directed graph visualizing [the network of character co-occurence in _Les Misérables_](https://observablehq.com/@d3/force-directed-graph-component). Take a closer look at the animation:

https://github.com/swiftgraphs/Grape/assets/45376537/d80dc797-1980-4755-85b9-18ee26e2a7ff

Source code: [Miserables.swift](https://github.com/swiftgraphs/Grape/blob/main/Examples/ForceDirectedGraphExample/ForceDirectedGraphExample/Miserables.swift).

### Force Directed Graph in visionOS

This is the same graph as the first example, rendered in `RealityView`:

https://github.com/swiftgraphs/Grape/assets/45376537/4585471e-2339-4aee-8f39-0c11fdfb6901

Source code: [ForceDirectedGraph3D/ContentView.swift](https://github.com/swiftgraphs/Grape/blob/main/Examples/ForceDirectedGraph3D/ForceDirectedGraph3D/ContentView.swift).

### Mermaid Visualization

Dynamical graph structure based on your input, with tap and drag gesture supports, all within 100 lines of view body.

https://github.com/swiftgraphs/Grape/assets/45376537/7c75d367-d5a8-4316-813b-288b375f513b

Source code: [MermaidVisualization.swift](https://github.com/swiftgraphs/Grape/blob/main/Examples/ForceDirectedGraphExample/ForceDirectedGraphExample/MermaidVisualization.swift)

<details>
 <summary>
 
### Lattice Simulation

A 36x36 force directed lattice.

</summary>

https://github.com/swiftgraphs/Grape/assets/45376537/5b76fddc-dd5c-4d35-bced-29c01269dd2b

Source code: [Lattice.swift](https://github.com/swiftgraphs/Grape/blob/main/Examples/ForceDirectedGraphExample/ForceDirectedGraphExample/Lattice.swift)

</details>

### Dragging Gesture

An example rendering a ring with 60 vertices, with dragging gesture enabled.

</summary>

https://github.com/swiftgraphs/Grape/assets/45376537/73213e7f-73ee-44f3-9b3e-7e58355045d2

Source code: [MyRing.swift](https://github.com/swiftgraphs/Grape/blob/main/Examples/ForceDirectedGraphExample/ForceDirectedGraphExample/MyRing.swift)
</details>

## Installation

To use Grape in an Xcode project by adding it to your project as a package:

```
https://github.com/swiftgraphs/Grape
```

To use Grape in a [SwiftPM](https://swift.org/package-manager/) project, add this to your `Package.swift`:

``` swift
dependencies: [
    .package(url: "https://github.com/swiftgraphs/Grape", from: "1.1.0")
]
```

```swift
.product(name: "Grape", package: "Grape"),
```

> [!NOTE]
> The `Grape` module relies on the [`Observation` framework](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/observation). It’s possible to backdeploy with community shims like [`swift-perception`](https://github.com/pointfreeco/swift-perception).
> 
> The `Grape` module may introduce breaking API changes in minor version changes before 1.0 release.
>
> The `ForceSimulation` module is stable in terms of public API now.

## Get started

Grape ships 2 modules:

- The `Grape` module allows you to create force-directed graphs in SwiftUI Views.
- The `ForceSimulation` module is the underlying mechanism of `Grape`, and it helps you to create more complicated or customized force simulations. It also contains a `KDTree` data structure built with performance in mind, which can be useful for spatial partitioning tasks.

### The `Grape` module

For detailed usage, please refer to [documentation](https://swiftgraphs.github.io/Grape/Grape/documentation/grape). A quick example here:

```swift
import Grape

struct MyGraph: View {

// States including running status, transformation, etc.
    // Gives you a handle to control the states.
    @State var graphStates = ForceDirectedGraphState() 
    
    var body: some View {
        ForceDirectedGraph(states: graphStates) {
            
            // Declare nodes and links like you would do in Swift Charts.
            NodeMark(id: 0).foregroundStyle(.green)
            NodeMark(id: 1).foregroundStyle(.blue)
            NodeMark(id: 2).foregroundStyle(.yellow)

Series(0..<2) { i in
 LinkMark(from: i, to: i+1)
 }
 
 } force: {
 .link()
 .center()
 .manyBody()
 }
 }
}
```

### The `ForceSimulation` module
<details>
 <summary>Refer to the <a href="https://swiftgraphs.github.io/Grape/ForceSimulation/documentation/forcesimulation/">documentation</a> or expand this section to find more about this module.
 </summary>

`ForceSimulation` module mainly contains 3 concepts, `Kinetics`, `ForceProtocol` and `Simulation`.

- `Kinetics` describes all kinetic states of your system, i.e. position, velocity, link connections, and the variable `alpha` that describes how "active" your system is.
- Forces are any types that conforms to `ForceProtocol`. This module provides most of the forces you will use in force directed graphs. And you can also create your own forces. They should be responsible for 2 tasks:
 - `bindKinetics(_ kinetics: Kinetics<Vector>)`: binding to a `Kinetics`. In most cases the force should keep a reference of the `Kinetics` so they know what to mutate when `apply` is called.
 - `apply()`: Mutating the states of `Kinetics`. For example, a gravity force should add velocities on each node in this function.
- `Simulation` is a shell class you interact with, which enables you to create any dimensional simulation with velocity Verlet integration. It manages a `Kinetics` and a force conforming to `ForceProtocol`. Since `Simulation` only stores one force, you are responsible for compositing multiple forces into one.
- Another data structure `KDTree` is used to accelerate the force simulation with [Barnes-Hut Approximation](https://jheer.github.io/barnes-hut/).

The basic concepts of simulations and forces can be found here: [Force simulations - D3](https://d3js.org/d3-force/simulation). You can simply create simulations by using `Simulation` like this:

```swift
import simd
import ForceSimulation

// assuming you’re simulating 4 nodes
let nodeCount = 4

// Connect them
let links = [(0, 1), (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 0)]

/// Create a 2D force composited with 4 primitive forces.
let myForce = SealedForce2D {
 // Forces are namespaced under `Kinetics<Vector>`
 // here we only use `Kinetics<SIMD2<Double>>`, i.e. `Kinetics2D`
 Kinetics2D.ManyBodyForce(strength: -30)
 Kinetics2D.LinkForce(
 stiffness: .weightedByDegree(k: { _, _ in 1.0 }),
 originalLength: .constant(35)
 )
 Kinetics2D.CenterForce(center: .zero, strength: 1)
 Kinetics2D.CollideForce(radius: .constant(3))
}

/// Create a simulation, the dimension is inferred from the force.
let mySimulation = Simulation(
    nodeCount: nodeCount,
    links: links.map { EdgeID(source: $0.0, target: $0.1) },
    forceField: myForce
)

/// Force is ready to start! run `tick` to iterate the simulation.

for mySimulation in 0..<120 {
 mySimulation.tick()
 let positions = mySimulation.kinetics.position.asArray()
 /// Do something with the positions.
}

```

See [Example](https://github.com/swiftgraphs/Grape/tree/main/Examples/ForceDirectedGraphExample) for more details.

</details>

## Roadmap

|   | 2D simd | ND simd | Metal |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| **NdTree** | ✅ | ✅ |  |
| **Simulation** | ✅ | ✅ |  |
| &emsp;LinkForce | ✅ | ✅ |  |
| &emsp;ManyBodyForce | ✅ | ✅ |  |
| &emsp;CenterForce | ✅ | ✅ |  |
| &emsp;CollideForce | ✅ | ✅ |  |
| &emsp;PositionForce | ✅ | ✅ |  |
| &emsp;RadialForce | ✅ | ✅ |  |
| **SwiftUI View** | ✅ |  |  |
| &emsp;Basic Visualization | ✅ |  |  |
| &emsp;Gestures | ✅ |  |  |
| &emsp;Node Styling | ✅ |  |  |
| &emsp;Link Styling | 🚧 |  |  |
| &emsp;Animatable Transition | 🚧 |  |  |

## Performance

#### Simulation

Grape uses simd to calculate position and velocity. Currently it takes **~0.005** seconds to iterate 120 times over the example graph(2D). (77 vertices, 254 edges, with manybody, center, collide and link forces. Release build on a M1 Max, [tested](https://github.com/swiftgraphs/Grape/blob/main/Tests/ForceSimulationTests/MiserableGraphTest.swift) with command `swift test -c release`)

For 3D simulation, it takes **~0.008** seconds for the same graph and same configs.

> [!IMPORTANT]
> Due to heavy use of generics (some are not specialized in Debug mode), the performance in Debug build is ~100x slower than Release build.

#### KDTree
The `BufferedKDTree` from this package is **~22x** faster than `GKQuadtree` from Apple’s GameKit, according to this [test case](https://github.com/swiftgraphs/Grape/blob/main/Tests/ForceSimulationTests/GKTreeCompareTest.swift). However, please note that comparing Swift structs with NSObjects is unfair, and their behaviors are different.

## Credits

This library has been greatly influenced by the outstanding work done by [D3.js (Data-Driven Documents)](https://d3js.org).

Grape

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