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dynq is an analytic query and data processing CLI tool for DynamoDB.

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# dynq

`dynq` is an analytic query and data processing CLI tool for DynamoDB. It uses [`jq`](https://jqlang.github.io/jq/)
filters to target, transform and/or aggregate items in a given table, and has a number of QoL features including
automatic pagination, table segmentation and index expansion.

![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/benward2301/dynq/main/docs/demo.gif)

### Contents

- [Installation](#installation)
  - [Linux and macOS](#linux-and-macos)
  - [Docker](#docker)
  - [Building from source](#building-from-source)
- [Starting out](#starting-out)
  - [The DVD rental database](#the-dvd-rental-database)
  - [Tips](#tips)
- [Options](#options)
  - [General](#general)
    - [-f, --from (table name)](#-f---from)
    - [-c, --concurrency (integer)](#-c---concurrency)
    - [-i, --index (index name)](#-i---index)
    - [-x, --expand](#-x---expand)
    - [-s, --select (projection expression)](#-s---select)
    - [-e, --stream](#-e---stream)
    - [--consistent-read](#--consistent-read)
    - [-E, --endpoint-url](#-e---endpoint-url)
    - [-p, --profile](#-p---profile)
    - [-r, --region](#-r---region)
  - [Selection filters](#selection-filters)
    - [-w, --where (jq filter)](#-w---where)
    - [-P, --partition-key (jq filter)](#-p---partition-key)
    - [-S, --sort-key (jq filter)](#-s---sort-key)
    - [-k, --start-key (jq filter)](#-k---start-key)
  - [Transformation filters](#transformation-filters)
    - [-t, --transform (jq filter)](#-t---transform)
    - [-T, --pretransform (jq filter)](#-t---pretransform)
    - [-a, --aggregate (jq filter)](#-a---aggregate)
    - [-u, --prune (jq filter)](#-u---prune)
  - [Limits](#limits)
    - [-l, --limit (integer)](#-l---limit)
    - [-L, --scan-limit (integer)](#-l---scan-limit)
    - [-Q, --request-limit (integer)](#-q---request-limit)
    - [-I, --items-per-request (integer)](#-i---items-per-request)
  - [Output flags](#output-flags)
    - [-o, --content-only](#-o---content-only)
    - [-O, --meta-only](#-o---meta-only)
    - [-U, --no-unmarshall](#-u---no-unmarshall)
    - [--quiet](#-q---quiet)
    - [-C, --colorize](#-c---colorize)
    - [-M, --monochrome](#-m---monochrome)
    - [-m, --compact](#-m---compact)
    - [-g, --rearrange-keys](#-g---rearrange-keys)
- [Examples](#examples)
  - [Get film 1](#get-film-1)
  - [Find a film with a G rating](#find-a-film-with-a-g-rating)
  - [Calculate total amount of payments in 2007-03](#calculate-total-amount-of-payments-in-2007-03)
  - [Calculate average payment amount](#calculate-average-payment-amount)
  - [Find the film with the longest length](#find-the-film-with-the-longest-length)
  - [Find the three films with the shortest length](#find-the-three-films-with-the-shortest-length)
  - [Count films by rating](#count-films-by-rating)
  - [Scan from rental 1](#scan-from-rental-1)
  - [Get films up to film 100](#get-films-up-to-film-100)
  - [Find all staff, customers and actors named Jon](#find-all-staff-customers-and-actors-named-jon)
  - [Save each item locally](#save-each-item-locally)
  - [Decode a binary attribute](#decode-a-binary-attribute)

## Installation

### Linux and macOS

Linux and macOS binaries can be downloaded from https://github.com/benward2301/dynq/releases.

### Docker

```shell
docker run -i --rm \
    --network=host \
    -v ~/.aws:/root/.aws:ro \
    -e AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=$AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID \
    -e AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=$AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY \
    -e AWS_REGION=$AWS_REGION \
  benward2301/dynq --version
```

You may wish to alias this command (omitting `--version`), or copy the [`docker/dynq`](docker/dynq) script to
somewhere on your path (e.g. `/usr/local/bin`).

###### PowerShell

```shell
docker run -i --rm `
    --network=host `
    -v $Env:USERPROFILE\.aws:/root/.aws:ro `
    -e AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=$Env:AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID `
    -e AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=$Env:AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY `
    -e AWS_REGION=$Env:AWS_REGION `
  benward2301/dynq --version
```

### Building from source

Requires [GraalVM](https://www.graalvm.org/downloads/) and [Maven](https://maven.apache.org/download.cgi).

```shell
git clone https://github.com/benward2301/dynq.git
cd dynq
mvn package -DskipTests 2>&1
target/dynq --version
```

## Starting out

### The DVD rental database

You can try `dynq` out using a local single-table conversion of the [PostgreSQL DVD rental sample database](docs/dvdrental-er.pdf):

```shell
docker run -d -p 8000:8000 benward2301/dynamodb-local-dvd-rental
sleep 2

# Can be omitted if you have AWS configured
export AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID=local
export AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY=local
export AWS_REGION=eu-west-2

dynq -E http://localhost:8000 -f dvd_rental -L 1
```

You can view the database schema with the AWS CLI:

```shell
aws dynamodb --endpoint-url http://localhost:8000 describe-table --table-name dvd_rental
```

### Tips

- Use `--partition-key` and `--sort-key` wherever possible
- Use `--select` to improve performance of high-volume queries
- Keep `jq` filters simple
- Consider using [`jiq`](https://github.com/fiatjaf/jiq) or a similar interactive `jq` tool to model queries
- Bear in mind memory usage when processing large datasets

## Options

### General

#### `-f, --from`

(table name)

*Required*

The name of the table containing the requested items; or, if you provide `--index`, the name of the
table to which that index belongs.

#### `-c, --concurrency`

(integer)

The number of coroutines to launch when reading from DynamoDB. Defaults to `1`.

For scan operations, this option is equivalent to the DynamoDB `--total-segments` option. The optimal number will
depend on the size and composition of the table.

For non-scan operations, this option is only applicable if multiple keys are passed.

Incompatible with `--scan-limit` and `--start-key`.

#### `-i, --index`

(index name)

The name of a global secondary index to query.

Requires `--partition-key`.

Incompatible with `--consistent-read`.

#### `-x, --expand`

Retrieve non-projected attributes from the primary table when querying a global secondary index.

Requires `--partition-key` and `--index`.

#### `-s, --select`

(projection expression)

A comma-separated set of attribute names to retrieve. Equivalent to the DynamoDB [`--projection-expression`](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/amazondynamodb/latest/developerguide/Expressions.ProjectionExpressions.html)
option.

Can improve performance of queries.

#### `-e, --stream`

Incrementally write items to stdout.

Incompatible with `--aggregate`, `--reduce`, `--prune` and `--meta-only`.

#### `--consistent-read`

Guarantees that all writes completed before the query began will be processable.

#### `-E, --endpoint-url`

(url)

Send DynamoDB requests to the given URL.

#### `-p, --profile`

(aws profile)

Profile to use from your AWS credentials file.

#### `-R, --region`

(aws region)

The AWS region to use. Overrides config/env settings.

### Selection filters

#### `-w, --where`

(jq filter)

`jq` predicate filter to select items. Equivalent to `jq` [`select(f)`](https://jqlang.github.io/jq/manual/v1.6/#select)
function.

#### `-K, --key`

(jq filter)

`jq` filter producing a partition key or composite key.

The output must be an object with one or two properties (the partition key attribute name and optionally the sort key attribute name),
the values of which must be a string or number.

Binary keys are not currently supported.

#### `-P, --partition-key`

(jq filter)

`jq` filter producing one or more partition keys to query.

The output must be an object with a single property (the partition key attribute name), the value of which must be a
string, number, or array thereof.

Binary keys are not currently supported.

#### `-S, --sort-key`

(jq filter)

`jq` filter producing one or more sort keys or a sort key range to query.

The output must be an object with a single property (the sort key attribute name).

To target specific items, the value must be a string, number, or array thereof.

To target a range of items, the value must be an object with exactly one of the following operator properties:

- `lt` or `less_than`
- `lte` or `less_than_or_equals`
- `gt` or `greater_than`
- `gte` or `greater_than_or_equals`
- `begins_with`
- `between`

Operand values must be a string or number. Each operator expects a single operand, except `between` which expects an
array containing a lower and upper bound (both inclusive).

Binary keys are not currently supported.

Requires `--partition-key`.

Incompatible with `--start-key`.

#### `-k, --start-key`

(jq filter)

`jq` filter producing the last evaluated key from a previous DynamoDB scan or query operation. When applicable,
`dynq` will return the last evaluated key of any such operations via the `meta.lastEvaluatedKey` field.

If a partition key has already been passed via the `--partition-key` option, then this filter does not need to output
one.

Binary keys are not currently supported.

Incompatible with `--sort-key` and `--concurrency`.

### Transformation filters

#### `-t, --transform`

(jq filter)

`jq` filter to transform individual items. Executes after the `--where` selection filter.

Incompatible with `--meta-only`.

#### `-T, --pretransform`

(jq filter)

`jq` filter to transform individual items. Executes before the `--where` selection filter.

#### `-a, --aggregate`

(jq filter)

`jq` filter to transform the complete query result set, after all other transformations and exclusions have been
applied. The output of this filter is returned to the user via the `content` field.

The total hit count of the query can be accessed in this filter using the `$count` variable. This is useful when the
result set has been transformed by the `--reduce` filter.

Incompatible with `--stream` and `--meta-only`.

#### `-u, --prune`

(jq filter)

`jq` filter to transform the cumulative result set, executed after each request to DynamoDB. Must return an array.

This filter can be used to find the least/greatest *n* values according to some comparator, or find distinct values.

Where possible, it should be used over `--aggregate` for high-volume queries to reduce memory usage.

Incompatible with `--meta-only`.

#### `-r, --reduce`

(starting value) (jq filter)

Reduce items using the given starting value and `jq` filter, with items assigned to `$item`.

Equivalent to `jq`
[`reduce .[] as $item (<starting value>; <jq filter>)`](https://jqlang.github.io/jq/manual/v1.6/#reduce)

Incompatible with `--stream`, `--prune` and `--meta-only`.

### Limits

#### `-l, --limit`

(integer)

The maximum number of DynamoDB items to retain after selection.

Note that `meta.lastEvaluatedKey` will not be returned when this option is given.

#### `-L, --scan-limit`

(integer)

The maximum number of DynamoDB items to scan across one or more requests.

Unlike `--limit`, `meta.lastEvaluatedKey` will be returned when this option is given unless all items have been scanned.

#### `-Q, --request-limit`

(integer)

The maximum number of requests to send to DynamoDB per coroutine.

#### `-I, --items-per-request`

(integer)

The maximum number of items scanned per DynamoDB request.

### Output flags

#### `-o, --content-only`

Return only the content of the query output.

Incompatible with `--meta-only`.

#### `-O, --meta-only`

Return only the metadata of the query output.

Incompatible with `--content-only`, `--transform`, `--aggregate`, `--prune`, `--reduce`, `--rearrange-keys`
and `stream`.

#### `-U, --no-unmarshall`

Output raw DynamoDB format with type descriptors instead of unmarshalled JSON values.

```shell
# Unmarshalled (default)
{"entity": "film", "id": 50, "title": "Baked Cleopatra"}

# Raw (--no-unmarshall)
{"entity": {"S": "film"}, "id": {"N": "50"}, "title": {"S": "Baked Cleopatra"}}
```

When using jq filters with this option, navigate the raw structure using type descriptors (e.g., `.entity.S`
instead of `.entity`).

#### `-q, --quiet`

Only write to stderr when an error is encountered.

#### `-C, --colorize`

Colorize JSON output. Enabled by default when destination is a TTY.

Incompatible with `--monochrome`.

#### `-M, --monochrome`

Do not colorize JSON output. Enabled by default if destination is not a TTY.

Incompatible with `--colorize`.

#### `-m, --compact`

Compact instead of pretty-printed output.

#### `-g, --rearrange-keys`

Sort keys of objects on output.

Incompatible with `--meta-only`.

## Examples

The examples below are run against the [DVD rental sample database](#the-dvd-rental-database).

For brevity, these queries do not use the `--select` option, but its use is recommended for high-volume queries.

#### Get `film 1`

```shell
dynq --from dvd_rental \
  --key '.entity = "film" | .id = 1'
```

> [!TIP]
> The `--key` filter above uses assignment to produce an object, however a JSON or JSON5 object literal may
> be used instead:
>
> ```shell
> --key '{ entity: "film", id: 1 }'
> ```

[Output](docs/examples/film-1.json)

#### Find a `film` with a `G rating`

```shell
dynq --from dvd_rental \
  --partition-key '.entity = "film"' \
  --where '.rating == "G"' \
  --limit 1
```

[Output](docs/examples/g-rated-film.json)

#### Calculate total `amount` of `payments` in `2007-03`

Using `--transform` and `--aggregate`

```shell
dynq --from dvd_rental \
  --partition-key '.entity = "payment"' \
  --where '.payment_date | startswith("2007-03")' \
  --transform '.amount' \
  --aggregate 'add'
```

Using `--reduce`

```shell
dynq --from dvd_rental \
  --partition-key '.entity = "payment"' \
  --where '.payment_date | startswith("2007-03")' \
  --reduce 0 '. + $item.amount'
```

[Output](docs/examples/total-amount-paid-2007-03.json)

#### Calculate average `payment amount`

Using `--transform` and `--aggregate`

```shell
dynq --from dvd_rental \
  --partition-key '.entity = "payment"' \
  --transform '.amount' \
  --aggregate 'add / length'
```

Using `--reduce` and `--aggregate`

```shell
dynq --from dvd_rental \
  --partition-key '.entity = "payment"' \
  --reduce 0 '. + $item.amount' \
  --aggregate '. / $count'
```

[Output](docs/examples/average-payment-amount.json)

#### Find the `film` with the longest `length`

```shell
dynq --from dvd_rental \
  --partition-key '.entity = "film"' \
  --prune '[max_by(.length)]'
```

[Output](docs/examples/longest-film.json)

#### Find the three `films` with the shortest `length`

```shell
dynq --from dvd_rental \
  --partition-key '.entity = "film"' \
  --prune 'sort_by(.length)[:3]'
```

[Output](docs/examples/three-shortest-films.json)

#### Count `films` by `rating`

```shell
dynq --from dvd_rental \
  --partition-key '.entity = "film"' \
  --reduce '{}' '.[$item.rating] += 1'
```

[Output](docs/examples/film-count-by-rating.json)

#### Find `inventory` for `film_id 1` using the `film_id` index

```shell
dynq --from dvd_rental \
  --partition-key '.film_id = 1' \
  --where '.entity == "inventory"' \
  --index 'film_id' \
  --expand
```

[Output](docs/examples/film-1-inventory.json)

#### Scan from `rental 1`

```shell
dynq --from dvd_rental \
  --start-key '{ entity: "rental", id: 1 }'
```

#### Get `films` up to `film 100`

```shell
dynq --from dvd_rental \
  --partition-key '.entity = "film"' \
  --sort-key '.id.less_than = 100'
```

#### Find all `staff`, `customers` and `actors` named `Jon`

```shell
dynq --from dvd_rental \
  --partition-key '.entity = ["staff", "customer", "actor"]' \
  --where '.first_name == "Jon"'
```

[Output](docs/examples/jons.json)

#### Save each item locally

```shell
dynq -em -f dvd_rental | while read item; do echo "$item" > $(uuid).json; done
```

#### Decode a binary attribute

```shell
dynq -e -f dvd_rental -P '.entity = "staff"' -S '.id = 1' -t '.picture' \
  | tr -d \" \
  | base64 -d \
  > staff_1.png
```

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