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Implementation of Sesame's Conversational Speech Model for Hugging Face Transformers

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> [!WARNING]
> CSM support has officially landed in [`transformers`](https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/main/en/model_doc/csm). I suggest using the mainline implementation over this one.

# CSM-HF

## Overview

CSM-HF is an implementation of [Sesame's Conversational Speech Model (CSM)](https://www.sesame.com/research/crossing_the_uncanny_valley_of_voice) for Hugging Face `transformers`. CSM-HF is a complete rewrite of the [pytorch code provided by Sesame](https://github.com/SesameAILabs/csm). This codebase is designed to be fully compatible with `transformers`, from inference to training.

## Changes from Sesame's implementation

- created a `CSMModel` class
- replaced backbone and decoder torchtune models with HF transformers `LllamaModel`
- added a processor class to prepare inputs for the model
- added labels support and [decoder training amortization](https://www.sesame.com/research/crossing_the_uncanny_valley_of_voice#:~:text=The%20audio%20decoder%20is%20trained%20on%20only%20a%20random%201/16%20subset%20of%20the%20audio%20frames%2C%20while%20the%20zeroth%20codebook%20is%20trained%20on%20every%20frame.)
- added `generate_frame` and `generate` methods to the model class for generating audio
- full support for HuggingFace `Trainer`

## Generation

You can use the model to generate audio from text input. Here's an example for voice cloning:

```python
import torch
from modeling_csm import CSMModel
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
from transformers import AutoTokenizer
from tokenizers.processors import TemplateProcessing
from moshi.models import loaders
from processor import CSMProcessor
import torchaudio

device = "cuda"

def load_llama3_tokenizer():
    """
    https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/issues/22794#issuecomment-2092623992
    """
    tokenizer_name = "meta-llama/Llama-3.2-1B"
    tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(tokenizer_name)
    bos = tokenizer.bos_token
    eos = tokenizer.eos_token
    tokenizer._tokenizer.post_processor = TemplateProcessing(
        single=f"{bos}:0 $A:0 {eos}:0",
        pair=f"{bos}:0 $A:0 {eos}:0 {bos}:1 $B:1 {eos}:1",
        special_tokens=[
            (f"{bos}", tokenizer.bos_token_id),
            (f"{eos}", tokenizer.eos_token_id),
        ],
    )

return tokenizer

text_tokenizer = load_llama3_tokenizer()

mimi_weight = hf_hub_download(loaders.DEFAULT_REPO, loaders.MIMI_NAME)
audio_tokenizer = loaders.get_mimi(mimi_weight, device=device)
audio_tokenizer.set_num_codebooks(32)

processor = CSMProcessor(text_tokenizer, audio_tokenizer)

def load_audio(path, target_sr):
    audio, sr = torchaudio.load(path)
    audio = audio.squeeze(0)
    if sr != target_sr:
        audio = torchaudio.functional.resample(audio, orig_freq=sr, new_freq=target_sr)
    return audio

model = CSMModel.from_pretrained("thomasgauthier/csm-1b-hf", torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16)
model.to("cuda")

inputs = processor(
    messages=[
        {
            "role": "speaker_0",
            "content": [
                {"type": "text", "text": "<AUDIO_CLIP_TRANSCRIPT>"},
                {
                    "type": "audio"
                },  # This placeholder is required for audio tokenization (it maps to the first element in the `audios` list passed to the processor)
            ],
        },
        {
            "role": "speaker_0",
            "content": [
                {"type": "text", "text": "Hello, this is voice cloning speaking"},
                # does not include audio as the model will generate it
            ],
        },
    ],
    audios=[
        load_audio("AUDIO_CLIP_FOR_VOICE_CLONING.wav", audio_tokenizer.sample_rate)
    ],
    return_tensors="pt",
)

with torch.inference_mode():
    # Generate up to 50 new frames
    gen_frames = model.generate(
        input_ids=inputs["input_ids"].cuda(),
        attention_mask=inputs["attention_mask"].cuda(),
        max_new_frames=50,
        topk=50,
        temperature=1.0,
        use_cache=True,
        stop_on_all_zeros=True,
    )

decoded_audio = (
    audio_tokenizer.decode(gen_frames.permute(0, 2, 1)).squeeze(0).squeeze(0)
)

audio_array = (decoded_audio * 32768).to(torch.int16).cpu().numpy()

# Audio can be played with the following code:
# from IPython.display import Audio
# Audio(audio_array, rate=audio_tokenizer.sample_rate)
```

## Architecture

Model architecture is discussed in [ARCHITECTURE.md](ARCHITECTURE.md) (written by O1)

## Description of inference process

The model uses a two-stage autoregressive architecture:

1. **Backbone (Inter-frame Processing)**:
   - Responsible for semantic understanding and in-context learning.
   - Processes the entire sequence of frames
   - One sequence is composed of transcripts + audio parts : "\<BOS\>[{Speaker id 1}]: {utterance_1_transcript}\<EOS\>{audio_frames_of_utterance_1}<ALL_ZERO_AUDIO_FRAME>\<BOS\>[{Speaker id 2}]: {utterance_2_transcript}\<EOS\>{audio_frames_of_utterance_2}<ALL_ZERO_AUDIO_FRAME>"
   - Each frame contains 32 audio codebooks and 1 text token (33 dim total), the audio parts and text parts are mutually exclusive, meaning for each frame with audio the text token is set to zero, and for each frame with text data all codebook tokens are set to 0.
   - Each frame is fed to the backbone as the summed embeddings of all codebooks + one text token embedding
   - At each timestep, the backbone generates the 0th codebook (semantic codebook) of the next frame.

2. **Decoder (Intra-frame Processing)**:
   - Runs for every generated audio frame
   - Processes a single frame at a time
   - Generates acoustic codebooks (codebook 1-31)
   - Generates the 31 codebooks sequentially, conditioned on the hidden state of the backbone at this frame and the 0th codebook embedding of the frame (both projected down to the decoder hidden_dim).
   - From the decoder point of view, each codebook is treated as a token in the sequence

So inference works like this:

1. The backbone processes user transcript + user audio + TTS input. It generates the 0th codebook of the first generated speech frame.
2. The decoder is fed the hidden state of backbone at the last frame and the embedding of the newly generated 0th codebook, the decoder runs autogressively for 31 steps, generating codebooks 1-31 of the first generated speech frame.
3. The embeddings of all generated codebooks are summed and fed to the backbone as a new frame in the sequence. The backbone then generates the 0th codebook of the second generated speech frame.
4. The decoder runs again, generating codebooks 1-31 for second generated speech frame (again conditioned on backbone hidden state at the last frame and newly generated 0th codebook embedding).
5. The two stage process repeats autogressively, generating new frames until the backbone outputs 0 as the 0th codebook token (this means end of audio sequence)

## Training

### Data Format

CSM-HF expects training data in a JSONL format, where each line is a JSON object containing a conversation. Each conversation consists of:

- `messages`: An array of message objects, each with:
  - `role`: Speaker identifier (e.g., "speaker_0", "speaker_1")
  - `content`: Array of content objects, which can be:
    - Text: `{"type": "text", "text": "The message text"}`
    - Audio: `{"type": "audio", "url": "path/to/audio/file.wav"}`
- `training_mask`: Boolean array indicating which messages should be used for training (true) or context (false)

Example data format:

```json
{
  "messages": [
    {
      "role": "speaker_0",
      "content": [
        {"type": "text", "text": "Hello, I'm a human speaking to CSM. As I interact with the system, my speech is being transcribed and put here."},
        {"type": "audio", "url": "clips/user_utterance.wav"}
      ]
    },
    {
      "role": "speaker_1",
      "content": [
        {"type": "text", "text": "Hi, this is CSM speaking."},
        {"type": "audio", "url": "clips/target_response.wav"}
      ]
    }
  ],
  "training_mask": [false, true] # we train only on the second utterance as the first one will not be generated during inference. Think of it as prompt-response. We don't want to calculate loss on the prompt but it is still included in the sequence for proper conditioning.
}
```

Training leverages compute amortization techniques:
- The backbone is trained on all frames
- For the decoder, loss is calculated only for `amortization_ratio` of all frames
- This significantly reduces memory usage while maintaining quality

To train the model:

```bash
python train.py \
  --train_file path/to/training_data.jsonl \
  --output_dir ./output \
  --num_train_epochs 3 \
  --per_device_train_batch_size 1 \
  --gradient_accumulation_steps 8 \
  --learning_rate 5e-6
```

## TODO

- [x] Two-stage autoregressive architecture implementation
- [x] Multi-codebook audio tokenization
- [x] Compute amortization for efficient training
- [x] Dataset preparation with interleaved text/audio
- [x] Custom training loop with separate backbone/decoder losses
- [x] Proper handling of epoch repetition for decoder amortization
- [x] Memory optimization techniques (mixed precision, gradient accumulation)
- [ ] LoRA support for efficient fine-tuning
- [ ] `GenerationMixin` support
- [ ] Faster inference with `torch.compile`
- [ ] Voice cloning with prompt tuning / prefix optimization
- [ ] Support for DPO
- [ ] Support for RL (GRPO, RLOO, etc.)
- [ ] [Sample packing](https://docs.axolotl.ai/docs/multipack.html) support

## Acknowledgements

Special thanks to:
- **Sesame Labs** for the original architecture design and implementation
- **Hugging Face** for the Transformers library and training infrastructure
- **Claude** and **ChatGPT** for assistance with documentation and code development

This project builds upon research and tools from the open-source community. I am grateful for the collaborative spirit that makes projects like this possible.

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