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Circuit-level PDP-11/34 emulator

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# ll/34

**ll/34 is a circuit-level emulator for the PDP-11/34A (1976), running a virtual CPU reverse-engineered from the schematics, microcode, and logic captures of an actual PDP-11/34A.**

It was originally designed as a digital replica of the real CPU to assist with troubleshooting at the signal level.
The virtual KD11-EA CPU essentially consists of a C translation of the schematics, and lookups to the ROM tables. All combinational ROMs are reverse-engineered, and the clock generator is precisely modeled.

Circuit-level (ROM truth tables + combinatorial logic) was chosen over gate-level (Verilog) because it is low-level enough to reproduce hardware bugs, yet fast enough to run programs.

## Emulated devices

- UNIBUS backplane (timing and signal accurate)
- KD11-EA CPU (circuit-level)
- M9301 boot card with original boot and diagnostic ROMs
- DL11 serial card (timing accurate)
- KW11 line clock (50/60 Hz)
- Programmer Console (including maintenance mode for CPU troubleshooting)
- RK05 drives (high-level emulation of the RK11 controller)
- RL01 and RL02 drives (high-level emulation of the RL11 controller)
- Tape reader
- VT100 terminal with stdio, TCP port or PTY modes

## Architecture

All devices are plugged into the UNIBUS backplane (unibus.c), which performs address decoding, timing, and bus cycles.

Internally, the CPU is composed of the following components:

| File           | Description                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
| -------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `ucode_rom.h`  | 512x48-bit microcode store (bipolar PROMs), based on [Bitsavers](https://bitsavers.org/pdf/dec/pdp11/1134/) Verilog and dumps. Each micro-word controls the ALU, scratchpad, bus interface, and branching for one micro-cycle.                                                                |
| `combo_roms.h` | Combinational ROMs (E51-E83, E107), IR decode (E59/E60/E63/E69/E70/E71/E74), ALU function select (E61/E82/E83), trap/service priority (E52/E53), and condition code logic (E68/E107), all reconstituted from the schematics and logic captures. Open-collector ROMs wire-OR onto the MPC bus. |
| `kd11ea.c`     | Datapath engine. Steps through the microcode one micro-word per cycle. Basic 74xx gates are simulated using C logic operators (`!`, `&&`, `>>` etc.). The 74S181 bit-slice ALU is fully modeled (4 slices, 16-bit).                                                                           |
| `mmu.c`        | Memory management. Kernel/user address spaces, 18-bit relocation (3x 74S283 adders), 16 PAR/PDR pairs, SR0/SR2 abort registers with freeze logic.                                                                                                                                             |
| `clockgen.c`   | Clock generator. Models the E106 delay line (TAP 30/90/120 feedback, TRAN INH bus wait). Short cycles: 180 ns, long cycles: 240 ns, bus transfers stretch until SSYN returns.                                                                                                                 |
| `clock.c`      | Real-time pacing. Keeps simulated time in sync with wall-clock time.                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
| `int.c`        | Interrupt arbiter. BR4-BR7 priority queue, approximates the UNIBUS daisy-chain grant order.                                                                                                                                                                                                   |

## Programmer Console (Ctrl-P)

Emulates the front panel switches and indicators of the PDP-11/34A. Active when the CPU is halted (power-up, HALT instruction, or Ctrl-P).

It allows initializing the bus, booting the CPU, single-stepping through code, examining and depositing data at arbitrary addresses, and quitting the emulator.

The frontend is decoupled from the engine, so a photorealistic front panel GUI is also provided in WebAssembly.

## Debug Console (Ctrl-E)

The Debug Console provides an interactive debugger for both microcode-level and instruction-level code:

- `s [n]`: single-step n micro-instructions with full state dump (MPC, ALU, bus, registers)
- `b addr`: set PC breakpoint (octal), `bl` to list, `bd n` to delete
- `g`: resume execution
- `u [addr] [n]`: disassemble instructions
- `c [addr] [n]`: memory dump (octal)
- `mmu`: show MMU state (kernel + user PAR/PDR, current mode marked)
- `r`: register dump

## Logic Analyzer (Ctrl-L)

Troubleshooting ll-34 during its development turned out to be so similar to troubleshooting the real hardware that an internal logic analyzer was implemented to trace the signals and probe the datapath. This proved instrumental in tracking down subtle ROM and timing bugs in the virtual CPU. It can also be used as a reference to troubleshoot the real hardware, just like the working hardware helped to develop the emulator.

The logic analyzer allows the probing of 102 points on major CPU signals, mapped to physical chip pins (KD1:Exx:pin notation matching the DEC schematics K1-5 through K2-9). Logical aliases (MPC, ALU_OUT, IR, PSW…) are provided for convenience.

Sample rate is the real-time CPU clock (5,555,556 Hz) with a resolution of 180 ns per sample. A configurable divider reduces the sample rate for longer capture windows.

Captures use a ring buffer (up to 64K samples) with configurable trigger on any signal, adjustable trigger position (pre/post ratio), and CSV export for offline analysis.

<figure>

<img src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/5d07fc3d-dbe9-4cfe-9ef9-567232176dae" width="50%">
<figcaption>
 

Logic captures were used liberally throughout the project to map and debug poorly understood multiplexing paths.</figcaption>
 
</figure>

## Sample Programs

ll-34 comes with a few programs and systems to try: a Game of Life, V6 UNIX, RT-11 V4 with the original Tetris game, and [ATTN/11](https://github.com/dbrll/ATTN-11/), a small trainable Transformer with self-attention.

### RT-11

```
./ll-34 --rk ./wasm/demos/rtv4_rk.dsk
```

The boot ROM will automatically load from the RK11 and start the operating
system.  `DIR` will list files, `HELP` will print help, `RUN TETRIS`
will start the Tetris demo (although the `$TERM` will probably be wrong?).
`RUN ADVENT` will start the [Colossal Cave Adventure](https://trmm.net/Advent/),
built on a real PDP-11/34.

### v6 Unix

```
./ll-34 --rk ./wasm/demos/v6bin.rk
```

The bootloader will print a minimal `@` prompt.  Type `rkunix` and
hit enters and a few seconds later you should get a `login:` prompt.
Enter the username `root` with no password and you're in!
One note is that `cd` is named `chdir` in early unix.

## Building

`make` + a C11 compiler, there are no other dependencies.

Verified to compile with no warnings on Linux (x86_64 and aarch64) with both musl and glibc, macOS aarch64, and NetBSD 10 aarch64.

## Running

Besides the CLI, a standalone WebAssembly version with a photo-realistic GUI is available here: https://dbrll.github.io/ll-34.

**Note**: ll-34 is a resource-intensive emulator. Unlike instruction-level emulators, it steps through the microcode one cycle at a time and runs the ALU, combinatorial ROMs, scratchpad, clock generator, and bus timing at each step.
The host must sustain the 5.5 MHz clock generator pace continuously to remain cycle accurate.

At startup, the emulator will benchmark itself and reports its speed relative to a real KD11-EA. A ratio below 1x means the host cannot keep up and timing accuracy is not guaranteed. The benchmark is not available in the WebAssembly version, where browser timer resolution makes it unreliable. As the WASM build is slower than native, running it on a smartphone will typically be too slow.

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