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booking-microservices-expressjs

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Practical microservices, built with Node.Js, CQRS, Vertical Slice Architecture, Event-Driven Architecture, Postgres, RabbitMQ, Express and the latest technologies.

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> **A practical and imaginary microservices for implementing an infrastructure for up and running distributed system with the latest technology and architecture like Vertical Slice Architecture, Event Driven Architecture, CQRS, Postgres, RabbitMQ and Express in Node.Js.** 🚀

> **You can find `Nestjs` ported of this project in this link:**
🔗 [booking-microservices-nestjs](https://github.com/meysamhadeli/booking-microservices-nestjs)

# Table of Contents

- [The Goals of This Project](#the-goals-of-this-project)
- [Plan](#plan)
- [Technologies - Libraries](#technologies---libraries)
- [The Domain and Bounded Context - Service Boundary](#the-domain-and-bounded-context---service-boundary)
- [Structure of Project](#structure-of-project)
- [How to Use Migrations](#how-to-use-migrations)
- [How to Run](#how-to-run)
  - [Docker Compose](#docker-compose)
  - [Kubernetes](#kubernetes)
  - [Build](#build)
  - [Run](#run)
  - [Test](#test)
- [Documentation Apis](#documentation-apis)
- [Support](#support)
- [Contribution](#contribution)

## The Goals of This Project

- :sparkle: Using `Vertical Slice Architecture` for `architecture` level.
- :sparkle: Using `Rabbitmq` on top of `amqp` for `Event Driven Architecture` between our microservices.
- :sparkle: Using `Data Centric` Architecture based on CRUD in all Services.
- :sparkle: Using `Rest` for `internal communication` between our microservices with `axios`.
- :sparkle: Using `CQRS` implementation with `MediatrJs` internal library.
- :sparkle: Using `Express` for `web framework`.
- :sparkle: Using `Postgres` for database level with `typeorm`.
- :sparkle: Using `tsyringe` for handling `dependency injection`.
- :sparkle: Using `Passport` for `authentication` and `authorization`, base on `JWT`.
- :sparkle: Using `OpenTelemetry` for distributed tracing top of `Jaeger` and `Zipkin`.
- :sparkle: Using `OpenTelemetry` for monitoring top of `Prometteuse` and `Grafana`.
- :sparkle: Using `Joi` for `validation` input in our handlers and endpoints.
- :sparkle: Using `dotenv` for `configuration` management.
- :sparkle: Using `Unit Testing` for testing `small units` and `mocking` our dependencies with `Jest`.
- :sparkle: Using `End-To-End Testing` and `Integration Testing` for testing `features` with all dependencies using `testcontainers`.
- :sparkle: Using `winston` and 'morgan' for `logging`.
- :sparkle: Using `swagger-ui-express` and `tsoa` for generate `api documentation` automatically.
- :sparkle: Using `ts-mapper` for `mapping` our objects.
- :sparkle: Using `Problem Details` standard for `readable details of errors`.
- :sparkle: Using `eslint` and `prettier` for `formatting` of our code.
- :sparkle: Using `Docker-Compose` for our `deployment` mechanism.
- :construction: Using `MongoDB` for read side with `mongoose`.
- :construction: Using `Domain Driven Design` (DDD) to implement all `business` processes in microservices.
- :construction: Using `Inbox Pattern` for ensuring message idempotency for receiver and `Exactly once Delivery`.
- :construction: Using `Outbox Pattern` for ensuring no message is lost and there is at `At Least One Delivery`.

## Plan

> 🌀This project is a work in progress, new features will be added over time.🌀

I will try to register future goals and additions in the [Issues](https://github.com/meysamhadeli/booking-microservices-express-js/issues) section of this repository.

High-level plan is represented in the table

| Feature           | Status         |
| ----------------- | -------------- |
| Identity Service  | Completed ✔️   |
| Flight Service    | Completed ✔️   |
| Passenger Service | Completed ✔️   |
| Booking Service   | Completed ✔️   |
| Building Blocks   | Completed ✔️   |

## Technologies - Libraries
- ✔️ **[`microsoft/TypeScript`](https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript)** - TypeScript is a language for application-scale JavaScript.
- ✔️ **[`expressjs/express`](https://github.com/expressjs/express)** - Fast, unopinionated, minimalist web framework for Node.js
- ✔️ **[`typeorm/typeorm`](https://github.com/typeorm/typeorm)** - TypeORM is highly influenced by other ORMs, such as Hibernate, Doctrine and Entity Framework
- ✔️ **[`amqp-node/amqplib`](https://github.com/amqp-node/amqplib)** - A library for making AMQP 0-9-1 clients for Node.JS
- ✔️ **[`microsoft/tsyringe`](https://github.com/microsoft/tsyringe)** - A lightweight dependency injection container for TypeScript/JavaScript for constructor injection
- ✔️ **[`jaredhanson/passport`](https://github.com/jaredhanson/passport)** - Passport is Express-compatible authentication middleware for Node.js
- ✔️ **[`open-telemetry/opentelemetry-js`](https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-js)** - A framework for collecting traces, metrics, and logs from applications
- ✔️ **[`siimon/prom-client`](https://github.com/siimon/prom-client)** - A prometheus client for Node.js that supports histogram, summaries, gauges and counters
- ✔️ **[`scottie1984/swagger-ui-express`](https://github.com/scottie1984/swagger-ui-express)** - Serve auto-generated swagger-ui generated API docs from express
- ✔️ **[`lukeautry/tsoa`](https://github.com/lukeautry/tsoa)** - OpenAPI-compliant REST APIs using TypeScript and Node
- ✔️ **[`axios/axios`](https://github.com/axios/axios)** - Promise based HTTP client for the browser and node.js
- ✔️ **[`motdotla/dotenv`](https://github.com/motdotla/dotenv)** - Dotenv is a zero-dependency module that loads environment variables from a .env
- ✔️ **[`PDMLab/http-problem-details`](https://github.com/PDMLab/http-problem-details)** - This library implements HTTP Problem details (RFC 7807) for HTTP APIs
- ✔️ **[`helmetjs/helmet`](https://github.com/helmetjs/helmet)** - Helmet helps secure Express apps by setting HTTP response headers
- ✔️ **[`hapijs/joi`](https://github.com/hapijs/joi)** - The most powerful schema description language and data validator for JavaScript
- ✔️ **[`expressjs/morgan`](https://github.com/expressjs/morgan)** - HTTP request logger middleware for node.js
- ✔️ **[`winstonjs/winston`](https://github.com/winstonjs/winston)** - A logger for just about everything
- ✔️ **[`jestjs/jest`](https://github.com/jestjs/jest)** - A javascript framework for testing
- ✔️ **[`testcontainers/testcontainers-node`](https://github.com/testcontainers/testcontainers-node)** - A library to support tests with throwaway instances of Docker containers
- ✔️ **[`faker-js/faker`](https://github.com/faker-js/faker)** - Generate massive amounts of fake (but realistic) data for testing and development
- ✔️ **[`florinn/typemoq`](https://github.com/florinn/typemoq)** - Simple mocking library for JavaScript targeting TypeScript development
- ✔️ **[`ladjs/supertest`](https://github.com/ladjs/supertest)** - High-level abstraction for testing HTTP
- ✔️ **[`eslint/eslint`](https://github.com/eslint/eslint)** - ESLint is a tool for identifying and reporting on patterns found in ECMAScript/JavaScript code
- ✔️ **[`prettier/prettier`](https://github.com/prettier/prettier)** - Opinionated Code Formatter
- ✔️ **[`vercel/async-retry`](https://github.com/vercel/async-retry)** - Retrying made simple, easy, and async
- ✔️ **[`MarluanEspiritusanto/ts-mapper`](https://github.com/MarluanEspiritusanto/ts-mapper)** - A mapper for mapping one object to another

## The Domain And Bounded Context - Service Boundary

- `Identity Service`: The Identity Service is a bounded context for the authentication and authorization of users using [passport](https://github.com/jaredhanson/passport). This service is responsible for creating new users and their corresponding roles and permissions using Jwt for authentication and authorization.

- `Flight Service`: The Flight Service is a bounded context `CRUD` service to handle flight related operations.

- `Passenger Service`: The Passenger Service is a bounded context for managing passenger information, tracking activities and subscribing to get notification for out of stock products.

- `Booking Service`: The Booking Service is a bounded context for managing all operation related to booking ticket.

![](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/meysamhadeli/booking-microservices-expressjs/main/assets/booking-microservices.png)

## Structure of Project

In this project I used a mix of [clean architecture](https://jasontaylor.dev/clean-architecture-getting-started/), [vertical slice architecture](https://jimmybogard.com/vertical-slice-architecture/) and I used [feature folder structure](http://www.kamilgrzybek.com/design/feature-folders/) to structure my files.

Each microservice has its dependencies such as databases, files etc. Each microservice is decoupled from other microservices and developed and deployed separately. Microservices talk to each other with Rest or gRPC for synchronous calls and use RabbitMq or Kafka for asynchronous calls.

We have a separate microservice `Identity` for authentication and authorization of each request. Once signed-in users are issued a JWT token. This token is used by other microservices to validate the user, read claims and allow access to authorized/role specific endpoints.

I used [RabbitMQ](https://github.com/rabbitmq) as my MessageBroker for async communication between microservices using the eventual consistency mechanism. Each microservice uses [amqp](https://github.com/amqp-node/amqplib) to interface with [RabbitMQ](https://github.com/rabbitmq) providing, messaging, availability, reliability, etc.

Microservices are `event based` which means they can publish and/or subscribe to any events occurring in the setup. By using this approach for communicating between services, each microservice does not need to know about the other services or handle errors occurred in other microservices.

I treat each request as a distinct use case or slice, encapsulating and grouping all concerns from front-end to back.
When adding or changing a feature in an application in n-tire architecture, we are typically touching many "layers" in an application. We are changing the user interface, adding fields to models, modifying validation, and so on. Instead of coupling across a layer, we couple vertically along a slice. We `minimize coupling` `between slices`, and `maximize coupling` `in a slice`.

With this approach, each of our vertical slices can decide for itself how to best fulfill the request. New features only add code, we're not changing shared code and worrying about side effects.

Instead of grouping related action methods in one controller, as found in traditional ASP.net controllers, I used the [REPR pattern](https://deviq.com/design-patterns/repr-design-pattern). Each action gets its own small endpoint, consisting of a route, the action, and an `IMediator` instance (see [MediatR](https://github.com/jbogard/MediatR)). The request is passed to the `IMediator` instance, routed through a [`Mediatr pipeline`](https://lostechies.com/jimmybogard/2014/09/09/tackling-cross-cutting-concerns-with-a-mediator-pipeline/) where custom [middleware](https://github.com/jbogard/MediatR/wiki/Behaviors) can log, validate and intercept requests. The request is then handled by a request specific `IRequestHandler` which performs business logic before returning the result.

The use of the [mediator pattern](https://dotnetcoretutorials.com/2019/04/30/the-mediator-pattern-in-net-core-part-1-whats-a-mediator/) in my controllers creates clean and [thin controllers](https://codeopinion.com/thin-controllers-cqrs-mediatr/). By separating action logic into individual handlers we support the [Single Responsibility Principle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_responsibility_principle) and [Don't Repeat Yourself principles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_repeat_yourself), this is because traditional controllers tend to become bloated with large action methods and several injected `Services` only being used by a few methods.

I used CQRS to decompose my features into small parts that makes our application:

- Maximize performance, scalability and simplicity.
- Easy to maintain and add features to. Changes only affect one command or query, avoiding breaking changes or creating side effects.
- It gives us better separation of concerns and cross-cutting concern (with help of mediatr behavior pipelines), instead of bloated service classes doing many things.

Using the CQRS pattern, we cut each business functionality into vertical slices, for each of these slices we group classes (see [technical folders structure](http://www.kamilgrzybek.com/design/feature-folders)) specific to that feature together (command, handlers, infrastructure, repository, controllers, etc). In our CQRS pattern each command/query handler is a separate slice. This is where you can reduce coupling between layers. Each handler can be a separated code unit, even copy/pasted. Thanks to that, we can tune down the specific method to not follow general conventions (e.g. use custom SQL query or even different storage). In a traditional layered architecture, when we change the core generic mechanism in one layer, it can impact all methods.

## How to Use Migrations
> Note: For easy using of migrations commands in typeorm, I add some scripts in `package.json` and base on these scripts we can use below commands to generate and run migrations easily.

For `generating` a new migration use this command in the root of each microservice:

```bash
npm run migration:generate -- src/data/migrations/new-migration-name
```

Also for `running` migration use this command in the root of each microservice:
```bash
npm run migration:run  
```

## How to Run

> ### Docker Compose

Use Docker Compose to run the whole application stack locally:

```bash
cp .env.example .env
docker compose up -d --build
```

To inspect the running stack:

```bash
docker compose ps
docker compose logs -f
```

To stop everything:

```bash
docker compose down
```

> ### Kubernetes

The Kubernetes manifests live in [deployments/kubernetes](./deployments/kubernetes).

Build the service images first:

```bash
docker build -t booking-microservices-expressjs-identity:latest -f src/identity/Dockerfile src
docker build -t booking-microservices-expressjs-flight:latest -f src/flight/Dockerfile src
docker build -t booking-microservices-expressjs-passenger:latest -f src/passenger/Dockerfile src
docker build -t booking-microservices-expressjs-booking:latest -f src/booking/Dockerfile src
```

Then apply the Kubernetes manifests:

```bash
kubectl apply -k deployments/kubernetes
```

Useful checks:

```bash
kubectl get pods -n booking
kubectl get svc -n booking
kubectl get ingress -n booking
```

If you are using `kind` or another local cluster, load the locally built images into the cluster before applying the manifests.

> ### Build
To `build` each microservice, run this command in the root directory of each microservice where the `package.json` file is located:
```bash
npm run build
```

> ### Run
To `run` each microservice, run this command in the root of the microservice where `package.json` is located:
```bash
npm run dev
```

> ### Test

To `test` each microservice, run this command in the root directory of the microservice where the `package.json` file is located:
```bash
npm test
```

> ### Documentation Apis

Each microservice has a `Swagger OpenAPI`. Browse to `/swagger` for a list of endpoints.

As part of API testing, I created the [booking.rest](./booking.rest) file which can be run with the [REST Client](https://github.com/Huachao/vscode-restclient) `VSCode plugin`.

# Support

If you like my work, feel free to:

- ⭐ this repository. And we will be happy together :)

Thanks a bunch for supporting me!

## Contribution

Thanks to all [contributors](https://github.com/meysamhadeli/booking-microservices-express-js/graphs/contributors), you're awesome and this wouldn't be possible without you! The goal is to build a categorized, community-driven collection of very well-known resources.

Please follow this [contribution guideline](./CONTRIBUTION.md) to submit a pull request or create the issue.

## Project References & Credits

- [https://github.com/jbogard/ContosoUniversityDotNetCore-Pages](https://github.com/jbogard/ContosoUniversityDotNetCore-Pages)
- [https://github.com/hagopj13/node-express-boilerplate](https://github.com/hagopj13/node-express-boilerplate)

## License
This project is made available under the MIT license. See [LICENSE](https://github.com/meysamhadeli/booking-microservices-express-js/blob/main/LICENSE) for details.

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