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Awesome-Personalized-Large-Language-Models

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# Awesome Personalized Large Language Models (PLLMs)
[![](https://img.shields.io/badge/📑-Survey_Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.11528)
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This repository focuses on personalized large language models (LLMs) that leverage user data to generate tailored responses based on individual user preferences. Our survey paper can be accessed on arXiv and we welcome any discussion and feedback!

* **A Survey of Personalized Large Language Models: Progress and Future Directions** [https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.11528]

<table style="width: 100%;">
  <tr>
    <td style="width: 60%;">
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#personalized-prompting">Personalized Prompting</a></li>
        <ul>
          <li><a href="#profile-augmented-prompting-pag">Profile-Augmented</a></li>
          <li><a href="#retrieval-augmented-prompting-rag">Retrieval-Augmented</a></li>
          <li><a href="#soft-fused-prompting">Soft-Fused</a></li>
          <li><a href="#contrastive-prompting">Contrastive</a></li>
        </ul>
        <li><a href="#personalized-adaptation">Personalized Adaptation</a></li>
        <ul>
          <li><a href="#one-peft-all-users-one4all">One4All</a></li>
          <li><a href="#one-peft-per-users-one4one">One4One</a></li>
        </ul>
        <li><a href="#personalized-alignment">Personalized Alignment</a></li>
        <ul>
          <li><a href="#data-construction">Data</a></li>
          <li><a href="#optimization">Optimization</a></li>
        </ul>
        <li><a href="#trustworthiness">Trustworthiness</a></li>
        <ul>
          <li><a href="#watermarking">Watermarking</a></li>
        </ul>
        <li><a href="#analysis">Analysis</a></li>
        <li><a href="#benchmark">Benchmark</a></li>
        <li><a href="#applications">Applications</a></li>
      </ul>
    </td>
    <td>
      <img src="Figures/framework.png" alt="Awesome Personalized LLMs" width="700">
    </td>
  </tr>
</table>

---

## Personalized Prompting

### Profile-Augmented Prompting (PAG)

### Retrieval-Augmented Prompting (RAG)

|  Method   |                                             Paper Title                                              |   Published At    |                                                                                                                                  Link                                                                                                                                  |
| :-------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :---------------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
|  _MemPrompt_ | Memory-assisted prompt editing to improve GPT-3 after deployment |     EMNLP'22       | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.06009) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/madaan/memprompt.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/madaan/memprompt) |
| _TeachMe_  | Towards Teachable Reasoning Systems: Using a Dynamic Memory of User Feedback for Continual System Improvement |    EMNLP'22        | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.13074) |
| _MSP_  | Less is More: Learning to Refine Dialogue History for Personalized Dialogue Generation |    ACL'22        |   [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.08128) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/bangbangbang12315/MSP.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/bangbangbang12315/MSP/tree/release) |
|  *RECAP*  | RECAP: Retrieval-Enhanced Context-Aware Prefix Encoder for Personalized Dialogue Response Generation |      ACL'23       |                     [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.07206) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/isi-nlp/RECAP.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/isi-nlp/RECAP/tree/main)                     |
|   | Long-Term Memory for Large Language Models Through Topic-Based Vector Database |     IALP'23       |                     [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10337079) |
|  _AuthorPred_ | Teach LLMs to Personalize -- An Approach inspired by Writing Education  |     Arxiv'23      |                     [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2308.07968) |
|  _MaLP_ | LLM-based Medical Assistant Personalization with Short- and Long-Term Memory Coordination |   NAACL'24         |                     [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.11696) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/MatthewKKai/MaLP.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/MatthewKKai/MaLP) |
|  _MemoRAG_ | MemoRAG: Moving towards Next-Gen RAG Via Memory-Inspired Knowledge Discovery |   WebConf'25         |                     [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.05591) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/qhjqhj00/MemoRAG.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/qhjqhj00/MemoRAG) |
|  _PEARL_ | Pearl: Personalizing Large Language Model Writing Assistants with Generation-Calibrated Retrievers |    CustomNLP4U@  EMNLP'24        |                     [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.09180) |
|  _CoPS_ | Cognitive Personalized Search Integrating Large Language Models with an Efficient Memory Mechanism |    WebConf'24        |                     [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.10548) |
| _LaMP_  | LaMP: When Large Language Models Meet Personalization |    ACL'24        | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.11406) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/LaMP-Benchmark/LaMP.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/LaMP-Benchmark/LaMP) |
|  *ROPG / RSPG*| Optimization Methods for Personalizing Large Language Models through Retrieval Augmentation |  SIGIR'24          |                     [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.05970) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/LaMP-Benchmark/LaMP.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/LaMP-Benchmark/LaMP) |
|  _HYDRA_ | HYDRA: Model Factorization Framework for Black-Box LLM Personalization | NeurIPS'24           |                     [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.02888) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/night-chen/HYDRA.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/night-chen/HYDRA) |
| *TACITREE*| Toward Multi-Session Personalized Conversation: A Large-Scale Dataset and Hierarchical Tree Framework for Implicit Reasoning | Arxiv'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.07018) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/Kaylee0501/ImplexConv.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/Kaylee0501/ImplexConv)|
|  _Persona-DB_ | Persona-DB: Efficient Large Language Model Personalization for Response Prediction with Collaborative Data Refinement | COLING'25           |                     [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.11060) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/chenkaisun/Persona-DB.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/chenkaisun/Persona-DB) |
|  _CFRAG_ | Retrieval Augmented Generation with Collaborative Filtering for Personalized Text Generation | SIGIR'25           |                     [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.05731) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/TengShi-RUC/CFRAG.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/TengShi-RUC/CFRAG) |
| _AP-Bots_  | Improving RAG for Personalization with Author Features and Contrastive Examples | Arxiv'25           |                     [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.08745) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/myazann/AP-Bots.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/myazann/AP-Bots) |
| _FERMI_  | Few-shot Personalization of LLMs with Mis-aligned Responses | NAACL'25           |                     [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://aclanthology.org/2025.naacl-long.598/) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/bbuing9/Fermi.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/bbuing9/Fermi) |
| _RPM_  | (LLMs Think, But Not In Your Flow: Reasoning-Level Personalization for Black-Box Large Language Models.) <br> RPM: Reasoning-Level Personalization for Black-Box Large Language Models | Arxiv'25           |                     [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://iclr.cc/virtual/2026/poster/10007420)| [![GitHub](https://github.com/jieyong99/RPM)]
| _PRIME_  | Large Language Model Personalization with Cognitive Memory and Thought Processes | Arxiv'25           |         [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2507.04607) |
| _PersonaAgent_  | PersonaAgent: When Large Language Model Agents Meet Personalization at Test Time | Arxiv'25           |         [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.06254) |
| _Mem0_  | Mem0: Building Production-Ready AI Agents with Scalable Long-Term Memory | Arxiv'25           |         [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.19413) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/bbuing9/Fermi.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://mem0.ai/research)|
| *MemWeaver* | MemWeaver: A Hierarchical Memory from Textual Interactive Behaviors for Personalized Generation | Arxiv'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.07713) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/fishsure/MemWeaver.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/fishsure/MemWeaver) |

### Soft-Fused Prompting

### Contrastive Prompting

## Personalized Adaptation

### One PEFT All Users (One4All)

### One PEFT Per Users (One4One)

## Personalized Alignment

### Data Construction
|    Method     |                         Paper Title                          |     Published At     |                             Link                             |
| :-----------: | :----------------------------------------------------------: | :------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------: |
| *PLUM* | On the Way to LLM Personalization: Learning to Remember User Conversations | (Arxiv'24) ACL Workshop'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2411.13405) |
|      | Aligning to Thousands of Preferences via System Message Generalization | NeurIPS'24 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.17977) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/allenai/FineGrainedRLHF.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/kaistAI/Janus) |
|      | Enabling On-Device Large Language Model Personalization with Self-Supervised Data Selection and Synthesis | DAC'24 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.12275) |
| *PRISM* | The PRISM Alignment Dataset: What Participatory, Representative and Individualised Human Feedback Reveals About the Subjective and Multicultural Alignment of Large Language Models | NeurIPS'24 (Best Paper)| [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.16019) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/HannahKirk/prism-alignment.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/HannahKirk/prism-alignment) | 
| _PersonalLLM_ | PersonalLLM: Tailoring LLMs to Individual Preferences | Arxiv'24 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.20296) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/namkoong-lab/PersonalLLM.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/namkoong-lab/PersonalLLM) |
|      | Aligning LLMs with Individual Preferences via Interaction | COLING'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.03642) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/ShujinWu-0814/ALOE.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/ShujinWu-0814/ALOE) |

### Optimization

|    Method     |                         Paper Title                          |     Published At     |                             Link                             |
| :-----------: | :----------------------------------------------------------: | :------------------: | :----------------------------------------------------------: |
| *MORLHF* | Fine-Grained Human Feedback Gives Better Rewards for Language Model Training | NeurIPS'23 |  [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.01693) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/allenai/FineGrainedRLHF.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/allenai/FineGrainedRLHF)    |
| *Personalized Soups* | Personalized Soups: Personalized Large Language Model Alignment via Post-hoc Parameter Merging | Arxiv'23, NeurIPS Workshop'23 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.11564) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/joeljang/RLPHF.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/joeljang/RLPHF) |
| *Reward Soups* | Rewarded soups: towards Pareto-optimal alignment by interpolating weights fine-tuned on diverse rewards | NuerIPS'23 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.04488) |
| *MODPO*  | Beyond One-Preference-Fits-All Alignment: Multi-Objective Direct Preference Optimization | ACL'24 Findings | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2310.03708) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/ZHZisZZ/modpo.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/ZHZisZZ/modpo) |
| *MOD* | Decoding-Time Language Model Alignment with Multiple Objectives | NeurIPS'24 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.18853) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/srzer/MOD.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/srzer/MOD) |
| *BiPO* | Personalized Steering of Large Language Models: Versatile Steering Vectors Through Bi-directional Preference Optimization | NeurIPS'24 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.00045) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/CaoYuanpu/BiPO.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/CaoYuanpu/BiPO) |
| *PPT* | Personalized Adaptation via In-Context Preference Learning | Arxiv'24, NeurIPS Workshop'24 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.14001) |
| *VPL* | Personalizing Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback with Variational Preference Learning | NeurIPS'24 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.10075v1) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/WEIRDLabUW/vpl_llm.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/WEIRDLabUW/vpl_llm) |
| *CIPHER*, *PRELUDE* | Aligning LLM Agents by Learning Latent Preference from User Edits | NeurIPS'24 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.15269) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/gao-g/prelude.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/gao-g/prelude) |
| *CHAMELEON* | Personalize Your LLM: Fake it then Align it | NAACL'25 Findings | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.01048) |
| *REST-PG* | Reasoning-Enhanced Self-Training for Long-Form Personalized Text Generation | Arxiv'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.04167) |
| *Drift* | Drift: Decoding-time Personalized Alignments with Implicit User Preferences | Arxiv'25, EMNLP Findings'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.14289)  [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/zowiezhang/Amulet.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/minbeomkim/Drift) |
| *PAD* | PAD: Personalized Alignment of LLMs at Decoding-Time | ICLR'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.04070) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/zjuruizhechen/PAD.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/zjuruizhechen/PAD) |
| *Amulet* | Amulet: ReAlignment During Test Time for Personalized Preference Adaptation of LLMs | ICLR'25 | [![Home](https://img.shields.io/badge/Home-red)](https://zowiezhang.github.io/projects/Amulet/) [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2502.19148) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/zowiezhang/Amulet.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/zowiezhang/Amulet) |
| *RLPA* | Teaching Language Models to Evolve with Users: Dynamic Profile Modeling for Personalized Alignment | Arxiv'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.15456) |
| *PROSE* | Aligning LLMs by Predicting Preferences from User Writing Samples | ICML'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2505.23815) |
| *DEEPER* | DEEPER Insight into Your User: Directed Persona Refinement for Dynamic Persona Modeling | ACL'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://aclanthology.org/2025.acl-long.1177.pdf)[![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/sheep333c/DEEPER.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/sheep333c/DEEPER) |
| *NextQuill* | NextQuill: Causal Preference Modeling for Enhancing LLM Personalization | ICLR'26 (Arxiv'25) | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.02368) |
| *RePIC* | RePIC: Reinforced Post-Training for Personalizing Multi-Modal Language Models | NeurIPS'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://neurips.cc/virtual/2025/loc/san-diego/poster/119231) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/oyt9306/RePIC.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/oyt9306/RePIC) |
| *UserAlign* | Inference-Time Personalized Alignment with a Few User Preference Queries | NeurIPS'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://neurips.cc/virtual/2025/loc/san-diego/poster/116519) |
| *CURIO* | Enhancing Personalized Multi-Turn Dialogue with Curiosity Reward | NeurIPS'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://neurips.cc/virtual/2025/loc/san-diego/poster/115588) |

## System (Agent)

## Trustworthiness

### Watermarking

## Analysis

|  Keyword   |                                             Paper Title                                              |   Published At    |                                                                                                                                  Link                                                                                                                                  |
| :-------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: | :---------------: | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
| *Role of User Profile*  | Understanding the Role of User Profile in the Personalization of Large Language Models |  Arxiv'24           | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.17803) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/Bingo-W/Personalisation-in-LLM.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/Bingo-W/Personalisation-in-LLM) |
| *RAG vs. PEFT*  | Comparing Retrieval-Augmentation and Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Privacy-Preserving Personalization of Large Language Models |  (Arxiv'24) ICTIR'25           | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.09510) |
| *Safety-Utility*  | Exploring Safety-Utility Trade-Offs in Personalized Language Models |  (Arxiv'24) NAACL'24   | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2406.11107) |
| *PerCRS*  | Exploring the Impact of Personality Traits on Conversational Recommender Systems: A Simulation with Large Language Models |  Arxiv'25           | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.12313) |

## Metric

|                      Name                     |                     Paper Title                      | Published At |                                                                                                                                                         Link                                                                                                                                                         |
| :---------------------------------------------------: | :--------------------------------------------------: | :----------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
| *EGISES* | Accuracy is Not Enough: Evaluating Personalization in Summarizers |  EMNLP'23 Findings  | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.00453) |
| *PerSEval* | PerSEval: Assessing Personalization in Text Summarizers |  TMLR'24   | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2407.00453) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/KDM-LAB/Perseval-TMLR.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/KDM-LAB/Perseval-TMLR) |
| *ExPerT* | ExPerT: Effective and Explainable Evaluation of Personalized Long-Form Text Generation |  ACL'25 Findings   | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.14956) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/alirezasalemi7/ExPerT.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/alirezasalemi7/ExPerT) |

## Benchmark
|                      Name                     |                     Paper Title                      | Published At |                                                                                                                                                         Link                                                                                                                                                         |
| :---------------------------------------------------: | :--------------------------------------------------: | :----------: | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------: |
| *PER-CHAT*  | Personalized Response Generation via Generative Split Memory Network |     NAACL'21       |                     [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://aclanthology.org/2021.naacl-main.157/) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/Willyoung2017/PER-CHAT.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/Willyoung2017/PER-CHAT)|
| *LaMP* | LaMP: When Large Language Models Meet Personalization |  ACL'24   | [![Home](https://img.shields.io/badge/Home-red)](https://lamp-benchmark.github.io/) [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.11406) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/LaMP-Benchmark/LaMP.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/LaMP-Benchmark/LaMP) |
| *LongLaMP* | LongLaMP: A Benchmark for Personalized Long-form Text Generation |  Arxiv'24   | [![Home](https://img.shields.io/badge/Home-red)](https://longlamp-benchmark.github.io/) [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2407.11016) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/LongLaMP-benchmark/LongLaMP-Benchmark.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/LongLaMP-benchmark/LongLaMP-Benchmark) |
|  *PerLTQA* |       PerLTQA: A Personal Long-Term Memory Dataset for Memory Classification, Retrieval, and Fusion in Question Answering      |        SIGHAN@  ACL'24           |  [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2402.16288) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/Elvin-Yiming-Du/PerLTQA.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/Elvin-Yiming-Du/PerLTQA) |
|  *PEFT-U* |       PEFT-U: Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for User Personalization      |        Arxiv'24           |  [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.18078) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/ChrisIsKing/Parameter-Efficient-Personalization.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/ChrisIsKing/Parameter-Efficient-Personalization) |
| *REGEN*  | Beyond Retrieval: Generating Narratives in Conversational Recommender Systems |    Arxiv'24        | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.16780) |
| *PRISM* |  The PRISM Alignment Dataset: What Participatory, Representative and Individualised Human Feedback Reveals About the Subjective and Multicultural Alignment of Large Language Models | NeurIPS'24 Best Paper Award | [![Hugging Face Dataset Hub](https://img.shields.io/badge/Hugging%20Face-Dataset%20Hub-%23D50032)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/HannahRoseKirk/prism-alignment) [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2404.16019) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/HannahKirk/prism-alignment.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/HannahKirk/prism-alignment)| 
|  *PersonalLLM* |       PersonalLLM: Tailoring LLMs to Individual Preferences      |       ICLR'25           | [![Hugging Face Dataset Hub](https://img.shields.io/badge/Hugging%20Face-Dataset%20Hub-%23D50032)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/namkoong-lab/PersonalLLM) [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.20296) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/namkoong-lab/PersonalLLM.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/namkoong-lab/PersonalLLM) |
| *ALOE* |  Aligning LLMs with Individual Preferences via Interaction | COLING'25 |  [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.03642) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/ShujinWu-0814/ALOE.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/ShujinWu-0814/ALOE)| 
| *PGraphRAG* |  Personalized Graph-Based Retrieval for Large Language Models | Arxiv'25 |  [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2501.02157) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/PGraphRAG-benchmark/PGraphRAG.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/PGraphRAG-benchmark/PGraphRAG)| 
| *PrefEval*|Do LLMs Recognize Your Preferences? Evaluating Personalized Preference Following in LLMs| ICLR'25 | [![Home](https://img.shields.io/badge/Home-red)](https://prefeval.github.io/) [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.09597) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/amazon-science/PrefEval.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/amazon-science/PrefEval)|
| *LongMemEval*| LongMemEval: Benchmarking Chat Assistants on Long-Term Interactive Memory | ICLR'25 | [![Home](https://img.shields.io/badge/Home-red)](https://xiaowu0162.github.io/long-mem-eval/) [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.10813) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/xiaowu0162/LongMemEval.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/xiaowu0162/LongMemEval)|
| *PersonalWAB*| Large Language Models Empowered Personalized Web Agents | WWW'25 | [![Home](https://img.shields.io/badge/Home-red)](https://hongrucai.github.io/PersonalWAB/) [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.17236) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/HongruCai/PersonalWAB.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/HongruCai/PersonalWAB)|
| *IMPLEXCONV*| Toward Multi-Session Personalized Conversation: A Large-Scale Dataset and Hierarchical Tree Framework for Implicit Reasoning | Arxiv'25 | [![Hugging Face Dataset Hub](https://img.shields.io/badge/Hugging%20Face-Dataset%20Hub-%23D50032)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Kaylee0501/ImplexConv-opposed) [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2503.07018) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/Kaylee0501/ImplexConv.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/Kaylee0501/ImplexConv)|
| *PERSONACONVBENCH* | A Personalized Conversational Benchmark: Towards Simulating Personalized Conversations | Arxiv'25 | [![Hugging Face Dataset Hub](https://img.shields.io/badge/Hugging%20Face-Dataset%20Hub-%23D50032)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/PERSONABench/PERSONA-Bench) [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.14106) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/PERSONA-bench/PERSONA.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/PERSONA-bench/PERSONA/tree/Latest) |
| *HiCUPID* | Exploring the Potential of LLMs as Personalized Assistants: Dataset, Evaluation, and Analysis | ACL'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.01262) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/12kimih/HiCUPID.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/12kimih/HiCUPID) |
| *LaMP-QA* | LaMP-QA: A Benchmark for Personalized Long-form Question Answering | Arxiv'25 | [![Hugging Face Dataset Hub](https://img.shields.io/badge/Hugging%20Face-Dataset%20Hub-%23D50032)](https://hf.co/datasets/alireza7/LaMP-QA) [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.00137) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/LaMP-Benchmark/LaMP-QA.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/LaMP-Benchmark/LaMP-QA) |
|  *DPL* | Measuring What Makes You Unique: Difference-Aware User Modeling for Enhancing LLM Personalization | ACL'25 Findings | [![Hugging Face Dataset Hub](https://img.shields.io/badge/Hugging%20Face-Dataset%20Hub-%23D50032)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/SnowCharmQ/DPL-main) [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2503.02450) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/SnowCharmQ/DPL.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/SnowCharmQ/DPL) |
| *REALTALK* | REALTALK: A 21-Day Real-World Dataset for Long-Term Conversation | Arxiv'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.13270) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/danny911kr/REALTALK.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/danny911kr/REALTALK) |
| *MemBench* | MemBench: Towards More Comprehensive Evaluation on the Memory of LLM-based Agents | ACL'25 Findings | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.21605) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/import-myself/Membench.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/import-myself/Membench) |
| *PersonaMem* | Know Me, Respond to Me: Benchmarking LLMs for Dynamic User Profiling and Personalized Responses at Scale | (Arxiv'25) COLM'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2504.14225) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/danny911kr/REALTALK.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/bowen-upenn/PersonaMem) |
| *MemoryAgentBench* | Evaluating Memory in LLM Agents via Incremental Multi-Turn Interactions | (Arxiv'25) ICLR'26 | [![Hugging Face Dataset Hub](https://img.shields.io/badge/Hugging%20Face-Dataset%20Hub-%23D50032)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/ai-hyz/MemoryAgentBench)  [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.05257) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/danny911kr/REALTALK.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/HUST-AI-HYZ/MemoryAgentBench)  |
| *PersonaLens* | PersonaLens: A Benchmark for Personalization Evaluation in Conversational AI Assistants | (Arxiv'25) ACL Findings'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.09902) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/amazon-science/PersonaLens.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/amazon-science/PersonaLens) |
| *Theanine* | Towards Lifelong Dialogue Agents via Timeline-based Memory Management | NAACL'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://aclanthology.org/2025.naacl-long.435.pdf) [![Demo](https://img.shields.io/badge/HuggingFace-Demo-green)](https://huggingface.co/spaces/ResearcherScholar/Theanine) |
| *PrefDisco* | Personalized Reasoning: Just-in-Time Personalization and Why LLMs Fail at It | (Arxiv'25) ICLR'26 | [![Hugging Face Dataset Hub](https://img.shields.io/badge/Hugging%20Face-Dataset%20Hub-%23D50032)](https://huggingface.co/collections/stellalisy/personalized-reasoning) [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.00177) [![Github](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/stellalisy/PrefDisco.svg?style=social&label=Github)](https://github.com/stellalisy/PrefDisco) |
| *MMPB* | MMPB: It’s Time for Multi-Modal Personalization | NeurIPS'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://neurips.cc/virtual/2025/loc/san-diego/poster/121766) |
| *UnifyBench* | UniCTokens: Boosting Personalized Understanding and Generation via Unified Concept Tokens (introduces UnifyBench) | NeurIPS'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://neurips.cc/virtual/2025/loc/san-diego/poster/116748) |
| *AgentRecBench* | AgentRecBench: Benchmarking LLM Agent-based Personalized Recommender Systems | NeurIPS'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://neurips.cc/virtual/2025/loc/san-diego/poster/121525) [![Hugging Face Dataset Hub](https://img.shields.io/badge/Hugging%20Face-Dataset%20Hub-%23D50032)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/SGJQovo/AgentRecBench) |
| *BenchPreS* | BenchPreS: A Benchmark for Context-Aware Personalized Preference Selectivity of Persistent-Memory LLMs | arXiv'26 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.16557) |

## Applications

|     Name    | Paper Title | Published At | Link | Domain |
|:-------------:|:-------------:|:--------------:|:------:|:--------:|
| *HumSum* | HumSum: A Personalized Lecture Summarization Tool for Humanities Students Using LLMs | ACL Workshop'24 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://aclanthology.org/2024.personalize-1.4.pdf) | Humanity |
| *LearnLens* | LearnLens: LLM-Enabled Personalised, Curriculum-Grounded Feedback with Educators in the Loop | (Arxiv'25) EMNLP Demo'25 | [![Home](https://img.shields.io/badge/Home-red)](https://learnlens.co.uk/login) [![YouTube](https://img.shields.io/badge/YouTube-FF0000?logo=youtube&logoColor=white)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCUALVwDKNQ) [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.04295) | Education |
| Divide and Conquer | Adapting and Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Self-Management: A Divide and Conquer Framework | (Arxiv'25) AI for Clinical Applications'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.11645) | Healthcare |
| *AdImpact-RL* | Learning Personalized Ad Impact via Contextual Reinforcement Learning under Delayed Rewards | NeurIPS'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://neurips.cc/virtual/2025/loc/san-diego/poster/118550) | Advertising |
| *FreeCure* | Foundation Cures Personalization: Improving Personalized Models’ Prompt Consistency via Hidden Foundation Knowledge | NeurIPS'25 | [![Paper](https://img.shields.io/badge/Paper-blue)](https://neurips.cc/virtual/2025/loc/san-diego/poster/118648) [![Home](https://img.shields.io/badge/Home-red)](https://yiyangcai.github.io) | Diffusion Personalization |

## Related Workshops

| Workshop Name                                         | Conference/Series | Link                                                                 |
|:-------------------------------------------------------:|:-------------------:|:----------------------------------------------------------------------:|
| The First Workshop on Personalized Generative AI @ CIKM 2023: <br> Personalization Meets Large Language Models. | CIKM'23           | [![Home](https://img.shields.io/badge/Home-red)](https://sites.google.com/view/pgai2023/home)         |
| The 1st Workshop on Personalization of Generative AI Systems | ACL'24           | [![Home](https://img.shields.io/badge/Home-red)](https://aclanthology.org/volumes/2024.personalize-1/)         |
| The 3rd Workshop on Personal Intelligence with Generative AI | WWW'25           | [![Home](https://img.shields.io/badge/Home-red)](https://generative-rec.github.io/workshop-www25/)             |
| LLM4Good: Sustainable & Trustworthy LLMs for Personalization | ACM UMAP'25     | [![Home](https://img.shields.io/badge/Home-red)](https://recsys-lab.at/llm4good/)                              |
| P13N: Personalization in Generative AI Workshop        | ICCV'25           | [![Home](https://img.shields.io/badge/Home-red)](https://p13n-workshop.github.io/)                             |
| PerFM: Personalization in the Era of Large Foundation Models        | AAAI'26           | [![Home](https://img.shields.io/badge/Home-red)](https://personalizedllm.github.io/events/perfm-aaai26/)                             |

# Citation

```bibtex
@article{liu2025survey,
  title={A Survey of Personalized Large Language Models: Progress and Future Directions},
  author={Liu, Jiahong and Qiu, Zexuan and Li, Zhongyang and Dai, Quanyu and Zhu, Jieming and Hu, Minda and Yang, Menglin and King, Irwin},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.11528},
  year={2025}
}
```

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