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# **Canc**er **Whitepap**er

**Thi**s **reposito**ry **explor**es **th**e **theo**ry **o**f **wint**er-**spr**ing **fasti**ng **an**d **it**s **correlati**on **wit**h **canc**er **preventi**on.
  
**Plea**se **subm**it a **Pul**l **Reque**st **i**f **yo**u **wan**t **t**o **ad**d **t**o **th**e **pap**er, **w**e **stri**ve **fo**r **readabili**ty **an**d **simplici**ty.

## **Abstra**ct

**T**he **hypot**hesis **sugg**ests **th**at **a** **signif**icant **num**ber **o**f **peo**ple **world**wide, **partic**ularly **tho**se **wi**th **ances**tors **fr**om **col**der **clim**ates, **m**ay **b**e **a**t **a**n **incre**ased **ri**sk **o**f **devel**oping **can**cer **a**nd **oth**er **dise**ases. **T**he **rea**son **f**or **th**is **i**s **t**he **la**ck **o**f **exte**nded **peri**ods **o**f **fast**ing, **calo**ric **restri**ction, **a**nd **hi**gh\-**f**at **die**ts **dur**ing **t**he **win**ter **a**nd **spr**ing **seas**ons, **whi**ch **we**re **preva**lent **i**n **t**he **liv**es **o**f **the**ir **foreb**ears. **Th**e **purpo**se **o**f **thi**s **pap**er **i**s **t**o **explo**re **th**e **eviden**ce **o**f **fasti**ng, **calor**ic **restricti**on **an**d a **hi**gh\-**f**at **die**t **an**d **it**s **correlati**on **t**o **canc**er. **A**s **wel**l **a**s **explori**ng **th**e **adve**nt **o**f **agricultu**re **a**s **th**e **cau**se **o**f **canc**er. **Th**e **argumen**ts **ar**e **analyz**ed **fro**m a **logic**al **standpoi**nt **usi**ng **th**e **fir**st **principl**es **approa**ch.

## **Backgrou**nd **theo**ry

### **Statisti**cs

**Canc**er **i**s **th**e **seco**nd **highe**st **cau**se **o**f **deat**hs, **whe**re **cardiovascu**lar **diseas**es **tak**e **fir**st **pla**ce, **accordi**ng **t**o **dat**a **collect**ed **fro**m 2017 (**Ros**er **an**d **Ritch**ie 2015). **Th**e **techniqu**es **present**ed **i**n **thi**s **theo**ry **wou**ld **probab**ly **elimina**te **cardiovascu**lar **disea**se **a**s **wel**l, **bu**t **I**'m **onl**y **focus**ed **o**n **canc**er **fo**r **th**e **top**ic **o**f **thi**s **pap**er. **M**y **speculati**on **i**s **tha**t **canc**er **start**ed **t**o **significan**tly **devel**op **alongsi**de **th**e **consta**nt **consumpti**on **o**f **carbohydra**tes, **probab**ly **caus**ed **b**y **agricultu**re **an**d **th**e **availabili**ty **o**f **carbohydra**tes. **W**e **ca**n **bas**e **som**e **assumpti**on **tha**t **th**e **curre**nt **socie**ty **i**s **sufferi**ng **fro**m **canc**er, **howev**er, **the**re **i**s **litt**le **eviden**ce **tha**t **pr**e-**agricultur**al **socie**ty **wa**s **sufferi**ng **fro**m **canc**er, **wit**h **a**n **excepti**on **t**o **bon**e **canc**er. **Ode**s **e**t **a**l. (2016) **analyz**ed a **specim**en **fro**m **Sou**th **Afri**ca **dat**ed **t**o **b**e 1.8 **milli**on **yea**rs **ol**d. **The**y **conclud**ed **tha**t **th**e **specim**en **ha**d a **sma**ll **grow**th **o**f **maligna**nt **bon**e **canc**er. **Ode**s **e**t **a**l. **als**o **explai**ns **tha**t **bon**e **tumo**rs **ar**e **no**t **relat**ed **t**o **lifesty**le, **compar**ed **t**o **canc**er **i**n **sof**t **tiss**ue. **Thi**s **i**s **no**t **support**ed **b**y **Lei**te **e**t **a**l. (2021) **an**d **Fa**n **e**t **a**l. (2017) **whe**re **the**y **se**e a **lar**ge **dependen**cy **o**f **insul**in-**lik**e **grow**th **fact**or 1 (**IG**F-1) **an**d **gluco**se **i**n **bon**e **canc**er, **an**d **tha**t **fasti**ng, **calor**ic **restricti**on **an**d a **ketogen**ic **die**t **wou**ld **hav**e **benefici**al **effec**ts **again**st **th**e **canc**er. **Somethi**ng **t**o **not**e **i**s **tha**t **bon**e **canc**er **fro**m **ancie**nt **specim**en **ar**e **most**ly **beni**gn **an**d **alwa**ys **und**er **contr**ol, **suggesti**ng **tha**t **bon**e **canc**er **mig**ht **ser**ve a **functi**on **fo**r **rap**id **repa**ir **i**n **cas**es **o**f **skelet**al **trau**ma.

**Liever**se **e**t **a**l. (2014) **observ**ed **on**e **o**f **th**e **earlie**st **for**ms **o**f **sof**t **tiss**ue **canc**er, **metastat**ic **carcino**ma. **Th**e **specim**en **wa**s **dat**ed **t**o 4600 **yea**rs **ag**o **an**d **wa**s **fou**nd **i**n **Easte**rn **Siber**ia. **Johns**on (2010) **an**d **Schul**tz **e**t **a**l. (2007) **fou**nd **tw**o **remai**ns **o**f **sof**t **tiss**ue **canc**er **t**o **dat**e **bac**k **t**o 2700 **yea**rs **ag**o. **Th**e **specim**en **wa**s **fou**nd **t**o **hav**e a **for**m **o**f **prosta**te **carcino**ma **canc**er, **an**d **accordi**ng **t**o **Kais**er **e**t **a**l. (2020), **prosta**te **carcino**ma **canc**er **ha**s a **dire**ct **associati**on **wit**h **insul**in **resistan**ce. **The**y **fou**nd **tha**t a **lo**w **carbohydrate/ketog**enic **die**t **shou**ld **b**e **favor**ed **fo**r **the**ir **superi**or **impa**ct **o**n **metabol**ic **paramete**rs. **Thi**s **doe**s **suppo**rt **th**e **theo**ry **o**f **risi**ng **canc**er **rat**es **caus**ed **b**y **th**e **adve**nt **o**f **agricultu**re, **whi**ch **start**ed **getti**ng **tracti**on **arou**nd 7000 **t**o 10000 **yea**rs **ag**o, **whe**re **carbohydra**te **consumpti**on **ros**e, **alongsi**de **wit**h **insul**in **resistan**ce.

**L**i (2014) **sho**ws **som**e **statisti**cs **i**n **hi**s **Te**d **tal**k, **whe**re **h**e **explai**ns **tha**t 40% **o**f **wom**en **i**n **the**ir **40**s **an**d **50**s **actual**ly **hav**e **microscop**ic **brea**st **cance**rs, 50% **o**f **me**n **i**n **the**ir **50**s **an**d **60**s **hav**e **microscop**ic **prosta**te **cance**rs, **an**d **viritual**ly 100% **o**f **u**s **whe**n **w**e **rea**ch **ou**r **70**s **wil**l **hav**e **microscop**ic **thyro**id **cance**rs. **The**se **wil**l **howev**er **no**t **devel**op **furth**er **becau**se **the**y **lac**k **angiogenis**is (**blo**od **supp**ly).

**Bra**y **e**t **a**l. (2018) **investigat**ed **som**e **statisti**cs **abo**ut **canc**er **rat**es **i**n **develop**ed **countri**es. **The**y **fou**nd **tha**t, **o**n **avera**ge, **eve**ry **typ**e **o**f **canc**er **i**n **bot**h **sex**es **i**s 2.5 **tim**es **mor**e **prevale**nt **i**n **socie**ty **wit**h a **hig**h **Hum**an **Developme**nt **Ind**ex. **Als**o **relat**ed **t**o **Bog**in **e**t **a**l. (2015) **correlati**on **wit**h **heig**ht **an**d **IG**F-1 **leve**ls.

### **Canc**er **an**d **ketogenes**is

**DeLau**er (2019) **simplifi**es **th**e **compl**ex **canc**er **grow**th **process**es **i**n a **vid**eo, **highlighti**ng **tha**t **mos**t **canc**er **cel**ls **diff**er **fro**m **regul**ar **cel**ls **i**n **ho**w **the**y **ar**e **converti**ng **ener**gy **t**o **prolifera**te. **H**e **referenc**es a **rece**nt **stu**dy **b**y **Hsi**eh **e**t **a**l. (2019) **whe**re **the**y **conclu**de **tha**t **cel**l **glycolys**is **i**s **th**e **mai**n **cau**se **fo**r **canc**er **grow**th, **bu**t **als**o **no**t a **ver**y **efficie**nt **on**e, **meani**ng **tha**t **mos**t **cance**rs **respo**nd **t**o **hig**h **insul**in **an**d **blo**od-**gluco**se **leve**ls **t**o **gro**w **an**d **tha**t **canc**er **us**e **hig**h **amoun**ts **o**f **gluco**se **t**o **gro**w a **ver**y **sma**ll **amou**nt. **Loweri**ng **th**e **blo**od-**gluco**se **lev**el **wa**s **sho**wn **t**o **inhib**it **canc**er **grow**th **an**d **switchi**ng **t**o a **ketogen**ic **die**t **wa**s **sho**wn **t**o **complete**ly **star**ve **th**e **canc**er. **I**t **wa**s **conclud**ed **tha**t (**mos**t) **canc**er **cel**ls **can**'t **conve**rt **keton**es **fo**r **grow**th. **Pof**f **e**t **a**l. (2014) **writ**es **i**n **the**ir **pap**er **o**n **th**e **surviv**al **rat**e **i**n **mic**e **wit**h **metastat**ic **canc**er, **an**d **the**y **menti**on **tha**t **canc**er **cel**ls **expre**ss **a**n **abnorm**al **metaboli**sm **characteri**zed **b**y **increas**ed **gluco**se **consumpti**on, **an**d **tha**t, **jus**t **supplement**ing **keton**es, **result**ed **i**n a **great**er **surviv**al **rat**e.

**Thi**s **noti**on **i**s **als**o **support**ed **b**y **Ganne**tt (2016) **whe**re **sh**e **explai**ns **tha**t **sh**e **ha**s **stopp**ed **th**e **grow**th **o**f a **maligna**nt **bra**in **canc**er, **a**s **wel**l **a**s **curi**ng **polycyst**ic **ovari**an **disea**se, **Hashimoto**'s **thyroidit**is **an**d **pr**e-**sta**ge **brea**st **fibroi**ds **cance**rs, **usi**ng **th**e **ketogen**ic **die**t. **Ber**g (2020) **explai**ns **i**n **hi**s **tal**k **tha**t a **hum**an **bod**y **runni**ng **o**n **keton**es **i**s **muc**h **healthi**er **compar**ed **t**o **on**e **tha**t **use**s **gluco**se **a**s **fue**l. **Hi**s **mai**n **poin**ts **ar**e **tha**t **tumo**rs **can**'t **gro**w **o**n **keton**es **an**d **tha**t a **ketogen**ic **die**t **doesn**'t **increa**se **insul**in **a**s **muc**h **a**s a **regul**ar **gluco**se **die**t **wou**ld.  
  
D’**Agosti**no (2013) **explai**ns **i**n **hi**s **te**d **tal**k **tha**t **h**e **research**ed **th**e **effe**ct **o**n **keton**es **a**s a **cur**e **fo**r **oxyg**en **an**d **pressu**re **bas**ed **seizur**es **i**n **nav**y **sea**l **dive**rs. **H**e **explai**ns **multip**le **exampl**es **o**f **peop**le **tha**t **hav**e **use**d **th**e **ketogen**ic **die**t **a**s a **cur**e **fo**r **epilep**sy **an**d **the**y **ar**e **usi**ng **keto**ne **supplemen**ts **a**s a **cur**e **fo**r **th**e **nav**y **sea**l **dive**rs. **H**e **lat**er **poin**ts **ou**t **tha**t **canc**er **cel**ls **ca**n **onl**y **us**e **lar**ge **amoun**ts **o**f **gluco**se **a**s **ener**gy **an**d **ar**e **unab**le **t**o **prolifera**te **o**n **keton**es. **H**e **quot**es **profess**or **Thom**as **Seyfri**ed, **th**e **auth**or **o**f "**Canc**er **i**s a **metabol**ic **disea**se". **Lun**t (2016) **als**o **tal**ks **abo**ut **ho**w **canc**er **i**s **extreme**ly **depende**nt **o**n **gluco**se, **an**d **sh**e **als**o **spea**ks **o**f **ho**w **som**e **canc**er **cel**ls **ca**n **rewi**re **the**ir **ow**n **gluco**se **metaboli**sm **bas**ed **o**n **th**e **availabili**ty **o**f **oxyg**en. D’**Agosti**no (2013) **als**o **di**d **som**e **resear**ch **o**n **canc**er **cel**ls **an**d **oxyg**en **whe**re **h**e **fou**nd **eviden**ce **tha**t a **hig**h **oxyg**en **environme**nt **wa**s **high**ly **effecti**ve **a**t **destroyi**ng **canc**er **cel**ls.

**Harp**er (2020) **presen**ts a **fe**w **interesti**ng **findin**gs **o**n **th**e **ketogen**ic **die**t. **H**e **explai**ns a **gra**ph **call**ed **th**e **axi**s **o**f **illne**ss, **whe**re **th**e **bas**e **cau**se **i**s **carbohydra**tes **whi**ch **lea**ds **t**o **insul**in **resistan**ce **whi**ch **lea**ds **t**o **obesi**ty **whi**ch **lea**ds **t**o **inflammati**on. **H**e **not**es **tha**t, **jus**t **simp**ly **switchi**ng **t**o a **ketogen**ic **die**t **wou**ld **elimina**te **approximat**ely 70% **o**f **chron**ic **diseas**es. **H**e **als**o **goe**s **o**n **abo**ut **canc**er **an**d **confir**ms **tha**t **canc**er **cel**ls **ar**e **depende**nt **o**n **gluco**se **fo**r **fue**l, **an**d **h**e **sho**ws **a**n **interesti**ng **theo**ry **whe**re **hi**s **hypothes**is **i**s **tha**t **gluco**se **an**d **insul**in **ar**e **ver**y **stro**ng **grow**th **facto**rs **i**n **th**e **bod**y **an**d **b**y **loweri**ng **the**m, **usi**ng **th**e **ketogen**ic **die**t, **allo**ws **th**e **immu**ne **syst**em **t**o **cat**ch **canc**er **cel**ls **befo**re **i**t **sprea**ds. **Hi**s **late**st **stu**dy **o**n **ketogen**ic **adaptati**on **explor**ed **th**e **effec**ts **o**n **wom**en **wit**h **termin**al **brea**st **canc**er **a**t **sta**ge **fou**r, **whe**re **the**y **suppli**ed **the**m **wit**h a **ketogen**ic **die**t **alongsi**de **chemothera**py. **Thi**s **result**ed **i**n **extre**me **canc**er **regressi**on **aft**er **si**x **wee**ks.  
  
**L**i (2014) **explai**ns **tha**t **al**l **cance**rs **ar**e **depende**nt **o**n **mutat**ed **angiogenes**is **fo**r **grow**th. **H**e **als**o **demonstrat**es **tha**t **canc**er **cel**ls **ca**n **b**e **efficient**ly **remov**ed **b**y **ant**i-**angiogenes**is **compoun**ds. **Woo**lf **e**t **a**l. (2015) **explor**es **th**e **effe**ct a **ketogen**ic **die**t **ha**s **o**n **angiogenes**is **i**n **mic**e, **the**y **not**ed **tha**t **angiogenes**is **i**s **significan**tly **reduc**ed **o**n a **ketogen**ic **die**t. **Woo**lf **e**t **a**l. **als**o **summeriz**es **th**e **ketogen**ic **die**t:  
  
"**Th**e **mechanis**ms **underlyi**ng **th**e **ant**i-**tum**or **benefi**ts **o**f **th**e **ketogen**ic **die**t, **calor**ic **restricti**on (**an**d **intermitte**nt **fasti**ng) **an**d **oth**er **potenti**al **metabol**ic **therapi**es **hav**e **no**t **ye**t **bee**n **ful**ly **elucidat**ed; **howev**er, **preclinic**al **dat**a **strong**ly **sugges**ts **tha**t **metabol**ic **alterati**on **ma**y **b**e a **high**ly **effecti**ve **thera**py **an**d **ma**y **i**n **fac**t **enhan**ce **th**e **curre**nt **standa**rd **o**f **car**e **fo**r **maligna**nt **gliom**as."

### **Hormo**ne **seasonali**ty

A **rece**nt **stu**dy **fro**m **Tendl**er **e**t **a**l. (2021) **measur**es **th**e **chan**ge **i**n **hormon**es **bas**ed **o**n **th**e **differe**nt **seaso**ns. **The**y **conclud**ed **tha**t, **lik**e **al**l **oth**er **anima**ls, **huma**ns **als**o **hav**e **differe**nt **wint**er-**spri**ng **pea**ks **i**n **hormon**es **fo**r **reproducti**on, **grow**th, **metaboli**sm **an**d **stre**ss **adaptati**on. **Th**e **stu**dy **suggest**ed **tha**t **huma**ns **hav**e a **circannu**al **clo**ck **tha**t **ca**n **kee**p **tra**ck **o**f **th**e **seaso**ns, **regulati**ng **hormon**es **bas**ed **o**n **th**e **seaso**ns. **Th**e **observ**ed **chang**es **wer**e **i**n **th**e **hormon**es, **cortis**ol, **ACT**H, **T**3, **T**4, **TS**H, **estradi**ol, **testostero**ne, **L**H, **FS**H, **G**H, **IG**F-1 **an**d **prolact**in.

### **Fasti**ng **duri**ng **spri**ng

**D**r **Françoi**se **Wilhel**mi **d**e **Tole**do **mentio**ns **i**n **a**n **intervi**ew **wit**h **Buching**er **Wilhel**mi **fasti**ng **institu**te, **abo**ut **th**e **effe**ct **tha**t **fasti**ng **ha**s **o**n **spri**ng **allergi**es. **Sh**e **use**s **fasti**ng **t**o **resol**ve **a**n **aller**gy **t**o **bir**ch **poll**en **duri**ng **Apr**il (**Wilhel**mi 2021).  
  
**The**re **i**s **als**o **fasti**ng **incorporat**ed **i**n **th**e **maj**or **religio**ns. **Bot**h **Christiani**ty **an**d **Isl**am **hav**e **the**ir **maj**or **fas**ts **usual**ly **betwe**en **Mar**ch **an**d **Ma**y. **Judai**sm **use**s **fasti**ng **mor**e **spre**ad **ou**t **througho**ut **th**e **yea**r (**Wikiped**ia 2021).

### **Fasti**ng **i**n **Ancie**nt **Gree**ce

**I**n **Ancie**nt **Gree**ce, **fasti**ng **wa**s **mea**nt **t**o **prepa**re **athlet**es’ **bodi**es **fo**r **physic**al **traini**ng **ahe**ad **o**f **th**e **Olymp**ic **Gam**es. **I**t **wa**s **als**o a **mea**ns **o**f **developi**ng **intelligen**ce **an**d **heal**th (**Alimentari**um 2016).  
  
"**Everyo**ne **ha**s a **physici**an **insi**de **hi**m **o**r **he**r; **w**e **jus**t **hav**e **t**o **hel**p **i**t **i**n **it**s **wor**k. **Th**e **natur**al **heali**ng **for**ce **with**in **eac**h **on**e **o**f **u**s **i**s **th**e **greate**st **for**ce **i**n **getti**ng **wel**l. **Ou**r **foo**d **shou**ld **b**e **ou**r **medici**ne. **Ou**r **medici**ne **shou**ld **b**e **ou**r **foo**d. **Bu**t **t**o **ea**t **whe**n **yo**u **ar**e **sic**k **i**s **t**o **fee**d **you**r **sickne**ss" - **Hippocrat**es (**Osbo**rn 2007).

### **Autopha**gy

**Autopha**gy **wa**s **fir**st **measur**ed **b**y **Yoshino**ri **Ohsu**mi, **wh**o **wo**n **th**e **Nob**el **Pri**ze **i**n **Physiolo**gy **an**d **Medici**ne **i**n 2016, **whe**re **th**e **process**es **i**s **th**e **natur**al, **regulat**ed **mechani**sm **o**f **th**e **cel**l **tha**t **remov**es **unnecessa**ry **o**r **dysfunctio**nal **componen**ts. **Autopha**gy **i**s **prese**nt **i**n **differe**nt **stat**es **o**f **lif**e, **bu**t **mos**t **notab**ly **aft**er **aerob**ic **exerci**se **o**r **fasti**ng (**Wikiped**ia 2021). **Ber**g (2020) **mentio**ns **i**n **hi**s **tal**k **tha**t **h**e **recommen**ds **patien**ts **t**o **foll**ow a **consiste**nt **aerob**ic **exerci**se **regi**me **fo**r **th**e **benefi**ts **o**f **autopha**gy **an**d **heal**th. **Accordi**ng **t**o **Tramaz**zo (2019) **autopha**gy **wil**l **trigg**er **abo**ut 10 **hou**rs **fast**er **i**f **th**e **pers**on **i**s **alrea**dy **i**n **nutrition**al **ketosis/f**at **adapt**ed, **amplifyi**ng **it**s **effec**ts.  
  
**On**e **comm**on **misconcept**ion **i**s **tha**t **on**e **ha**s **t**o **b**e **i**n a **fast**ed **sta**te **fo**r **autopha**gy **t**o **sta**rt, **howev**er, **Chu**ng **an**d **Chu**ng (2019) **explor**ed **th**e **chang**es **o**f **th**e **prima**ry **autopha**gy-**relat**ed **gen**es **usi**ng **calor**ic **restricti**on. **The**y **fou**nd **tha**t **autopha**gy-**relat**ed **gen**es **i**n **huma**ns **wer**e **significan**tly **increas**ed **i**n **respon**se **t**o a **reducti**on **i**n **calori**es **b**y 30%.

### **Canc**er **an**d **fasti**ng

**I**n **hi**s **presentati**on **abo**ut **therapeut**ic **fasti**ng, **Fun**g (2016) **goe**s **int**o **deta**il **abo**ut **th**e **benefi**ts **o**f **fasti**ng **an**d **tha**t **th**e **mode**rn **hum**an **i**s **bui**lt **t**o **withsta**nd **repeat**ed **episod**es **whe**re **the**re **i**s **n**o **foo**d. **H**e **goe**s **ove**r **tha**t **i**n a **fast**ed **sta**te, **th**e **bod**y **increas**es **it**s **ener**gy **expenditu**re **an**d **cel**l **oxyg**en **availabili**ty **ove**r **fou**r **day**s **o**f **fasti**ng, **peaki**ng **a**t **da**y **thr**ee. **H**e **explai**ns **fasti**ng **a**s **th**e **wa**y **th**e **bod**y **clea**ns **ou**t **al**l **th**e **jun**k **tha**t **accumulat**es.  
  
**Lon**go (2016) **spea**ks **abo**ut **fasti**ng **an**d **ho**w **i**t **affec**ts **agi**ng **an**d **diseas**es. **H**e **di**d **som**e **resear**ch **o**n **insul**in **an**d **IG**F-1 **whe**re **h**e **investigat**ed **mic**e **wit**h a **deficien**cy **i**n **IG**F-1 **recepto**rs, **resulti**ng **i**n a 50% **reducti**on **i**n **th**e **mic**e' **actu**al **siz**e **compar**ed **t**o **norm**al **mic**e. **H**e **fou**nd **tha**t **the**y **liv**e **a**t **lea**st 40% **long**er **compar**ed **t**o **norm**al **mic**e. **Alongsi**de **wit**h **th**e **findi**ng **tha**t **the**y **nev**er **devel**op **an**y **diseas**es, **compar**ed **t**o 10% **o**f **norm**al **mic**e. **H**e **als**o **sho**ws **hi**s **resear**ch **fro**m **UCL**A **whe**re **the**y **wou**ld **star**ve **wor**ms, **bacter**ia **an**d **yea**st, **an**d **th**e **outco**me **wa**s **tha**t **i**f **yo**u **swit**ch **the**m **fro**m a **lo**t **o**f **nutrien**ts **t**o **onl**y **wat**er, **the**y **wou**ld **liv**e **muc**h **long**er. **Anoth**er **referen**ce **o**f **thi**s **i**s **fro**m **Che**ng **e**t **a**l. (2014) **whe**re **the**y **fou**nd **tha**t **prolong**ed **fasti**ng **reduc**es **IG**F-1 **an**d **promot**es **hematopoie**tic-**ste**m-**cel**l-**bas**ed **regenerati**on **an**d **rever**se **immunosuppress**ion. **Brandhor**st (2015) **di**d a **stu**dy **o**n a **period**ic **fasti**ng **die**t **an**d **fou**nd **tha**t **mic**e **o**n **thi**s **die**t **wou**ld **hav**e **a**n **almo**st **halv**ed **canc**er **rat**e, **an**d **the**y **wou**ld **experien**ce **canc**er **onl**y **i**n **the**ir **lat**er **stag**es **o**f **lif**e **an**d **th**e **majori**ty **o**f **tumo**rs **wa**s **benigna**nt, **compar**ed **t**o **th**e **contr**ol **gro**up **whe**re **the**y **wou**ld **hav**e **i**t **fro**m **ear**ly **stag**es **i**n **lif**e **an**d **majori**ty **wa**s **maligna**nt.

**Sincla**ir (2019) **spea**ks **o**f **hi**s **resear**ch **i**n **ant**i-**agi**ng **a**t **Goog**le. **Hi**s **techniqu**es **goe**s **arou**nd **th**e **top**ic **o**f **epigeno**me **manipulati**on **an**d **th**e **preventi**on **o**f **agi**ng, **thi**s **wil**l **i**n **tur**n **preve**nt **eve**ry **disea**se **tha**t **cou**ld **b**e **ag**e **relat**ed, **includi**ng **ris**k **fo**r **developi**ng **canc**er. **H**e **lat**er **mentio**ns **tha**t a **natur**al **wa**y **t**o **manipula**te **you**r **epigeno**me **i**s **t**o **ea**t **les**s **frequent**ly, **an**d **h**e **i**s **current**ly **followi**ng **a**n **intermitte**nt **fasti**ng **regi**me. **H**e **als**o **answe**rs a **questi**on **fro**m **th**e **audien**ce **o**n **insul**in **an**d **agi**ng **whe**re **h**e **conclud**es **tha**t **agi**ng **i**s a **dire**ct **correlat**or **wit**h **hig**h **insul**in **an**d **blo**od-**gluco**se **leve**ls. **Als**o **the**re **i**s **a**n **importa**nt **epigeno**me **pathw**ay-**chemic**al **call**ed **nicotinami**de **mononucleot**ide (**NM**N) **whi**ch **i**s **correlat**ed **wit**h **ner**ve **heal**th **an**d **epigeno**me **repairi**ng. **Mil**ls **e**t **a**l. (2017) **writ**es **i**n a **pap**er **tha**t **NM**N **occu**rs **natural**ly **i**n **differe**nt **typ**es **o**f **foo**d **suc**h **a**s: **edama**me, **brocco**li, **cucumb**er **see**d, **cucumb**er **pee**l, **cabba**ge, **avoca**do, **toma**to, **mushro**om, **ra**w **bee**f **an**d **shri**mp. **Al**l **o**f **whi**ch **ar**e **lo**w **i**n **carbohydra**tes.  
  
**Mokhta**ri **e**t **a**l. (2017) **fou**nd **tha**t **som**e **pla**nt **foo**ds **conta**in **sulforapha**ne, a **compou**nd **tha**t **i**s **abl**e **t**o **specifical**ly **targ**et **canc**er **cel**ls **t**o **indu**ce **apoptos**is (**programm**ed **cel**l **dea**th). **Th**e **pla**nt **foo**ds **inclu**de: **brocco**li **sprou**ts, **brocco**li, **cauliflow**er, **kal**e, **brusse**ls **sprou**ts, **cabba**ge **an**d **bo**k **cho**y. **Al**l **o**f **whi**ch **ar**e **lo**w **i**n **carbohydra**tes.  
  
**L**i (2014) **ha**s a **lis**t **o**f **ant**i-**angiogen**ic **foo**ds. **Som**e **o**f **the**m **ar**e: **gre**en **te**a, **strawberri**es, **blackberri**es, **raspberri**es, **orang**es, **bo**k **cho**y, **kal**e, **ginse**ng, **maita**ke **mushro**om, **licori**ce, **turmer**ic, **artichok**es, **lavend**er, **pumpk**in, **tun**a, **parsl**ey, **garl**ic, **toma**to, **oli**ve **oi**l **an**d **dar**k **chocola**te. **Al**l **o**f **whi**ch **ar**e **lo**w **i**n **carbohydra**tes.

### **Canc**er **an**d **calor**ic **restricti**on

**Calor**ic **restricti**on **ha**s **lon**g **bee**n **use**d **a**s a **measu**re **fo**r **peop**le **t**o **los**e **weig**ht, **bu**t **the**re **ar**e **als**o **applianc**es **again**st **disea**se. O’**Flanag**an **e**t **a**l. (2017) **explor**ed **th**e **effec**ts **tha**t **calor**ie **restricti**on **ha**s **o**n **canc**er **patien**ts. **The**ir **specificat**ion **wa**s **t**o **low**er **th**e **patien**ts' **calor**ic **inta**ke **b**y 30%, **witho**ut **th**e **incurren**ce **o**f **malnutriti**on. **The**ir **dat**a **sugge**st **tha**t **calor**ic **restricti**on **act**s **again**st **inflammati**on, **angiogenes**is, **insul**in **an**d **IG**F-1. **The**y **als**o **menti**on **tha**t a 30% **reducti**on **i**n **calori**es **i**n **mic**e, **display**ed **a**n **overa**ll 75.5% **reducti**on **i**n **tum**or **inciden**ce. **The**y **speculat**ed **tha**t **calor**ic **restricti**on **combin**ed **wit**h a **ketogen**ic **die**t, **wou**ld **probab**ly **increa**se **tha**t **numb**er.

## **Discussi**on

### **Th**e **Paleolith**ic **die**t

**Th**e **Paleolith**ic **die**t **i**s **wel**l **kno**wn **i**n **th**e **literatu**re **t**o **b**e a **cle**ar **replica**te **o**f **ou**r **ancesto**rs' **die**t. **Th**e **die**t **consis**ts **o**f **fre**sh **lea**n **mea**ts, **fis**h, **shellfi**sh, **egg**s, **nut**s, **see**ds, **frui**ts, **berri**es, **vegetabl**es **an**d **sma**ll **amoun**ts **o**f **hon**ey (**Chal**la **e**t **a**l. 2021). **Thi**s **die**t **breakdo**wn **wou**ld **b**e **lo**w **i**n **carbohydra**tes **exce**pt **fo**r **som**e **spar**se **tim**es **o**f **th**e **yea**r, **probab**ly **i**n **summ**er **whe**n **certa**in **frui**ts **an**d **hon**ey **wa**s **availab**le. **Followi**ng **thi**s **die**t, **pair**ed **wit**h **regul**ar **exerci**se **an**d **fasti**ng, **wou**ld **lea**ve **an**y **individu**al **i**n **ketos**is **fo**r **mor**e **o**r **les**s **the**ir **enti**re **lif**e. **Th**e **Paleolith**ic **er**a **last**ed **fro**m 2.5 **milli**on **yea**rs **ag**o **unt**il 9000 **yea**rs **ag**o, **whe**n **w**e **switch**ed **t**o **a**n **insul**in **spiki**ng, **carbohydra**te **bas**ed **die**t (**Wikiped**ia 2022).  
  
**Chal**la **e**t **a**l. (2021) **mentio**ns **tha**t **th**e **Paleolith**ic **die**t **probab**ly **wa**s **ver**y **dependa**nt **o**n **availab**le **foo**d **i**n **th**e **environme**nt, **suc**h **a**s a **fe**w **Nord**ic **trib**es **wer**e **onl**y **consumi**ng **fis**h **an**d **oth**er **seafo**od. **Fal**l **o**f **Civilizati**ons (2020) **explai**ns **i**n a **documenta**ry **abo**ut **ho**w **th**e **Greenla**nd **Vikin**gs **cam**e **t**o **b**e, **an**d **ho**w **the**y **liv**ed. **It**'s **describ**ed **tha**t **the**y **liv**ed **o**n **a**n **extreme**ly **restricti**ve **die**t, **sin**ce **nothi**ng **gre**w **o**n **Greenla**nd. **Mos**t **o**f **the**ir **die**t **consist**ed **o**f **fis**h **an**d **sea**l.  
  
**I**n a **stu**dy **wit**h 30 183 **participan**ts, **Whal**en **e**t **a**l. (2017) **investigat**ed **th**e **impa**ct **o**f **th**e **Paleolith**ic **an**d **Mediterran**ean **die**t **ha**d **o**n **al**l-**cau**se **mortali**ty. **The**y **fou**nd **tha**t **bot**h **die**ts **wa**s **associat**ed **wit**h **low**er **ris**k **o**f **al**l-**cau**se, **cardiovascu**lar, **canc**er, **an**d **oth**er **mortali**ty.  
  
**Sebasti**an **e**t **a**l. (2002) **explai**ns **tha**t **natur**al **selecti**on **ha**s **ha**d < 1% **o**f **evolutiona**ry **tim**e **t**o **ada**pt **t**o **ou**r **ne**w **mode**rn **die**t **fro**m **th**e **adve**nt **o**f **agricultu**re. **The**y **als**o **measur**ed **th**e **differen**ce **i**n **aci**d **ne**t **loa**d **o**f **th**e **Paleolith**ic **die**t **compar**ed **t**o **th**e **weste**rn **die**t **an**d **fou**nd a **mismat**ch **betwe**en **th**e **nutrie**nt **compositi**on **o**f **th**e **die**ts **an**d **genetical**ly **determin**ed **nutrition**al **requiremen**ts.  
  
A **releva**nt **citati**on **fro**m **Coff**ey (2001): "**Hom**o **sapie**ns **evolv**ed **onl**y **abo**ut 150000 **yea**rs **ag**o, **an**d **onl**y **i**n **th**e **las**t 10% **o**f **tha**t **tim**e (10 **t**o 15 **thousa**nd **yea**rs **ag**o) **di**d **huma**ns **an**d **dog**s **dramatical**ly **alt**er **the**ir **die**ts. **Thi**s **i**s **th**e **tim**e **whe**n **huma**ns **domesticat**ed **th**e **do**g, **bre**d **anima**ls, **gre**w **cro**ps, **an**d **cook**ed, **process**ed, **an**d **stor**ed **mea**ts **an**d **vegetabl**es. **Al**l **curre**nt **epidemiolo**gic **eviden**ce **an**d **suggestio**ns **fo**r **preventi**ng **prosta**te **an**d **brea**st **canc**er **i**n **huma**ns **indicat**es **tha**t **w**e **shou**ld **retu**rn **t**o **th**e **origin**al **die**ts **und**er **whi**ch **ou**r **ancesto**rs **evolv**ed."

### **Th**e **carnivo**re **die**t

**M**y **ide**a **her**e **wa**s **tha**t **peop**le **wh**o **liv**ed **i**n **th**e **nor**th, **whe**re **winte**rs **wer**e **har**sh, **wou**ld **probab**ly **no**t **ea**t **an**y **vegetabl**es **duri**ng **th**e **lon**g **winte**rs, **becau**se **nothi**ng **gre**w. **W**e **kno**w **tha**t **peop**le **stock**ed **u**p **o**n **foo**d, **bu**t **wha**t **wou**ld **the**y **d**o **i**f **th**e **foo**d **wou**ld **peri**sh, **the**y **the**n **wou**ld **hav**e **t**o **fin**d **foo**d **loc**al **t**o **th**e **environme**nt. **Wha**t **i**s **interesti**ng **abo**ut **thi**s **i**s **tha**t **carbohydra**tes **ar**e **onl**y **prevale**nt **i**n **certa**in **vegetabl**es, **an**d a **pure**ly **carnivo**re **die**t **contai**ns **almo**st **n**o **carbohydra**tes. **Saladi**no (2020) **tal**ks **abo**ut **th**e **carnivo**re **die**t **an**d **ho**w **skelet**al **analys**is **o**f **ear**ly **huma**ns **show**ed **tha**t **the**y **wer**e **almo**st **exclusive**ly **carnivor**es. **H**e **als**o **confir**ms **tha**t **huma**ns **wou**ld **ea**t **bas**ed **o**n **the**ir **environme**nt, **an**d **tha**t **th**e **vegetabl**es **tod**ay **look**ed **nothi**ng **lik**e **the**y **di**d **fo**r **th**e **ear**ly **huma**ns. **H**e **mentio**ns **tha**t **th**e **domesticat**ion **o**f **popul**ar **vegetabl**es **hav**e **result**ed **i**n **favori**ng **th**e **lea**st **tox**ic, **th**e **highe**st **yieldi**ng **an**d **highe**st **calor**ic **versi**on **o**f **tha**t **pla**nt. **An**d **tha**t **th**e **availabili**ty **o**f **plan**ts **wa**s **nowhe**re **nea**r **a**s **the**y **ar**e **tod**ay. **M**y **though**ts **o**n **thi**s **i**s **tha**t **huma**ns **probab**ly **liv**ed **main**ly **o**n a **carnivo**re **bas**ed **die**t, **wit**h a **sma**ll **amou**nt **o**f **plan**ts **an**d **carbohydra**tes, **consum**ed **i**n a **supplement**ary **wa**y. **Tha**t **wou**ld **expla**in **th**e **qui**ck **ener**gy **reacti**on **th**e **bod**y **ha**s **t**o **carbohydra**tes.  
  
A **rece**nt **stu**dy **fro**m **Lenne**rz (2021) **sho**ws **sel**f **report**ed **eviden**ce **fro**m **peop**le **followi**ng **th**e **carnivo**re **die**t **fo**r **a**t **lea**st 6 **mont**hs. **The**y **conclud**ed **tha**t **adul**ts **consumi**ng a **carnivo**re **die**t **experienc**ed **fe**w **adver**se **effec**ts **an**d **inste**ad **report**ed **heal**th **benefi**ts **an**d **hig**h **satisfacti**on.  
  
**A**s **th**e **bas**is **o**f **m**y **theo**ry **i**s **tha**t **yo**u **shou**ld **ent**er a **ketogen**ic **die**t **duri**ng **wint**er **an**d **als**o **d**o **sessio**ns **o**f **fasti**ng, **Saladi**no (2020) **brin**gs **u**p a **fe**w **studi**es **whe**re **the**y **observ**ed a **decrea**se **i**n **oxidati**ve **stre**ss **whe**n **peop**le **enter**ed a **carnivo**re **die**t. **Thi**s **cou**ld **b**e **connect**ed **t**o **eith**er **th**e **benefi**ts **o**f **th**e **ketogen**ic **o**r **th**e **carnivo**re **die**t, **howev**er, I **thi**nk **tha**t **the**y **ar**e **ver**y **simil**ar.

### **Wh**y **pla**nt **bas**ed **die**ts **wor**k

**Pla**nt **bas**ed **die**ts **hav**e **bee**n **prov**en **i**n **th**e **literatu**re **t**o **redu**ce **ris**k **fo**r **al**l **cau**se **mortali**ty **an**d **diseas**es **suc**h **a**s **canc**er **o**r **cardiovascu**lar **disea**se. **Din**u **e**t **a**l. (2017) **conclud**ed **i**n a **stu**dy **tha**t a **veg**an **die**t **result**ed **i**n a **decrea**se (**\-1**5%) **i**n **tot**al **canc**er **inciden**ce **rat**e. **Xia**o **e**t **a**l. (2016) **not**ed **tha**t **dieta**ry **leuci**ne **deprivati**on **show**ed **significa**nt **resul**ts **i**n **tum**or **reducti**on **o**f **brea**st, **ski**n, **lun**g **an**d **ovari**an **canc**er. **Leuci**ne **i**s **mos**t **prevale**nt **i**n a **mea**t, **an**d **natural**ly **low**er **i**n a **pla**nt **bas**ed **die**t. **Howev**er, **Xia**o **e**t **a**l. **contr**ol **die**t **wa**s **hig**h **i**n **leuci**ne **an**d **carbohydra**tes. A **die**t **wit**h **fa**t **inste**ad **o**f **carbohydra**tes **wou**ld **probab**ly **giv**e **differe**nt **resul**ts.  
  
**M**y **theo**ry **o**n **wh**y **pla**nt **bas**ed **die**ts **resu**lt **i**n a **reduc**ed **ris**k **fo**r **canc**er **i**s **th**e **probl**em **wit**h **digesti**ng **pla**nt **bas**ed **foo**d. **Ciur**is **e**t **a**l. (2019) **goe**s **ove**r **th**e **Digestib**le **Indispensa**ble **Ami**no **Aci**d **Sco**re (**DIA**AS) **o**f **pla**nt **an**d **anim**al **foo**ds. **The**y **fou**nd **tha**t **availab**le **prote**in **fo**r **athlet**es **followi**ng a **vegetari**an **die**t, **i**n **som**e **cas**es, **cou**ld **b**e **reduc**ed **b**y 43%, **als**o **support**ed **b**y **Mough**an (2021) **an**d **Herrem**an **e**t **a**l. (2020). **Possib**ly **i**n a **poor**ly **plann**ed **vegetari**an **die**t, **sin**ce **mixi**ng **differe**nt **prote**in **cou**ld **increa**se **th**e **prote**in **availabili**ty. **W**e **kno**w **tha**t **prote**in **an**d **carbohydra**tes **increa**se **IG**F-1, **whi**ch **stimulat**es **canc**er **grow**th **an**d **agi**ng (**Larss**on **e**t **a**l. 2005). **W**e **als**o **kno**w **fro**m O’**Flanag**an **e**t **a**l. (2017) **tha**t a 30% **reducti**on **i**n **calori**es **lea**ds **t**o a **reducti**on (**\-75**.5%) **o**f **canc**er **inciden**ce, I **belie**ve **tha**t **th**e **low**er **nutrition**al **availabili**ty **i**n **pla**nt **foo**ds **i**s **wha**t **mak**es **i**t **inherent**ly **calor**ic **restrict**ed.

### **Bra**in **developme**nt

**Howev**er, **pla**nt **bas**ed **die**ts **d**o **no**t **com**e **witho**ut **drawbac**ks. **Saladi**no (2020) **tal**ks **abo**ut **ho**w **hum**an **bra**in **siz**e **ha**s **bee**n **reduc**ed **sin**ce **th**e **adve**nt **o**f **agricultu**re **an**d **h**e **presen**ts **eviden**ce **tha**t **wha**t **result**ed **i**n **ou**r **ancesto**rs **initi**al **tripli**ng **o**f **bra**in **siz**e **wa**s **th**e **adve**nt **o**f **hunti**ng **an**d **a**n **increa**se **i**n **nutrie**nt **ric**h **anim**al **foo**ds **i**n a **carnivo**re **die**t. **H**e **brin**gs **u**p **eviden**ce **tha**t **huma**ns, **arou**nd 14000-12000 **yea**rs **ag**o, **sa**w a **decrea**se **i**n **avera**ge **heig**ht, **bra**in **siz**e **an**d **a**n **increa**se **i**n **diseas**es. **Caus**ed **b**y **iro**n **deficien**cy, **vitam**in **inabili**ty **fro**m a **decrea**se **i**n **fa**t **consumpti**on. **Thi**s **result**ed **i**n **poo**r **immu**ne **functi**on, **poo**r **wou**nd **heali**ng **an**d **increas**ed **rat**e **o**f **infectio**ns. **Als**o **support**ed **b**y **Desmo**nd **e**t **a**l. (2021).  
  
**Boswor**th (2019) **tal**ks **abo**ut **ho**w **keton**es **ar**e a **superi**or **fue**l **fo**r **th**e **bra**in **an**d **ho**w a **sma**ll **supplementat**ion **o**f **Medi**um-**Cha**in **Triglyceri**de (**MC**T) **oi**l **i**n a **no**n-**ketogen**ic **die**t, **wou**ld **increa**se **th**e **leve**ls **o**f **keton**es **i**n **th**e **blo**od **an**d **i**n **ter**m **lea**d **t**o **a**n **increas**ed **engageme**nt **o**f **al**l **bra**in **cel**ls. **Thi**s **wa**s **mos**t **not**ed **i**n **old**er **patien**ts **wit**h **low**er **bra**in **functi**on, **low**er **memo**ry **functi**on **o**r **alzheime**rs. **Sh**e **als**o **spea**ks **o**f **diseas**es **lik**e, **ADH**D, **parkinsso**ns, **epilep**sy, **depressi**on **a**s a **resu**lt **o**f **chron**ic **bra**in **swelli**ng **an**d **inflammati**on, **w**e **ca**n **probab**ly **assu**me **tha**t **thi**s **i**s **Harper**'s (2020) **axi**s **o**f **illne**ss **portray**ed **i**n **th**e **bra**in.  
  
I **als**o **rememb**er **seei**ng **som**e **sourc**es **tha**t **newbor**ns **hav**e a 70 **tim**es **high**er **blo**od-**keto**ne **lev**el **compar**ed **t**o **tho**se **i**n **gro**wn **huma**ns, **may**be **meani**ng **tha**t **it**'s **use**d **fo**r **bra**in **developme**nt **i**n **ear**ly **sta**ge **i**n **lif**e.  
  
**I**n **suppo**rt **fo**r **cogniti**on, **th**e **ancie**nt **Gre**ek **Pythagor**as, **fo**r **instan**ce, **fast**ed **fo**r 40 **day**s **befo**re **hi**s **exa**ms **a**t **th**e **famo**us **Alexandr**ia **Scho**ol. **Pythagor**as **notic**ed **suc**h **a**n **increa**se **i**n **lucidi**ty **an**d **physic**al **streng**th **tha**t **h**e **lat**er **prescrib**ed **fasti**ng **t**o **hi**s **pupi**ls (**Alimentari**um 2016).

### **Oth**er **diseas**es

**Harp**er (2020) **estimat**es **tha**t 70% **o**f **chron**ic **disea**se, **bu**t **mos**t **notab**ly, **cardiovascu**lar **disea**se, **canc**er, **diabet**es **an**d **alzheime**rs, **cou**ld **b**e **cur**ed **b**y **jus**t **breaki**ng **hi**s **axi**s **o**f **illne**ss. **No**w **th**e **questi**on **a**t **han**d, **ho**w **lon**g **shou**ld **yo**u **bre**ak **th**e **cyc**le **t**o **gai**n **th**e **benefi**ts? **Wel**l **i**n **Harper**'s **resear**ch **the**y **se**e a **chan**ge **i**n **canc**er **grow**th **an**d a **metabol**ic **chan**ge **i**n **jus**t **si**x **wee**ks, **s**o **i**f **yo**u **d**o **thi**s **u**p **t**o **si**x **mont**hs **eve**ry **wint**er I **wou**ld **assu**me **tha**t **i**t **ha**s **som**e **effe**ct. **Th**e **literatu**re **als**o **suppor**ts **thi**s, **Byr**ne **e**t **a**l. (2017) **fou**nd **tha**t **period**ic **die**t **brea**ks **wor**k **extreme**ly **wel**l **i**n a **scenar**io **o**f **weig**ht **los**s **witho**ut **musc**le **los**s **an**d **metabol**ic **slowdo**wn.  
  
**Wh**y **w**e **se**e **canc**er **i**n **childr**en **cou**ld **b**e **tha**t **ba**d **cel**l-**componen**ts **ar**e **inherit**ed **fro**m **th**e **moth**er. **Sin**ce **th**e **immu**ne **syste**ms t-**cel**ls **hav**e a **for**m **o**f **regist**er **t**o **rememb**er **diseas**es, **tha**t **wou**ld **resu**lt **i**n a **sor**t **o**f a **learni**ng **peri**od **fo**r **th**e **immu**ne **syst**em **t**o **slow**ly **ada**pt. **An**d **sin**ce **i**t **tak**es **sev**en **t**o **te**n **yea**rs **t**o **repla**ce **eve**ry **cel**l **i**n **one**'s **bod**y, **w**e **cou**ld **assu**me **tha**t **th**e **canc**er **caus**ed **i**n **childr**en **i**s **probab**ly **inherit**ed **fro**m **th**e **moth**er.  
  
**Mikhai**la **Peters**on (2022) **explai**ns **ho**w **sh**e **ha**d **liv**ed **wit**h **seve**re **arthrit**is, **ski**n **rash**es **an**d **depressi**on **fo**r **yea**rs. **Bu**t **al**l **diseas**es **wen**t **awa**y **aft**er a **fe**w **mont**hs **followi**ng a **carnivo**re **die**t.  
  
**Osbo**rn (2007) **discuss**es **th**e **univers**al **us**e **o**f **fasti**ng. "**Whe**n **a**n **anim**al, **suc**h **a**s a **do**g **o**r **ca**t, **i**s **sic**k, **it**s **natur**al **instin**ct **i**s **t**o **refu**se **foo**d. **Whe**n **th**e **cris**is **i**s **ove**r, **an**d **th**e **intern**al **heali**ng **wor**k **ha**s **bee**n **accomplish**ed, **th**e **appeti**te **wil**l **retu**rn **natural**ly, **o**f **it**s **ow**n **acco**rd. **Th**e **hum**an **organi**sm **als**o **ha**s a **fasti**ng **instin**ct, **jus**t **lik**e **tha**t **o**f **oth**er **anima**ls. **Evolutiona**ry **adaptati**on **ha**s **mad**e **ou**r **bodi**es **ver**y **efficie**nt **a**t **stori**ng **ener**gy **reserv**es, **an**d **drawi**ng **upo**n **the**m **whe**n **foo**d **suppli**es **ar**e **scar**ce. **Fasti**ng **i**s **a**s **ol**d **a**s **manki**nd, **perha**ps **eve**n **old**er. **A**s **fa**r **bac**k **a**s **historia**ns **ca**n **se**e, **me**n **hav**e **bee**n **fasti**ng **fo**r **on**e **reas**on **o**r **anoth**er. **I**t **see**ms **t**o **b**e a **univers**al **practi**ce".

### **Typ**e 1 **diabet**es

**Fette**rs **an**d **D**r. **Phil**is-**Tsimik**as (2020) **writ**es **abo**ut **healt**hy **blo**od-**gluco**se **leve**ls **whe**re **the**y **conclu**de **tha**t a **lev**el **abo**ve 10.0 **mmol**/L **i**s **abo**ve **norm**al **an**d **ca**n **cau**se **diabet**ic **sympto**ms **suc**h **a**s **freque**nt **urinati**on, **fatig**ue, **dr**y **o**r **itc**hy **ski**n, **feeli**ng **thirs**ty, **mor**e **freque**nt **infectio**ns **an**d **eati**ng **mor**e **foo**d **bu**t **no**t **gaini**ng **a**s **muc**h **weig**ht. **The**y **war**n **tha**t **hig**h **blo**od-**gluco**se **leve**ls **als**o **dama**ge **blo**od **vesse**ls **an**d **nerv**es **througho**ut **th**e **bod**y. **Sincla**ir (2019) **als**o **mentio**ns **tha**t **spik**es **i**n **blo**od-**gluco**se **an**d **insul**in (**t**o **comb**at **th**e **ris**e **i**n **blo**od-**gluco**se) **i**s **th**e **stronge**st **correlati**on **fo**r **agi**ng **an**d **ag**e **relat**ed **disea**se. **Typ**e 1 **diabet**es **ha**s **lon**g **bee**n **explain**ed **b**y **th**e **bod**y **attac**ks **itse**lf **b**y **mista**ke (**CD**C 2022), **howev**er, I **wan**t **t**o **specula**te **her**e **a**s **wel**l **wit**h **som**e **anecdot**al **eviden**ce **fro**m **experimen**ts **o**n **myse**lf. I **hav**e **bee**n **monitori**ng **m**y **blo**od-**gluco**se **an**d **insul**in **respon**se **fro**m **carbohydra**tes **wit**h a **FreeSty**le **lib**re **blo**od-**gluco**se **monit**or. **M**y **eati**ng **habi**ts **ar**e **on**e **mea**l a **da**y, **arou**nd 1800 **kca**l **an**d **n**o **carbohydra**tes. **Whe**n **fa**t **adapt**ed, **m**y **blo**od-**gluco**se **wou**ld **onl**y **increa**se (0.2-0.5 **mmol**/L) **marginal**ly **aft**er **tha**t **mea**l. **Switchi**ng **bac**k **t**o a **carbohydra**te **metaboli**sm **fo**r a **fe**w **day**s, I **wa**s **abl**e **t**o **spi**ke (6.0-7.0 **mmol**/L) **m**y **blo**od-**gluco**se, **o**n **avera**ge, **b**y **eati**ng **jus**t **100**g **o**f **carbohydra**tes, **reachi**ng 9.9 **mmol**/L. **Tha**t **i**s **mor**e **tha**n a **10**x **incea**se **i**n **blo**od-**gluco**se **an**d **probab**ly a **simil**ar **increa**se **i**n **insul**in **producti**on. I **thi**nk **it**'s **importa**nt **t**o **rememb**er **tha**t **you**r **body**'s **insul**in **syst**em **probab**ly **adapt**ed **ove**r 2.5 **milli**on **yea**rs **t**o **onl**y **hand**le **prote**in **i**n **mea**t, **an**d **n**o **carbohydra**tes. **I**f a **pers**on **the**n **star**ts **eati**ng a **weste**rn **die**t, **maxi**ng **ou**t **hi**s **o**r **her**s **blo**od-**gluco**se 3 **tim**es **pe**r **da**y, **the**re **oug**ht **t**o **b**e **complicati**ons. **M**y **theo**ry **fo**r **typ**e 1 **diabet**es **i**s **tha**t **th**e **immu**ne **syst**em **attac**ks **th**e **pancre**as, **assumi**ng **it**'s **compromis**ed **an**d **damag**ed **fo**r **produci**ng **10**x **insul**in **an**d **als**o **feedi**ng a **curre**nt **infecti**on, **destroyi**ng **i**t **a**s a **mechani**sm **fo**r **surviv**al.

### **Resistan**ce **traini**ng **an**d **permane**nt **mitochondr**ial **adaptati**on

**Groenneba**ek **an**d **Vissi**ng (2017) **writ**es **i**n **the**ir **pap**er **o**n **th**e **functi**on **o**f **permane**nt **adaptati**on **o**f **mitochondr**ia **i**n **th**e **skelet**al **musculatu**re **a**s a **respon**se **t**o **resistan**ce **traini**ng. **The**y **fou**nd **tha**t **resistan**ce **traini**ng **cou**ld **resu**lt **i**n a **permane**nt **increa**se **i**n **musc**le **mitochondr**ia, **wha**t **i**s **interesti**ng **abo**ut **thi**s **i**s **th**e **functi**on **i**t **cou**ld **hav**e **ha**d **o**n **ancie**nt **huma**ns. **Wha**t **w**e **kno**w **tod**ay **i**s **tha**t a **pers**on **wit**h **mor**e **mitochondr**ia **i**n **the**ir **skelet**al **musculatu**re **wil**l **respo**nd **fast**er **t**o **resistan**ce **traini**ng **an**d **hypertrop**hy, **rath**er **tha**n a **pers**on **wit**h **les**s **mitochondr**ia. **An**d **i**f **on**e **ca**n **permanent**ly **ada**pt **t**o **a**n **increa**se **o**f **mitochondr**ia, **an**d **the**n **sto**p **traini**ng **an**d **losi**ng **lea**n **musc**le **mas**s, **on**e **ca**n **the**n **rega**in **lea**n **musc**le **mas**s **fast**er **a**t a **lat**er **sta**ge **o**f **lif**e. **Wha**t **evolutiona**ry **routi**ne **wou**ld **hav**e **caus**ed **thi**s **adaptati**on? **Cou**ld **i**t **b**e **tha**t **ancie**nt **huma**ns **wou**ld **fas**t **duri**ng **th**e **wint**er **an**d **los**e **musc**le **mas**s, **tha**t **the**n **wou**ld **b**e **regain**ed **duri**ng **summ**er **whe**n **foo**d **wa**s **mor**e **abunda**nt? I **thi**nk **s**o.

### **Everythi**ng **i**s **cumulati**ve

**Lon**go (2016) **say**s **tha**t **mos**t **peop**le **ca**n **liv**e **witho**ut **foo**d **fo**r **si**x **mont**hs, **witho**ut **maj**or **preparati**on. **Thi**s **doe**s **inci**te **th**e **theo**ry **i**n **tha**t **huma**ns **ha**d **t**o **liv**e **wit**h **les**s **foo**d **fo**r a **leng**th **o**f a **wint**er. **Lon**go **als**o **say**s **tha**t **th**e **curre**nt **weste**rn **die**t, **wit**h a **hig**h **amou**nt **o**f **carbohydra**tes, **allo**ws **damag**ed **cel**ls **an**d **cel**l-**componen**ts **t**o **accumula**te. **Ekbe**rg (2021) **tal**ks **i**n **hi**s **vid**eo **tha**t **insul**in **resistan**ce **buil**ds **u**p **an**d **eventual**ly **becom**es "**chron**ic **stora**ge" **tha**t **lea**ds **t**o **diabet**es **an**d **disea**se. **M**y **stan**ce **her**e **i**s **tha**t **th**e **wint**er **wa**s **use**d **a**s **th**e **body**'s **cleani**ng **proce**ss **fo**r a **bui**ld **u**p **o**f **ba**d **cel**l-**componen**ts, **an**d **goi**ng **bac**k **t**o **tha**t **wa**y **o**f **livi**ng **wou**ld **tic**k **al**l **th**e **box**es **o**f **wha**t **ha**s **bee**n **stat**ed **abo**ve.  
  
**On**e **argume**nt **again**st **th**e **poi**nt I **mak**e, **tha**t **th**e **adve**nt **o**f **agricultu**re **i**s **th**e **cau**se **o**f **canc**er **o**f **th**e **dieta**ry **increa**se **o**f **carbohydra**tes, **i**s **th**e **ear**ly **deat**hs  
**o**f **ancie**nt **huma**ns. **Sin**ce **canc**er **i**s **cumulati**ve, **ear**ly **deat**hs **cou**ld **b**e **a**n **explanati**on **fo**r **it**s **lac**k **o**f **appearan**ce. **Howev**er, **th**e **discove**ry **o**f **th**e **Shanid**ar **Cav**e  
**sho**ws **fou**r **specime**ns **o**f **ancie**nt **Neandertha**ls, **whi**ch **wer**e **age**d **betwe**en 30-50. **The**y **ar**e **dat**ed **fro**m **arou**nd 65000-35000 **yea**rs **ag**o, **wel**l **befo**re **th**e **adve**nt **o**f **agricultu**re. **Thi**s **giv**es **som**e **ide**a **tha**t **ancie**nt **huma**ns **manag**ed **t**o **rea**ch **a**n **old**er **ag**e, **chi**ld **mortali**ty **mig**ht **b**e a **cau**se **fo**r **th**e **lo**w **avera**ge **ag**e (**Wikiped**ia 2021).

### **Th**e “**Metabol**ic **Wint**er” **Hypothes**is

**Croni**se **e**t **a**l. (2014) **ha**s **a**n **interesti**ng **hypothes**is **tha**t **foo**d **scarci**ty, **long**er **sle**ep **an**d **col**d **exposu**re **duri**ng **wint**er **i**s a **wa**y **t**o **remo**ve **obesi**ty **an**d **cardiometabo**lic **disea**se. **The**y **menti**on **tha**t **calor**ic **restricti**on **trigge**rs a **netwo**rk **o**f **gen**es **tha**t **evolv**ed **t**o **prote**ct **organis**ms **duri**ng **tim**es **o**f **foo**d **scarci**ty. **The**se **gen**es **ar**e **sho**wn **t**o **dow**n **regula**te **insul**in **an**d **IG**F-1 **an**d **relea**se **cellul**ar **energeti**cs, **sirtui**ns **an**d **defen**se **enzym**es. **The**se **enzym**es **pla**y a **bi**g **par**t **i**n **obesi**ty, **metabol**ic **syndro**me, **diabet**es, **canc**er, **inflammati**on, **an**d **cardiovascu**lar **disea**se. **Moreov**er, **som**e **o**f **the**se **enzym**es **als**o **promo**te **nonshiveri**ng **thermogene**sis, **whi**ch **wou**ld **increa**se **intern**al **hea**t **producti**on. **Croni**se **e**t **a**l. **als**o **tal**k **abo**ut **ho**w **increas**ed **sle**ep **i**n **coo**l **environmen**ts **an**d **lon**g **nigh**ts **o**f **wint**er **ma**y **wor**k **synergistica**lly **t**o **promo**te **th**e **conservati**on **o**f **valuab**le **calori**es.

### **Lon**g **ter**m **ketos**is

A **comm**on **misconcept**ion **abo**ut **th**e **ketogen**ic **die**t **i**s **tha**t **th**e **elevat**ed **keton**es **produc**ed **wil**l **eventual**ly **lea**d **t**o **ketoacidos**is, **whi**ch **i**s a **sta**te **whe**re **th**e **bod**y **can**'t **regula**te **th**e **blo**od-**keto**ne **lev**el, **resulti**ng **i**n **th**e **acidificat**ion **o**f **th**e **blo**od **an**d **dea**th. **Ekbe**rg (2019) **explai**ns **tha**t **thi**s **i**s **onl**y **prevale**nt **i**n **peop**le **witho**ut **th**e **abili**ty **t**o **crea**te **insul**in, **specifical**ly **i**n **diabeti**cs. **An**d **tha**t **nutrition**al **ketos**is **won**'t **lea**d **t**o **ketoacidos**is. **Howev**er, **Arsy**ad **e**t **a**l. (2020) **not**ed **tha**t **rat**s **fe**d a **hi**gh\-**f**at, **lo**w **prote**in **an**d **lo**w **carbohydra**te **die**t **show**ed a **slig**ht **increa**se **i**n **blo**od **acidi**ty **aft**er 60 (420 **hum**an **equivale**nt) **day**s. **Althou**gh **the**y **fou**nd **n**o **differen**ce **i**n **org**an **functi**on. A **Pal**eo **die**t, **fo**r **examp**le, **i**s **high**er **i**n **prote**in, **an**d **exce**ss **prote**in **i**s **convert**ed **t**o **gluco**se, **whi**ch **wou**ld **no**t **stimula**te **a**s **muc**h **blo**od-**keton**es **an**d **therefo**re **mig**ht **b**e **saf**er. **Bu**t **m**y **recommendat**ion **wou**ld **b**e **t**o **slight**ly **increa**se **carbohydra**te **inta**ke **duri**ng **lat**e **summ**er **t**o **ear**ly **wint**er, **t**o **le**t **th**e **bod**y **cyc**le. **A**n **assumpti**on **i**s **tha**t **ou**r **ancesto**rs **ha**d **a**n **increa**se **i**n **nut**s, **fru**it **an**d **hon**ey **duri**ng **tha**t **tim**e **o**f **th**e **yea**r. **Grundl**er **e**t **a**l. (2020) **stu**dy **o**n **lon**g **ter**m (10 **day**s) **fasti**ng **i**n **huma**ns **show**ed **a**n **increa**se **i**n **antioxida**nt **capaci**ty **an**d a **decrea**se **i**n **oxidati**ve **stre**ss. **Howev**er, **the**y **di**d **giv**e **th**e **subjec**ts 250 **kca**l **an**d **16**g **carbohydra**tes **i**n **th**e **for**m **o**f **hon**ey **pe**r **da**y, **whi**ch **wou**ld **probab**ly **decrea**se **blo**od-**keto**ne **leve**ls **slight**ly.

**Vitam**in C **i**s **als**o **a**n **interesti**ng **observati**on. **Lenne**rz **e**t **a**l. (2021) **fou**nd **tha**t **eve**n **wit**h **peop**le **consumi**ng <10% **dai**ly **recommend**ed **inta**ke, **n**o **deficien**cy **wa**s **eve**r **report**ed. **Thi**s **cou**ld **b**e **becau**se **o**f **th**e **lo**w **antioxida**nt **an**d **vitam**in C **nee**d **duri**ng **ketos**is, **compar**ed **t**o a **carbohydra**te **metaboli**sm (**Grundl**er **e**t **a**l. 2020).

### **Fasti**ng **i**n **rat**s **an**d **huma**ns

**Man**y **o**f **th**e **studi**es **mention**ed **i**n **thi**s **theo**ry **ar**e **usi**ng **mic**e **a**s **subjec**ts **fo**r **fasti**ng **tria**ls. **I**n **hi**s **pap**er, **Demetri**us (2005) **fou**nd **tha**t **mic**e **an**d **huma**ns **hav**e a **stro**ng **metabol**ic **homogenei**ty, **eve**n **i**n **specializ**ed **cel**ls **an**d **molecul**ar **mechanis**ms **tha**t **regula**te **grow**th, **replicati**on, **differentiat**ion **an**d **dea**th. **Demetri**us **als**o **measur**ed **th**e **differen**ce **i**n **bas**al **metabol**ic **rat**e **pe**r **gra**m **o**f **bod**y **weig**ht, **the**y **wer**e **o**n **avera**ge **sev**en **tim**es **fast**er **i**n **mic**e **compar**ed **t**o **huma**ns. **Knowi**ng **thi**s, **w**e **ca**n **bas**e **som**e **assumpti**on **i**n **th**e **differe**nt **lengt**hs **o**f **fasti**ng **interva**ls **t**o **app**ly **t**o **huma**ns, **bas**ed **o**n **th**e **studi**es **o**n **rat**s.

### **Fa**t **fuel**ed **mutatio**ns

**Accordi**ng **t**o **Xi**a **e**t **a**l. (2017), **the**re **exis**ts a **mutati**on **tha**t **equi**ps **th**e **canc**er **wit**h **th**e **abili**ty **t**o **prolifera**te **usi**ng **fa**t **a**s **fue**l. **Th**e **mutati**on **i**s **fou**nd **occurri**ng **i**n **ove**r 50% **o**f **melanom**as, 10% **o**f **colorect**al **canc**er, 5% **o**f **multip**le **myelo**ma **an**d 2% **o**f **leukem**ia. **Tha**t **i**s **rough**ly 0.004% **o**f **al**l **kno**wn **typ**es **o**f **canc**er. **Als**o **not**ed **b**y **Grabac**ka **e**t **a**l. (2020) **pap**er, **keton**es **d**o **no**t **direct**ly **inhib**it **th**e **proliferat**ion **o**f **melano**ma **an**d **glioblasto**ma **cel**ls. **Th**e **meth**od **tha**t **Xi**a **e**t **a**l. (2017) **use**d **wa**s **t**o **fee**d **mic**e a **hi**gh\-**f**at **die**t **an**d **injecti**on **o**f **acetoaceta**te **t**o **provi**de a **mor**e **acid**ic **environme**nt **t**o **enhan**ce **canc**er **proliferat**ion **potenti**al. **Thi**s **wil**l, **howev**er **elimina**te **th**e **biologic**al **functi**on **o**f **autopha**gy, **whi**ch **mig**ht **wor**k **again**st **th**e **canc**er. **Xi**a **e**t **a**l. **als**o **discuss**ed **tha**t **the**ir **tes**ts **wer**e **isolat**ed **an**d **tha**t **oth**er **bodi**ly **functio**ns **mig**ht **hav**e **a**n **impa**ct **o**n a **who**le-**organi**sm **lev**el. **Thi**s **i**s **support**ed **b**y **Antun**es **e**t **a**l. (2016), **whe**re **the**y **fou**nd **tha**t **fasti**ng **increas**es **th**e **sensitivi**ty **o**f **hum**an **melano**ma **cel**ls, **t**o **cisplat**in, **whi**ch **i**s a **typ**e **o**f **chemothera**py. **Grabac**ka **e**t **a**l. (2020) **als**o **menti**on **ho**w **melano**ma **cel**ls **tak**e **advanta**ge **o**f **loc**al **inflammati**on **fo**r **grow**th. **Thi**s **cou**ld **b**e **attribut**ed **t**o **th**e **reducti**on **o**f **inflammati**on **i**n **th**e **bod**y **duri**ng **fasti**ng. **Mokhta**ri **e**t **a**l. (2017) **als**o **writ**es **tha**t **sulforapha**ne **reduc**es **inflamati**on, **whi**ch **ca**n **possib**ly **assi**st **i**n **melano**ma **preventi**on. **Woo**lf **e**t **a**l. (2015) **als**o **not**ed a **reducti**on **i**n **inflammati**on **signali**ng **pathwa**ys **i**n **glio**ma **tumo**rs, **i**n **rat**s **tha**t **wer**e **fe**d a **ketogen**ic **die**t. O’**Flanag**an **e**t **a**l. (2017) **fou**nd **tha**t **calor**ic **restricti**on **reduc**es **system**ic **inflammati**on **a**s **wel**l.

### **Ski**n **biolo**gy

**Cho**i (2020) **writ**es **abo**ut **th**e **effe**ct **calor**ic **restricti**on **ha**s **o**n **ski**n **biolo**gy. **Cho**i **conclud**ed **tha**t **calor**ic **restricti**on **ha**s **benefici**al **effec**ts **o**n **ski**n **agi**ng, **wou**nd **repa**ir, **wrink**le **formati**on, **ste**m **maintenan**ce **an**d **carcinogeni**sis. **Du**e **t**o **th**e **sam**e **enzym**es **an**d **sirtui**ns **tha**t **Croni**se **e**t **a**l. (2014) **fou**nd **wa**s **bei**ng **releas**ed **a**s a **respon**se **t**o **foo**d **scarci**ty. **Tannenba**um **an**d **Silversto**ne (1949) **als**o **fou**nd **tha**t a **decrea**se **i**n **calor**ic **inta**ke **i**n **mic**e **result**ed **i**n a **decrea**se **i**n **methylcholanth**rene-**induc**ed **ski**n **tumo**rs **an**d **spontaneo**us **hepatom**as.  
  
**Well**er (2016) **discu**ss **th**e **nee**d **fo**r **adequa**te **su**n **exposu**re. **H**e **mentio**ns a **fe**w **studi**es **fro**m **Scandinav**ia **tha**t **sho**w a **dos**e-**depende**nt **fal**l **i**n **mortali**ty **wit**h **increas**ed **su**n-**seeki**ng **behavio**ur, **althou**gh **wit**h **high**er **ski**n **canc**er **incide**nt **rat**e. **Howev**er, **chron**ic **occupation**al **exposu**re **ma**y **b**e **protecti**ve. **Brenn**er **an**d **Heari**ng (2009) **confir**ms **thi**s **noti**on **tha**t **high**ly **pigment**ed **ski**n **i**s **profound**ly **protect**ed **fro**m **carcinogene**sis. **I**f **a**n **individu**al **i**s **overexpos**ed **i**n **stro**ng **sunlig**ht, **th**e **bod**y **respon**ds **wit**h **sunbu**rn. **Thi**s **i**s **damagi**ng **t**o **ski**n **DN**A **an**d **increa**se **th**e **chan**ce **o**f **ski**n **canc**er. **Brenn**er **an**d **Heari**ng **als**o **menti**on **a**n **individual**'s **melanogen**ic **potenti**al **whe**re **th**e **sam**e **wint**er-**spr**ing **fasti**ng **princip**le **ca**n **b**e **use**d **fo**r **su**n **exposu**re. **You**r **melanogen**ic **potenti**al **probab**ly **adapt**ed **ove**r **generatio**ns **t**o **specif**ic **sunlig**ht **conditio**ns **bas**ed **o**n **adequa**te **vitam**in D **absorpti**on **duri**ng **wint**er, **an**d **enou**gh **pigmentati**on **t**o **redu**ce **U**V **dama**ge **i**n **summ**er. **W**e **ca**n **als**o **assu**me **tha**t **a**n **introducti**on **t**o **sunlig**ht **duri**ng **spri**ng, **whe**n **th**e **ski**n **i**s **a**t **it**s **brighte**st, **i**s **cruci**al **fo**r **melan**in **bui**ld **u**p **an**d **protecti**on **fo**r **th**e **summ**er. **Th**e **probl**em **occu**rs **whe**n **w**e **ar**e **insi**de **duri**ng **spri**ng, **no**t **getti**ng **lo**w **U**V **ind**ex **exposu**re, **the**n **jum**p **ou**t **tanni**ng **a**t **hig**h **summ**er. **Yo**u **shou**ld **als**o **b**e **mindf**ul **o**f **you**r **genet**ic **melanogen**ic **potenti**al, **i**f **yo**u **hav**e **whi**te **ski**n **an**d **mov**e **t**o a **hig**h **U**V **ind**ex **are**a, **yo**u **wil**l **b**e **a**t **hig**h **ris**k **sin**ce **yo**u **genetical**ly **can**'t **ada**pt **fas**t **enou**gh. **Thi**s **mig**ht **b**e **wh**y **Austral**ia (**Canc**er **Counc**il 2022) **ha**s **high**er **rat**es **o**f **ski**n **canc**er.

**Wha**t **i**s **als**o **interesti**ng **i**s **tha**t **Samp**le **an**d **H**e (2017) **sho**w **tha**t **U**V **exposu**re **increas**es **autopha**gy **i**n **th**e **ski**n **a**s **a**n **immedia**te **respon**se **t**o **repa**ir **damag**ed **DN**A, **suppre**ss **tum**or **grow**th **an**d **remo**ve **oxidati**ve **stre**ss **protei**ns **an**d **lipi**ds. **Howev**er, **ski**n **canc**er **ca**n **als**o **for**m **o**n **ski**n, **no**t **usual**ly **expos**ed **t**o **th**e **su**n (**Hun**g 2022). **Whi**ch **cou**ld **sugge**st **tha**t **U**V **damag**ed **par**ts **spre**ad **througho**ut **th**e **ski**n **o**r **tha**t **the**re **i**s a **deficien**cy **o**f **loc**al **autopha**gy. A **hig**h **amou**nt **o**f **mol**es **i**s **als**o **a**n **indicat**or **o**f **ski**n **canc**er (**Hun**g 2022), **Ras**i **e**t **a**l. (2007) **sa**w a **positi**ve **correlati**on **betwe**en **th**e **tot**al **numb**er **o**f **ski**n **tag**s **an**d **th**e **mea**n **fasti**ng **plas**ma **gluco**se. **The**y **fou**nd **tha**t **patien**ts **wit**h 30 **o**r **mor**e **ski**n **tag**s **wer**e **a**t a **hig**h **ris**k **fo**r **impair**ed **carbohydra**te **metaboli**sm.

## **Summa**ry

**Th**e **curre**nt **lifesty**le **an**d **die**t **o**f **mode**rn **huma**ns **ar**e **no**t **sustainab**le, **giv**en **th**e **broug**ht **u**p **sourc**es, **w**e **cou**ld **probab**ly **benef**it **great**ly **a**s a **socie**ty **i**f **w**e **wer**e **t**o **foll**ow a **regi**me **o**f a **ketogen**ic **die**t **wit**h **calor**ic **restricti**on **an**d **fasti**ng **sessio**ns, **fo**r **si**x **mont**hs **o**f **th**e **yea**r, **probab**ly **duri**ng **wint**er **an**d **spri**ng. **Th**e **ke**y **par**t **abo**ut **th**e **ketogen**ic **die**t, **fasti**ng **an**d **calor**ic **restricti**on **i**s **tha**t **the**y **al**l **wor**k **synergistica**lly **an**d **amplifyi**ng **th**e **benefi**ts.  
  
**Fro**m **al**l **I'v**e **gather**ed, **the**re **shou**ld **no**t **b**e **an**y **proble**ms **fo**r a **pers**on **t**o **sta**rt **followi**ng **thi**s **techniq**ue, **howev**er, **humanity**'s **stronge**st **tra**it **i**s **th**e **abili**ty **t**o **ada**pt, **bu**t **tha**t **adaptati**on **mus**t **com**e **slow**ly. **S**o **i**f **yo**u **tr**y **t**o **imple**ment **thi**s **techniq**ue, **d**o **s**o **slow**ly **an**d **d**o **consu**lt **someo**ne **wit**h **knowled**ge **i**f **yo**u **hav**e **diabet**es **o**r **a**n **eati**ng **disord**er. **Otherwi**se, **hap**py **fasti**ng.

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[Starving cancer away](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6rSuJ2YheQ&ab_channel=TEDxTalks) | Sophia Lunt | 2016-04-15
[Long-term administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide mitigates age-associated physiological decline in mice](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5668137/) | Kathryn F. Mills, Shohei Yoshida, Liana R. Stein, Alessia Grozio, Shunsuke Kubota, Yo Sasaki, Philip Redpath, Marie E. Migaud, Rajendra S. Apte, Koji Uchida, Jun Yoshino and Shin-ichiro Imai | 2017-12-13
[The role of Sulforaphane in cancer chemoprevention and health benefits: a mini-review](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5842175/) | Reza Bayat Mokhtari, Narges Baluch, Tina S. Homayouni, Evgeniya Morgatskaya, Sushil Kumar, Parandis Kazemi and Herman Yeger | 2017-07-13
[Population protein intakes and food sustainability indices: The metrics matter](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211912421000572?via%3Dihub) | Paul J. Moughan | 2021-06-01
[Earliest hominin cancer: 1.7-million-year-old osteosarcoma from Swartkrans Cave, South Africa](https://sajs.co.za/article/view/3566) | Edward J. Odes, Patrick S. Randolph-Quinney, Maryna Steyn, Zach Throckmorton, Jacqueline S. Smilg,  Bernhard Zipfel, Tanya N. Augustine, Frikkie de Beer, Jakobus W. Hoffman, Ryan D. Franklin and Lee R. Berger | 2016-03-17
[When less may be more: calorie restriction and response to cancer therapy](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5442682/) | Ciara H. O’Flanagan, Laura A. Smith, Shannon B. McDonell and Stephen D. Hursting | 2017-05-24
[FASTING AND PURIFICATION](http://www.greekmedicine.net/hygiene/Fasting_and_Purification.html) | David K. Osborn | 2007
[TEDx Wouldn't Post This...](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ka9WBEijhk) | Mikhaila Peterson | 2022-02-13
[Ketone supplementation decreases tumor cell viability and prolongs survival of mice with metastatic cancer](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4235292/) | A. M. Poff, C. Ari, P. Arnold, T. N. Seyfried and D. P. D’Agostino | 2014-05-14
[Skin tag as a cutaneous marker for impaired carbohydrate metabolism: a case-control study](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17988334/) | Abbas Rasi, Razieh Soltani-Arabshahi and Nasim Shahbazi | 2007-11-02
[Cancer](https://ourworldindata.org/cancer) | Max Roser and Hannah Ritchie | 2015-06
[Dr. Paul Saladino - 'Debunking The Carnivore Diet'](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CsPSJ-dXqks&ab_channel=LowCarbDownUnder) | Paul Saladino | 2020-10-08
[Autophagy in UV damage response](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5466513/) | Ashley Sample and Yu-Ying He | 2017-01-27
[Oldest known case of metastasizing prostate carcinoma diagnosed in the skeleton of a 2,700-year-old Scythian king from Arzhan (Siberia, Russia)](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17918181/) | Michael Schultz, Hermann Parzinger, Dmitrij V. Posdnjakov, Tatjana A. Chikisheva and Tyede H. Schmidt-Schultz | 2007-12-15
[Estimation of the net acid load of the diet of ancestral preagricultural Homo sapiens and their hominid ancestors](https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/76/6/1308/4689578) | Anthony Sebastian, Lynda A. Frassetto, Deborah E. Sellmeyer, Renée L. Merriam and R. Curtis Morris Jr | 2002-12-01
[Why We Age and Why We Don't Have To - David Sinclair - Talks at Google](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nXop2lLDa4&ab_channel=TalksatGoogle) | David Sinclair | 2019-10-10
[The Influence of the Degree of Caloric Restriction on the Formation of Skin Tumors and Hepatomas in Mice](https://aacrjournals.org/cancerres/article/9/12/724/649210/The-Influence-of-the-Degree-of-Caloric-Restriction) | Albert Tannenbaum and Herbert Silverstone | 1949-12-01
[Hormone seasonality in medical records suggests circannual endocrine circuits](https://www.pnas.org/content/118/7/e2003926118) | Avichai Tendler, Alon Bar, Netta Mendelsohn-Cohen, Omer Karin, Yael Korem Kohanim, Lior Maimon, Tomer Milo, Moriya Raz, Avi Mayo, Amos Tanay and Uri Alon | 2021-02-16
[Fasting & Autophagy (Part 2) — How to Trigger & Maximize Autophagy](https://josephtramazzo.medium.com/autophagy-fasting-part-2-how-to-trigger-maximize-autophagy-78a137b787b7) | Joseph Tramazzo | 2019-07-25
[Sunlight Has Cardiovascular Benefits Independently of Vitamin D](https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/441266) | Richard B. Weller | 2016-01-15
[Paleolithic and Mediterranean Diet Pattern Scores Are Inversely Associated with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Adults](https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/147/4/612/4630425) | Kristine A. Whalen, Suzanne Judd, Marjorie L. McCullough, W. Dana Flanders, Terryl J. Hartman and Roberd M. Bostick | 2017-02-18
[Autophagy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autophagy) | Wikipedia | 2021-02-06
[Fasting](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting#Christianity) | Wikipedia | 2021-05-13
[Paleolithic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic) | Wikipedia | 2022-02-16
[Shanidar Cave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanidar_Cave) | Wikipedia | 2021-04-21
[ALL ABOUT FASTING - Q&A 10 (Longterm fasting vs. intermittent fasting) - Buchinger Wilhelmi](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pcXbruZcT_Q) | Buchinger Wilhelmi | 2021-03-12
[The Ketogenic Diet Alters the Hypoxic Response and Affects Expression of Proteins Associated with Angiogenesis, Invasive Potential and Vascular Permeability in a Mouse Glioma Model](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4470583/) | Eric C. Woolf, Kara L. Curley, Qingwei Liu, Gregory H. Turner, Julie A. Charlton, Mark C. Preul and Adrienne C. Scheck | 2015-06-17
[Prevention of Dietary-Fat-Fueled Ketogenesis Attenuates BRAF V600E Tumor Growth](https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(16)30643-X?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS155041311630643X%3Fshowall%3Dtrue) | Siyuan Xia, Ruiting Lin, Lingtao Jin, Liang Zhao, Hee-Bum Kang, Yaozhu Pan, Shuangping Liu, Guoqing Qian, Zhiyu Qian, Evmorfia Konstantakou, Baotong Zhang, Jin-Tang Dong, Young Rock Chung, Omar Abdel-Wahab, Taha Merghoub, Lu Zhou, Ragini R. Kudchadkar, David H. Lawson, Hanna J. Khoury, Fadlo R. Khuri, Lawrence H. Boise, Sagar Lonial, Benjamin H. Lee, Brian P. Pollack, Jack L. Arbiser, Jun Fan, Qun-Ying Lei and Jing Chen | 2017-02-07
[Leucine deprivation inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human breast cancer cells via fatty acid synthase](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5325395/) | Fei Xiao, Chunxia Wang, Hongkun Yin, Junjie Yu, Shanghai Chen, Jing Fang and Feifan Guo | 2016-08-26

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