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pgvector support for Java, Kotlin, Groovy, and Scala

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# pgvector-java

[pgvector](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector) support for Java, Kotlin, Groovy, and Scala

Supports [JDBC](https://jdbc.postgresql.org/), [Spring JDBC](https://docs.spring.io/spring-framework/docs/current/javadoc-api/org/springframework/jdbc/core/JdbcTemplate.html), [Groovy SQL](https://docs.groovy-lang.org/latest/html/documentation/sql-userguide.html), and [Slick](https://github.com/slick/slick)

[![Build Status](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-java/actions/workflows/build.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-java/actions)

## Getting Started

For Maven, add to `pom.xml` under `<dependencies>`:

```xml
<dependency>
    <groupId>com.pgvector</groupId>
    <artifactId>pgvector</artifactId>
    <version>0.1.6</version>
</dependency>
```

For sbt, add to `build.sbt`:

```sbt
libraryDependencies += "com.pgvector" % "pgvector" % "0.1.6"
```

For other build tools, see [this page](https://central.sonatype.com/artifact/com.pgvector/pgvector).

And follow the instructions for your database library:

- Java - [JDBC](#jdbc-java), [Spring JDBC](#spring-jdbc), [Hibernate](#hibernate), [R2DBC](#r2dbc)
- Kotlin - [JDBC](#jdbc-kotlin)
- Groovy - [JDBC](#jdbc-groovy), [Groovy SQL](#groovy-sql)
- Scala - [JDBC](#jdbc-scala), [Slick](#slick)

Or check out some examples:

- [Embeddings](examples/openai/src/main/java/com/example/Example.java) with OpenAI
- [Binary embeddings](examples/cohere/src/main/java/com/example/Example.java) with Cohere
- [Sentence embeddings](examples/djl/src/main/java/com/example/Example.java) with Deep Java Library
- [Hybrid search](examples/hybrid/src/main/java/com/example/Example.java) with Deep Java Library (Reciprocal Rank Fusion)
- [Sparse search](examples/sparse/src/main/java/com/example/Example.java) with Text Embeddings Inference
- [Extended-connectivity fingerprints](examples/cdk/src/main/java/com/example/Example.java) with the Chemistry Development Kit
- [Recommendations](examples/disco/src/main/java/com/example/Example.java) with Disco
- [Horizontal scaling](examples/citus/src/main/java/com/example/Example.java) with Citus
- [Bulk loading](examples/loading/src/main/java/com/example/Example.java) with `COPY`

## JDBC (Java)

Import the `PGvector` class

```java
import com.pgvector.PGvector;
```

Enable the extension

```java
Statement setupStmt = conn.createStatement();
setupStmt.executeUpdate("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector");
```

Register the types with your connection

```java
PGvector.registerTypes(conn);
```

Create a table

```java
Statement createStmt = conn.createStatement();
createStmt.executeUpdate("CREATE TABLE items (id bigserial PRIMARY KEY, embedding vector(3))");
```

Insert a vector

```java
PreparedStatement insertStmt = conn.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO items (embedding) VALUES (?)");
insertStmt.setObject(1, new PGvector(new float[] {1, 1, 1}));
insertStmt.executeUpdate();
```

Get the nearest neighbors

```java
PreparedStatement neighborStmt = conn.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <-> ? LIMIT 5");
neighborStmt.setObject(1, new PGvector(new float[] {1, 1, 1}));
ResultSet rs = neighborStmt.executeQuery();
while (rs.next()) {
    System.out.println((PGvector) rs.getObject("embedding"));
}
```

Add an approximate index

```java
Statement indexStmt = conn.createStatement();
indexStmt.executeUpdate("CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops)");
// or
indexStmt.executeUpdate("CREATE INDEX ON items USING ivfflat (embedding vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 100)");
```

Use `vector_ip_ops` for inner product and `vector_cosine_ops` for cosine distance

See a [full example](src/test/java/com/pgvector/JDBCJavaTest.java)

## Spring JDBC

Import the `PGvector` class

```java
import com.pgvector.PGvector;
```

Enable the extension

```java
jdbcTemplate.execute("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector");
```

Create a table

```java
jdbcTemplate.execute("CREATE TABLE items (id bigserial PRIMARY KEY, embedding vector(3))");
```

Insert a vector

```java
Object[] insertParams = new Object[] { new PGvector(new float[] {1, 1, 1}) };
jdbcTemplate.update("INSERT INTO items (embedding) VALUES (?)", insertParams);
```

Get the nearest neighbors

```java
Object[] neighborParams = new Object[] { new PGvector(new float[] {1, 1, 1}) };
List<Map<String, Object>> rows = jdbcTemplate.queryForList("SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <-> ? LIMIT 5", neighborParams);
for (Map row : rows) {
    System.out.println(row.get("embedding"));
}
```

Add an approximate index

```java
jdbcTemplate.execute("CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops)");
// or
jdbcTemplate.execute("CREATE INDEX ON items USING ivfflat (embedding vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 100)");
```

Use `vector_ip_ops` for inner product and `vector_cosine_ops` for cosine distance

See a [full example](src/test/java/com/pgvector/SpringJDBCTest.java)

## Hibernate

Hibernate 6.4+ has a [vector module](https://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/orm/6.4/userguide/html_single/Hibernate_User_Guide.html#vector-module) (use this instead of `com.pgvector.pgvector`).

For Maven, add to `pom.xml` under `<dependencies>`:

```xml
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.hibernate.orm</groupId>
    <artifactId>hibernate-vector</artifactId>
    <version>6.4.0.Final</version>
</dependency>
```

Define an entity

```java
import jakarta.persistence.*;
import org.hibernate.annotations.Array;
import org.hibernate.annotations.JdbcTypeCode;
import org.hibernate.type.SqlTypes;

@Entity
class Item {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue
    private Long id;

@Column
    @JdbcTypeCode(SqlTypes.VECTOR)
    @Array(length = 3) // dimensions
    private float[] embedding;

public void setEmbedding(float[] embedding) {
        this.embedding = embedding;
    }
}
```

Insert a vector

```java
Item item = new Item();
item.setEmbedding(new float[] {1, 1, 1});
entityManager.persist(item);
```

Get the nearest neighbors

```java
List<Item> items = entityManager
    .createQuery("FROM Item ORDER BY l2_distance(embedding, :embedding) LIMIT 5", Item.class)
    .setParameter("embedding", new float[] {1, 1, 1})
    .getResultList();
```

See a [full example](src/test/java/com/pgvector/HibernateTest.java)

## R2DBC

R2DBC PostgreSQL 1.0.3+ supports the [vector type](https://github.com/pgjdbc/r2dbc-postgresql#data-type-mapping) (use this instead of `com.pgvector.pgvector`).

For Maven, add to `pom.xml` under `<dependencies>`:

```xml
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.postgresql</groupId>
    <artifactId>r2dbc-postgresql</artifactId>
    <version>1.0.3.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
```

## JDBC (Kotlin)

Import the `PGvector` class

```kotlin
import com.pgvector.PGvector
```

Enable the extension

```kotlin
val setupStmt = conn.createStatement()
setupStmt.executeUpdate("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector")
```

Register the types with your connection

```kotlin
PGvector.registerTypes(conn)
```

Create a table

```kotlin
val createStmt = conn.createStatement()
createStmt.executeUpdate("CREATE TABLE items (id bigserial PRIMARY KEY, embedding vector(3))")
```

Insert a vector

```kotlin
val insertStmt = conn.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO items (embedding) VALUES (?)")
insertStmt.setObject(1, PGvector(floatArrayOf(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f)))
insertStmt.executeUpdate()
```

Get the nearest neighbors

```kotlin
val neighborStmt = conn.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <-> ? LIMIT 5")
neighborStmt.setObject(1, PGvector(floatArrayOf(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f)))
val rs = neighborStmt.executeQuery()
while (rs.next()) {
  println(rs.getObject("embedding") as PGvector?)
}
```

Add an approximate index

```kotlin
val indexStmt = conn.createStatement()
indexStmt.executeUpdate("CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops)")
// or
indexStmt.executeUpdate("CREATE INDEX ON items USING ivfflat (embedding vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 100)")
```

Use `vector_ip_ops` for inner product and `vector_cosine_ops` for cosine distance

See a [full example](src/test/kotlin/com/pgvector/JDBCKotlinTest.kt)

## JDBC (Groovy)

Import the `PGvector` class

```groovy
import com.pgvector.PGvector
```

Enable the extension

```groovy
def setupStmt = conn.createStatement()
setupStmt.executeUpdate("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector")
```

Register the types with your connection

```groovy
PGvector.registerTypes(conn)
```

Create a table

```groovy
def createStmt = conn.createStatement()
createStmt.executeUpdate("CREATE TABLE items (id bigserial PRIMARY KEY, embedding vector(3))")
```

Insert a vector

```groovy
def insertStmt = conn.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO items (embedding) VALUES (?)")
insertStmt.setObject(1, new PGvector([1, 1, 1] as float[]))
insertStmt.executeUpdate()
```

Get the nearest neighbors

```groovy
def neighborStmt = conn.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <-> ? LIMIT 5")
neighborStmt.setObject(1, new PGvector([1, 1, 1] as float[]))
def rs = neighborStmt.executeQuery()
while (rs.next()) {
    println((PGvector) rs.getObject("embedding"))
}
```

Add an approximate index

```groovy
def indexStmt = conn.createStatement()
indexStmt.executeUpdate("CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops)")
// or
indexStmt.executeUpdate("CREATE INDEX ON items USING ivfflat (embedding vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 100)")
```

Use `vector_ip_ops` for inner product and `vector_cosine_ops` for cosine distance

See a [full example](src/test/groovy/com/pgvector/JDBCGroovyTest.groovy)

## Groovy SQL

Import the `PGvector` class

```groovy
import com.pgvector.PGvector
```

Enable the extension

```groovy
sql.execute "CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector"
```

Create a table

```groovy
sql.execute "CREATE TABLE items (id bigserial PRIMARY KEY, embedding vector(3))"
```

Insert a vector

```groovy
def params = [new PGvector([1, 1, 1] as float[])]
sql.executeInsert "INSERT INTO items (embedding) VALUES (?)", params
```

Get the nearest neighbors

```groovy
def params = [new PGvector([1, 1, 1] as float[])]
sql.eachRow("SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <-> ? LIMIT 5", params) { row ->
    println row.embedding
}
```

Add an approximate index

```groovy
sql.execute "CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops)"
// or
sql.execute "CREATE INDEX ON items USING ivfflat (embedding vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 100)"
```

Use `vector_ip_ops` for inner product and `vector_cosine_ops` for cosine distance

See a [full example](src/test/groovy/com/pgvector/GroovySqlTest.groovy)

## JDBC (Scala)

Import the `PGvector` class

```scala
import com.pgvector.PGvector
```

Enable the extension

```java
val setupStmt = conn.createStatement()
setupStmt.executeUpdate("CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector")
```

Register the types with your connection

```scala
PGvector.registerTypes(conn)
```

Create a table

```scala
val createStmt = conn.createStatement()
createStmt.executeUpdate("CREATE TABLE items (id bigserial PRIMARY KEY, embedding vector(3))")
```

Insert a vector

```scala
val insertStmt = conn.prepareStatement("INSERT INTO items (embedding) VALUES (?)")
insertStmt.setObject(1, new PGvector(Array[Float](1, 1, 1)))
insertStmt.executeUpdate()
```

Get the nearest neighbors

```scala
val neighborStmt = conn.prepareStatement("SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <-> ? LIMIT 5")
neighborStmt.setObject(1, new PGvector(Array[Float](1, 1, 1)))
val rs = neighborStmt.executeQuery()
while (rs.next()) {
  println(rs.getObject("embedding").asInstanceOf[PGvector])
}
```

Add an approximate index

```scala
val indexStmt = conn.createStatement()
indexStmt.executeUpdate("CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops)")
// or
indexStmt.executeUpdate("CREATE INDEX ON items USING ivfflat (embedding vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 100)")
```

Use `vector_ip_ops` for inner product and `vector_cosine_ops` for cosine distance

See a [full example](src/test/scala/com/pgvector/JDBCScalaTest.scala)

## Slick

Import the `PGvector` class

```scala
import com.pgvector.PGvector
```

Enable the extension

```java
db.run(sqlu"CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS vector")
```

Add a vector column

```scala
class Items(tag: Tag) extends Table[(String)](tag, "items") {
  def embedding = column[String]("embedding", O.SqlType("vector(3)"))
  def * = (embedding)
}
```

Insert a vector

```scala
val embedding = new PGvector(Array[Float](1, 1, 1)).toString
db.run(sqlu"INSERT INTO items (embedding) VALUES ($embedding::vector)")
```

Get the nearest neighbors

```scala
val embedding = new PGvector(Array[Float](1, 1, 1)).toString
db.run(sql"SELECT * FROM items ORDER BY embedding <-> $embedding::vector LIMIT 5".as[(String)])
```

Add an approximate index

```scala
db.run(sqlu"CREATE INDEX ON items USING hnsw (embedding vector_l2_ops)")
// or
db.run(sqlu"CREATE INDEX ON items USING ivfflat (embedding vector_l2_ops) WITH (lists = 100)")
```

Use `vector_ip_ops` for inner product and `vector_cosine_ops` for cosine distance

See a [full example](src/test/scala/com/pgvector/SlickTest.scala)

## Reference

### Vectors

Create a vector from an array

```java
PGvector vec = new PGvector(new float[] {1, 2, 3});
```

Or a `List<T>`

```java
List<Float> list = List.of(Float.valueOf(1), Float.valueOf(2), Float.valueOf(3));
PGvector vec = new PGvector(list);
```

Get an array

```java
float[] arr = vec.toArray();
```

### Half Vectors

Create a half vector from an array

```java
PGhalfvec vec = new PGhalfvec(new float[] {1, 2, 3});
```

Or a `List<T>`

```java
List<Float> list = List.of(Float.valueOf(1), Float.valueOf(2), Float.valueOf(3));
PGhalfvec vec = new PGhalfvec(list);
```

Get an array

```java
float[] arr = vec.toArray();
```

### Binary Vectors

Create a binary vector from a byte array

```java
PGbit vec = new PGbit(new byte[] {(byte) 0b00000000, (byte) 0b11111111});
```

Or a boolean array

```java
PGbit vec = new PGbit(new boolean[] {true, false, true});
```

Or a string

```java
PGbit vec = new PGbit("101");
```

Get the length (number of bits)

```java
int length = vec.length();
```

Get a byte array

```java
byte[] bytes = vec.toByteArray();
```

Or a boolean array

```java
boolean[] bits = vec.toArray();
```

### Sparse Vectors

Create a sparse vector from an array

```java
PGsparsevec vec = new PGsparsevec(new float[] {1, 0, 2, 0, 3, 0});
```

Or a map of non-zero elements

```java
Map<Integer, Float> map = new HashMap<Integer, Float>();
map.put(Integer.valueOf(0), Float.valueOf(1));
map.put(Integer.valueOf(2), Float.valueOf(2));
map.put(Integer.valueOf(4), Float.valueOf(3));
PGsparsevec vec = new PGsparsevec(map, 6);
```

Note: Indices start at 0

Get the number of dimensions

```java
int dim = vec.getDimensions();
```

Get the indices of non-zero elements

```java
int[] indices = vec.getIndices();
```

Get the values of non-zero elements

```java
float[] values = vec.getValues();
```

Get an array

```java
float[] arr = vec.toArray();
```

## History

View the [changelog](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-java/blob/master/CHANGELOG.md)

## Contributing

Everyone is encouraged to help improve this project. Here are a few ways you can help:

- [Report bugs](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-java/issues)
- Fix bugs and [submit pull requests](https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-java/pulls)
- Write, clarify, or fix documentation
- Suggest or add new features

To get started with development:

```sh
git clone https://github.com/pgvector/pgvector-java.git
cd pgvector-java
createdb pgvector_java_test
mvn test
```

To run an example:

```sh
cd examples/loading
createdb pgvector_example
mvn package
java -jar target/example-jar-with-dependencies.jar
```

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