Arabica

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Python package for text mining of time-series data

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# Arabica
**Python package for text mining of time-series data**

Text data is often recorded as a time series with significant variability over time. Some examples of time-series text data include social media conversations, product reviews, research metadata, central banker communication, and newspaper headlines. Arabica makes exploratory analysis of these datasets simple by providing:

* **Descriptive n-gram analysis**: n-gram frequencies
* **Time-series n-gram analysis**: n-gram frequencies over a period
* **Text visualization**: n-gram heatmap, line plot, word cloud
* **Sentiment analysis**: VADER sentiment classifier
* **Financial sentiment analysis**: with FinVADER
* **Structural breaks identification**: Jenks Optimization Method

It automatically cleans data from punctuation on input. It can also apply all or a selected combination of the following cleaning operations:

* Remove digits from the text
* Remove the standard list(s) of stopwords
* Remove an additional list of stop words

Arabica works with **texts** of languages based on the Latin alphabet, uses `cleantext` for punctuation cleaning, and enables stop words removal for languages in the `NLTK` corpus of stopwords.

It reads dates in:

* **US-style**: *MM/DD/YYYY* (2013-12-31, Feb-09-2009, 2013-12-31 11:46:17, etc.)
* **European-style**: *DD/MM/YYYY* (2013-31-12, 09-Feb-2009, 2013-31-12 11:46:17, etc.) date and datetime formats.

## Installation

Arabica requires **Python 3.8 - 3.10**, [NLTK](http://www.nltk.org) - stop words removal,
[cleantext](https://pypi.org/project/cleantext/#description) - text cleaning, [wordcloud](https://pypi.org/project/wordcloud) - word cloud visualization,
[plotnine](https://pypi.org/project/plotnine) - heatmaps and line graphs, [matplotlib](https://pypi.org/project/matplotlib/) - word clouds and graphical operations,
[vaderSentiment](https://pypi.org/project/vaderSentiment) - sentiment analysis, [finvader](https://pypi.org/project/finvader) - financial sentiment analysis,
and [jenskpy](https://pypi.org/project/jenkspy/) for breakpoint identification.

To install using pip, use:

`pip install arabica`

## Usage

* **Import the library**:

``` python
from arabica import arabica_freq
from arabica import cappuccino
from arabica import coffee_break 
```

* **Choose a method:**

**arabica_freq** enables a specific set of cleaning operations (lower casing, numbers, common stop words, and additional stop words 
removal) and returns a dataframe with aggregated unigrams, bigrams, and trigrams frequencies over a period.

``` python
def arabica_freq(text: str,                # Text
                 time: str,                # Time
                 date_format: str,         # Date format: 'eur' - European, 'us' - American
                 time_freq: str,           # Aggregation period: 'Y'/'M'/'D', if no aggregation: 'ungroup'
                 max_words: int,           # Maximum of most frequent n-grams displayed for each period
                 stopwords: [],            # Languages for stop words
                 stopwords_ext: [],        # Languages for extended stop words list, currently provided lists: 'english'
                 skip: [],                 # Remove additional strings. Cuts the characters out without tokenization, useful for specific or rare characters. Be careful not to bias the dataset.
                 numbers = True,           # Remove numbers
                 lower_case = True)        # Lowercase text
                 numbers: bool = False,    # Remove numbers
                 lower_case: bool = False  # Lowercase text
) 
```

**cappuccino**  enables cleaning operations (lower casing, numbers, common stop words, and additional stop words
removal) and provides plots for descriptive (word cloud) and time-series (heatmap, line plot) visualization.

``` python
def cappuccino(text: str,                # Text
               time: str,                # Time
               date_format: str,         # Date format: 'eur' - European, 'us' - American
               plot: str,                # Chart type: 'wordcloud'/'heatmap'/'line'
               ngram: int,               # N-gram size, 1 = unigram, 2 = bigram, 3 = trigram
               time_freq: str,           # Aggregation period: 'Y'/'M', if no aggregation: 'ungroup'
               max_words int,            # Maximum of most frequent n-grams displayed for each period
               stopwords: [],            # Languages for stop words
               stopwords_ext: [],        # Languages for extended stop words list, currently provided lists: 'english'
               skip: [],                 # Remove additional strings. Cuts the characters out without tokenization, useful for specific or rare characters. Be careful not to bias the dataset.
               numbers: bool = False,    # Remove numbers
               lower_case: bool = False  # Lowercase text
)
```

**coffee_break**  provides sentiment analysis and breakpoint identification in aggregated time series of sentiment. The implemented models are:

* [VADER](https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/14550) is a lexicon and rule-based sentiment classifier attuned explicitly to general language expressed in social media
  
* [FinVADER](https://pypi.org/project/finvader/) improves VADER's classification accuracy on financial texts, including two financial lexicons

Break points in the time series are identified with the **Fisher-Jenks algorithm** (Jenks, 1977. Optimal data classification for choropleth maps).

``` python
def coffee_break(text: str,                 # Text
                 time: str,                 # Time
                 date_format: str,          # Date format: 'eur' - European, 'us' - American
                 model: str,                # Sentiment classifier, 'vader' - general language, 'finvader' - financial text                
                 skip: [],                  # Remove additional strings. Cuts the characters out without tokenization, useful for specific or rare characters. Be careful not to bias the dataset.
                 preprocess: bool = False,  # Clean data from numbers and punctuation
                 time_freq: str,            # Aggregation period: 'Y'/'M'
                 n_breaks: int              # Number of breakpoints: min. 2
)
```

## Documentation, examples and tutorials

* Read the [documentation](https://arabica.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html)

For more examples of coding, read these  tutorials:

**General use:**

* Sentiment Analysis and Structural Breaks in Time-Series Text Data [here](https://towardsdatascience.com/sentiment-analysis-and-structural-breaks-in-time-series-text-data-8109c712ca2?sk=ce5c69171ba026fee631d1b23520d6e3)                      
* Visualization Module in Arabica Speeds Up Text Data Exploration [here](https://towardsdatascience.com/visualization-module-in-arabica-speeds-up-text-data-exploration-47114ad646ce?sk=e54bc7d170ea3ecb76fb45dc869d4a44)                                                                                                                        
* Text as Time Series: Arabica 1.0 Brings New Features for Exploratory Text Data Analysis [here](https://towardsdatascience.com/text-as-time-series-arabica-1-0-brings-new-features-for-exploratory-text-data-analysis-88eaabb84deb?sk=229ec0602d0b8514f25bce501ed9ecb9)

**Applications:**

* **Business Intelligence:** Customer Satisfaction Measurement with N-gram and Sentiment Analysis [here](https://towardsdatascience.com/customer-satisfaction-measurement-with-n-gram-and-sentiment-analysis-547e291c13a6?sk=62f9decb619744c96c49735ff09653c3)                       
* **Research meta-data analysis:** Research Article Meta-data Description Made Quick and Easy [here](https://pub.towardsai.net/research-article-meta-data-description-made-quick-and-easy-57754e54b550?sk=82477c74a159855f211b09b53026dedc)
* **Media coverage text mining**
* **Social media analysis**
---

💬 Please visit [here](https://github.com/PetrKorab/arabica/issues) for any questions, issues, bugs, and suggestions.

## Citation

Using **arabica** in a paper or thesis? Please cite this paper:

```bibtex

@article{Koráb:2024,
  author   = {{Koráb}, P., and {Poměnková}, J.},
  title    = {Arabica: A Python package for exploratory analysis of text data},
  journal  = {Journal of Open Source Software},
  volume   = {97},
  number   = {9},
  pages    = {6186},
  year     = {2024},
  doi      = {doi.org/10.21105/joss.06186},
}

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