Pico-RP2040

KO | EN

gitlite — search

#python #java #python3 #arduino #golang #machine-learning #rust #html #flask #javascript #seismology #nodejs

★ 16 Open GitHub ↗

Raspberry Pi Pico & RP2040 microcontrollers notes

// repository documentation

Was this content helpful?

★ 0 (0 ratings)

<A NAME="INDEX"></A>
<A HREF="#P193">&lt;-- <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P0">--&gt;</A> 
<A HREF="https://github.com/WA9ONY/AI">AI</A> - <A HREF="https://github.com/WA9ONY/Arduino">Arduino</A> - <A HREF="https://github.com/WA9ONY/Electronics">Electronics</A> - <A HREF="https://github.com/WA9ONY/GNURadio">GNURadio</A> - <A HREF="https://github.com/WA9ONY/Pico-RP2040">Pico-RP2040</A> - <A HREF="https://github.com/WA9ONY/Python">Python</A> - <A HREF="https://github.com/WA9ONY/Raspberry-Pi">Raspberry-Pi</A>

# Pico and RP2040 Projects Notes Index 
+ Project 0: <A HREF="README.md#P0">Raspberry Pi Pico and RP2040 Microcontrollers Interduction</A>
+ Project 1: <A HREF="README.md#P1">Ham Radio Micorocontroller Books</A>
+ Project 2: <A HREF="README.md#P2">Micorocontrollers Books</A>
+ Project 3: <A HREF="README.md#P3">Micorocontrollers in Magazines</A>
+ Project 4: <A HREF="README.md#P4">Micorocontrollers Videos</A>
+ Project 5: <A HREF="README.md#P5">Forums</A>
+ Project 6: <A HREF="README.md#P6">Micorocontrollers Applications</A>
+ Project 7: <A HREF="README.md#P7"><A HREF="#P7">RP2040 Microcontroller Introduction</A>
+ Project 9: <A HREF="README.md#P9">RP2040 Development Boards Lists</A>
+ Project 10: <A HREF="README.md#P10">Raspberry Pi RP2040 Boards</A>
+ Project 11: <A HREF="README.md#P11">Adafruit Industries RP2040 Boards</A>
+ Project 13: <A HREF="README.md#P13">Seeed Studio RP2040 Boards</A>
+ Project 14: <A HREF="README.md#P14">SparkFun RP2040 Boards</A>
+ Project 15: <A HREF="README.md#P15">Waveshare RP2040 Boards</A>
+ Project 16: <A HREF="README.md#P16">Micorocontrollers Programming</A>
+ Project 18: <A HREF="README.md#P18">Build a Computer for Microcontroller Development</A>
+ Project 19: <A HREF="README.md#P19">Setup GitHub</A>
+ Project 20: <A HREF="README.md#P20">Learn Micropython on the Pico</A>
+ Project 21: <A HREF="README.md#P21">Setup Pico with Micropython</A>
+ Project 22: <A HREF="README.md#P22">Run Pico on Batteries</A>
+ Project 23: <A HREF="README.md#P23">Power the Pico on Solar Cells</A>
+ Project 24: <A HREF="README.md#P24">Use Pico A/Ds to Measure Vbus, Vsys and Vbattery Voltage
+ Project 25: <A HREF="README.md#P25">Use Pico A/D to Measure CPU Temperature</A>
+ Project 27: <A HREF="README.md#P27">Using the GiHub Web Interface</A>
+ Project 34: <A HREF="README.md#P34">Steps in Building a Microcontroller Project</A>
+ Project 35: <A HREF="README.md#P35">Electronic Breadboards</A>
+ Project 36: <A HREF="README.md#P36">PCBs</A>
+ Project 42: <A HREF="README.md#P42">USB</A> 
+ Project 47: <A HREF="README.md#P47">AC Power Suppies for Microcontroller Boards</A>
+ Project 50: <A HREF="README.md#P50">WA7ABU Repeater Project Net</A>
+ Project 52: <A HREF="README.md#P52">Microcontroller Development Boards Price Table</A>
+ Project 53: <A HREF="README.md#P53">Starting with Microcontroller</A>
+ Project 60: <A HREF="README.md#P60">Fritzing</A>
+ Project 63: <A HREF="README.md#P63">I²C-bus: Inter-Integrated Circuit Bus</A>
+ Project 64: <A HREF="README.md#P64">SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface</A>
+ Project 65: <A HREF="README.md#P65">OLED: Organic Light-Emitting Diode</A>
+ Project 66: <A HREF="README.md#P66">I²C-bus: Sparkfun Qwiic</A>
+ Project 67: <A HREF="README.md#P67">SparkFun 16x2 SerLCD - RGB Text (QWIIC)</A>
+ Project 68: <A HREF="README.md#P68">Raspberry Pi Pico I²C Scan</A>
+ Project 69: <A HREF="README.md#P69">Raspberry Pi Pic to SparkFun 16x2 SerLCD Qwiic "hello"</A>
+ Project 70: <A HREF="README.md#P70">Raspberry Pi Pic to SparkFun 16x2 SerLCD Qwiic "temp"</A>
+ Project 71: <A HREF="README.md#P71">Raspberry Pi Pic to SparkFun 16x2 SerLCD 96 Char Test</A>
+ Project 72: <A HREF="README.md#P72">Raspberry Pi Pic I²C MicroPython</A>
+ Project 73: <A HREF="README.md#P73">I²C-bus: Adafruit STEMMA & STEMMA QT</A>
+ Project 74: <A HREF="README.md#P74">I²C Waveforms</A>
+ Project 75: <A HREF="README.md#P75">Tennsy 4.1 Microcontroller Board</A>
+ Project 76: <A HREF="README.md#P76">I²C-bus: 7-bit Address Table</A>
+ Project 77: <A HREF="README.md#P77">Microcontroller Boards Table</A>
+ Project 78: <A HREF="README.md#P78">KiCad Circuit Simulation</A>
+ Project 79: <A HREF="README.md#P79">Adafruit 2FA: Two-Factor Authentication</A>
+ Project 80: <A HREF="README.md#P80">Qucs: Quite Universal Circuit Simulator</A>
+ Project 81: <A HREF="README.md#P81">I²C-bus: Seeed Studio Grove System</A>
+ Project 82: <A HREF="README.md#P82">MicroPython Pico Function</A>
+ Project 83: <A HREF="README.md#P83">Book: Programming the Pico, Dr.Simon Monk</A>
+ Project 84: <A HREF="README.md#P84">I²C-bus: SparkFun Qwiic MultiPort</A>
+ Project 85: <A HREF="README.md#P85">Tinkercad Circuits</A>
+ Project 86: <A HREF="README.md#P86">Tinkercad Codeblocks</A>
+ Project 87: <A HREF="README.md#P87">Tinkercad 3D Design</A>
+ Project 102: <A HREF="README.md#P102">List of YouTube Playlists</A>
+ Project 137: <A HREF="README.md#P137">Thonny</A>
+ Project 138: <A HREF="README.md#P138">CircuitPython</A>
+ Project 139: <A HREF="README.md#P139">Groups.IO Microcontrollers</A>
+ Project 140: <A HREF="README.md#P140">Discord</A>
+ Project 141: <A HREF="README.md#P141">RP2040 DVI</A>
+ Project 142: <A HREF="README.md#P142">RP2040 PIO</A>
+ Project 143: <A HREF="README.md#P143">Wire</A>
+ Project 145: <A HREF="README.md#P145">Pico Vsys Power Test</A> 
+ Project 169: <A HREF="README.md#P169">MicroSD Cards for SBC</A>
+ Project 174: <A HREF="README.md#P174">YouTube Channel W2AEW</A>
+ Project 179: <A HREF="README.md#P179">CAN Bus</A>
+ Project 186: <A HREF="README.md#P186">Raspberry Pi Pico GPIO Current</A>
+ Project 187: <A HREF="README.md#P187">Raspberry Pi Pico GPIO Square Wave</A>
+ Project 188: <A HREF="README.md#P188">Raspberry Pi Pico GPIO PIO</A>
+ Project 189: <A HREF="README.md#P189">CircuitPython</A>
+ Project 190: <A HREF="README.md#P190">Prof. John Gallaugher</A>
+ Project 191: <A HREF="README.md#P191">Circuit Playground CircuitPython</A>
+ Project 192: <A HREF="README.md#P192">Pico CircuitPython</A>
+ Project 193: <A HREF="README.md#P193">MicroPython benchmark programs</A>

<A NAME="P0"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#INDEX">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P1">--&gt;</A>

# Project 0: Raspberry Pi Pico and RP2040 Microcontrollers Interduction

The Raspberry Pi RP2040 microcontroller IC is a small computer, 0.267 square inches chip, with 56 pins of which most of the pins are used to interface to other electronic devices.

 

<A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">David Haworth</A>, <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A>

## Introduction  
  
This repo focuses on microcontroller-based projects and edge computing.  These project notes include ML (Machine Learning) and edge computing. It documents WA9ONY learning experinces, resources used and projects.  This includes the new (2021) RP2040 microcontroller ecosystem that has shook the microcontroller industry with it's high performace, low cost ($1), small size (0.267 square inches) and availablity to other companies so that they can products that include the RP2040 products (Arduino NANO RP2040 Connect).  Microcontrollers would not be complete without understanding how to use the defacto microcontroller standard since 2005, the Arduino microcontroller ecosystem.

The ham radio projects range from a microcontroller board showing its temperature by using its on board LED to indicate the board's temperature in Morse code to a transceivers built with a microcontroller with other hardware.  In the below project 1: ham radio microcontroller books browse through the book contente in the table to see the various ham radio microcontroller projects (&gt;150) that have been written about.  Also, YouTube and the Internet is filled with ham radio microcontroller projects.
  
Microcontroller projects range from using only the microcontroller developement board to attaching various components and various subsystem boards with  standardized serial interfaces (SPI, I2C, STEMMA QT, etc.).
  
Software is needed to program the microcontroller.  The long time defacto standard is Arduino IDE (since 2005) which is based on C++. Also, MicroPython and CircuitPython have large strong microcontroller ecosystems.  This results in different ways to program the microcontroller.

## Summary of What is Needed for Microcontroller Project.
- Microcontroller developement board.
- Additional electronics and subsystem boards needed for the project.
- Computer
 - To develope software with the IDE.
 - To upload the software to the microcontroller board usually with USB interface.
 - To power the microcontroller board with the USB interface. 
- Software IDE to develope the microcontroller software.
- Power the project after software is completed and the computer is not needed.
 - USB power souce
 - Batteries
 - Solar cells
 
 
<A NAME="P1"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P0">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P2">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 1: Ham Radio Micorocontroller Books

The below table identifies books on microcontrollers in ham radio.  
  
Look at the contents column to see the various ham radio microcontroller projects that have been written about in these books. The books are sorted with the newest books at the top of the table.

Summary of the eight books:
+ 130 chapters
+ 2,937 pages
+ 135 projects
  + Here is one project taken from each book.
     + FM radio
     + Simple DDS based CW TX
     + DSP post processor
     + 40 meter QRP JT65 transceiver
     + DDS VFO
     + Talking SWR meter
     + APRS data logger
     + RTTY reader

Review
+ [Arduino Projects for Amateur Radio](https://www.n4nrv.org/microcontroller-projects-for-amateur-radio/)

Ham radio microcontroller books table 1.1.

<TABLE>
 <TR>
 <TD>
 Book Title
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Author
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Publisher
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Date
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Contents
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Projects
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Pages
 </TD>
 <TD>
 uC
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Software
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Price
 </TD>
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.elektor.com/raspberry-pi-pico-for-radio-amateurs-e-book">Raspberry Pi Pico for Radio Amateurs</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 G7SCU
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.elektor.com/books">Elektor</A>
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 2021
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="./BookContents/RaspberryPiPicoforRadioAmateurs.pdf">PDF</A>
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 43
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 310 Color PDF
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040">RP2040</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.elektor.com/raspberry-pi-pico-for-radio-amateurs-e-book">Files</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 €29.95 PDF
 </TD>
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD>
 
 <A HREF="https://rsgb.org/main/blog/publications/books-extra/2021/04/24/microcontroller-know-how/">Microcontroller Know How Amateur Radio projects and much more</A>
 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 G0MGX
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.rsgbshop.org/acatalog/Online_Catalogue_Radio_Books___CDs_29.html">RSGB</A>
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 2021
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="./BookContents/MicrocontrollerKnowHowAmateurRadioprojects.png">PNG</A>
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 9
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 175 Color Kindle
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino">Arduino</A> 
 <A HREF="https://stm32-base.org/boards/STM32F103C8T6-Blue-Pill.html">Blue Pill</A> 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1Q0chpbWhwx7m6oytslTZod9CoWsARgBl">Files</A>
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 $21.99 <A HREF="https://www.amazon.com/kindle-dbs/storefront?storeType=browse&node=154606011">Kindle</A>
 </TD>
 </TR>

<TR>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://home.arrl.org/action/Store/Product-Details/productId/133985">More Arduino for Ham Radio</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/KW5GP">KW5GP</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://home.arrl.org/action/Shop/Products#filter=%7B%22Facet%22%3A%7B%22Name%22%3A%22Publications%22,%22Value%22%3A%22WEB_FACET_1%22%7D,%22SubFacet%22%3A%7B%22Name%22%3A%22Books%22,%22Value%22%3A%22BOOKS%22%7D,%22Category%22%3Anull,%22SubCategory%22%3Anull%7D&searchTerm=&searchItemNameTerm=&searchDescriptionTerm=&productClass=">ARRL</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 2021
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="./BookContents/MoreArduinoFHR.png">PNG</A>
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 10
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 384
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino">Arduino</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 <A HREF="http://www.kw5gp.com/Arduino3/">Files</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 $39.95
 </TD>
 </TR> 
 
 <TR>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://home.arrl.org/action/Store/Product-Details/productId/132600">Microcontroller Projects for Amateur Radio</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/W8TEE">W8TEE</A> & <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/AC8GY">AC8GY</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://home.arrl.org/action/Shop/Products#filter=%7B%22Facet%22%3A%7B%22Name%22%3A%22Publications%22,%22Value%22%3A%22WEB_FACET_1%22%7D,%22SubFacet%22%3A%7B%22Name%22%3A%22Books%22,%22Value%22%3A%22BOOKS%22%7D,%22Category%22%3Anull,%22SubCategory%22%3Anull%7D&searchTerm=&searchItemNameTerm=&searchDescriptionTerm=&productClass=">ARRL</A>
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 2020
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="./BookContents/MicrocontrollerProjectsforAmateurRadio.png">PNG</A>
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 7
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 400 B&W
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://groups.io/g/SoftwareControlledHamRadio">Files ?</A>
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 $39.95
 </TD>
 </TR>

<TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arrl.org/arduino2">More Arduino Projects for Ham Radio</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/KW5GP">KW5GP</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://home.arrl.org/action/Shop/Products#filter=%7B%22Facet%22%3A%7B%22Name%22%3A%22Publications%22,%22Value%22%3A%22WEB_FACET_1%22%7D,%22SubFacet%22%3A%7B%22Name%22%3A%22Books%22,%22Value%22%3A%22BOOKS%22%7D,%22Category%22%3Anull,%22SubCategory%22%3Anull%7D&searchTerm=&searchItemNameTerm=&searchDescriptionTerm=&productClass=">ARRL</A>
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 2017
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="./BookContents/MoreArduinoProjectsforHamRadio.png">PNG</A>
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 14
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 500 B&W
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino">Arduino</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 <A HREF="http://www.kw5gp.com/Arduino2/">Files</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 $34.95
 </TD>
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.academia.edu/41503314/Arduino_Projects_for_Amateur_Radio">Arduino Projects for Amateur Radio</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/W8TEE">W8TEE</A>, <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/W6DQ">W6DQ</A>, et al.
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/arduino-projects-for/9780071834063/">O'Reilly</A>,
 <A HREF="https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/content/book/9780071834056">Mc Graw Hill</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 2014
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="./BookContents/ArduinoProjectsforAmateurRadio.pdf">PDF</A>
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 14
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 464 B&W
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino">Arduino</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://groups.io/g/SoftwareControlledHamRadio/files/Arduino%20Projects%20for%20Amateur%20Radio%20Source%20files">Files</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 $25.45
 </TD>
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arrl.org/arduino">Arduino for Ham Radio</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/KW5GP">KW5GP</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://home.arrl.org/action/Shop/Products#filter=%7B%22Facet%22%3A%7B%22Name%22%3A%22Publications%22,%22Value%22%3A%22WEB_FACET_1%22%7D,%22SubFacet%22%3A%7B%22Name%22%3A%22Books%22,%22Value%22%3A%22BOOKS%22%7D,%22Category%22%3Anull,%22SubCategory%22%3Anull%7D&searchTerm=&searchItemNameTerm=&searchDescriptionTerm=&productClass=">ARRL</A>
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 2014
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="./BookContents/ArduinoforHamRadio.png">PNG</A>
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 19
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 352 B&W
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino">Arduino</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 <A HREF="http://www.kw5gp.com/Arduino/">Files</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Out of Print $76.06
 </TD>
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://home.arrl.org/action/Store/Product-Details/productId/114304">Ham Radio for Arduino and Picaxe</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA5ZNU">WA5ZNU</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://home.arrl.org/action/Shop/Products#filter=%7B%22Facet%22%3A%7B%22Name%22%3A%22Publications%22,%22Value%22%3A%22WEB_FACET_1%22%7D,%22SubFacet%22%3A%7B%22Name%22%3A%22Books%22,%22Value%22%3A%22BOOKS%22%7D,%22Category%22%3Anull,%22SubCategory%22%3Anull%7D&searchTerm=&searchItemNameTerm=&searchDescriptionTerm=&productClass=">ARRL</A>
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 2013
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="./BookContents/HamRadioforArduinoandPicaxe.png">PNG</A>
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 19
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 352 B&W
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino">Arduino</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 <A HREF="http://hamradioprojects.com/projects/">Files</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 $34.95
 </TD>
 </TR>
</TABLE>
 
 
<A NAME="P2"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P1">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P3">--&gt;</A>

# Project 2:  Micorocontrollers Books

<img width="269" height="134" src="/Images/ArduinoPico.png"> 

 
## HackSpace Free Books [PDFs](https://hackspace.raspberrypi.com/books) 
+ Get Started with MicroPython on Raspberry Pi Pico, 139 pages [PDF](https://hackspace.raspberrypi.com/books/micropython-pico) 
 + The best Pico book to start with.
 + Also found in MagPi [books](https://magpi.raspberrypi.com/books)
 + Raspberry Pi Pico MicroPython {play list](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IgUupJIRKrk&list=PLKAB78-HH7CZDVrBwvS81cbCVF6rQuwA3)
+ Get Started With Arduino, 180 pages [PDF](https://hackspace.raspberrypi.com/articles/get-started-with-arduino-book)

## Raspberry Pi
+ Raspberry Pi Pico Python SDK, 48 pages [PDF](https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/pico/raspberry-pi-pico-python-sdk.pdf)
+ Getting started with Raspberry Pi Pico, 80 pages [PDF](https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/pico/getting-started-with-pico.pdf)   
+ Raspberry Pi Pico C/C++ SDK, 171 pages [PDF](https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/pico/raspberry-pi-pico-c-sdk.pdf)   
+ Connecting to the Internet with Raspberry Pi Pico W, 30 pages [PDF](https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/picow/connecting-to-the-internet-with-pico-w.pdf)
   
##  Elektor [Books](https://www.elektor.com/books)

## Make [Books](https://www.makershed.com/collections/make-books-print)

## Best Arduino Books
+ Google: [best arduino books](https://www.google.com/search?q=best+arduino+books&sxsrf=AJOqlzXcME85zWR1o0DOzV2u7ydBnHq21A%3A1673719775242&ei=3-_CY7i-DpDJ0PEPwIGVoAE&oq=best+arduino+book&gs_lcp=Cgxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAQARgAMgUIABCRAjIFCAAQgAQyBQgAEIAEMgYIABAWEB4yBggAEBYQHjIICAAQFhAeEA8yBggAEBYQHjIFCAAQhgM6CggAEEcQ1gQQsAM6BwgAELADEEM6DQgAEOQCENYEELADGAE6DwguEOUEEMgDELADEEMYAjoECCMQJzoECAAQQzoKCAAQgAQQhwIQFEoECEEYAEoECEYYAVDVJVjuNWCzV2gFcAB4AIABXIgBnwOSAQE1mAEAoAEByAEQwAEB2gEGCAEQARgJ2gEGCAIQARgI&sclient=gws-wiz-serp) 
 
## Amazon Books
+ Pico book [list](https://www.amazon.com/s?k=raspberry+pi+pico+book&crid=3TYSWPL6AAMTA&sprefix=raspberry+pi+pico+book%2Caps%2C146&ref=nb_sb_noss_1)
+ Python book [list](https://www.amazon.com/s?k=Python+in+books&crid=30BE822W2L736&sprefix=python+in+books%2Caps%2C169&ref=nb_sb_noss_1)
+ Arduino book [list](https://www.amazon.com/s?k=arduino+in+books&crid=1KKMCHXX3CGXS&sprefix=Arduino+in+books%2Caps%2C165&ref=nb_sb_ss_ts-doa-p_1_16)
+ C++ book [list](https://www.amazon.com/s?k=c%2B%2B+in+books&crid=30I4G3VL5WZP6&sprefix=c%2B%2B+in+books%2Caps%2C168&ref=nb_sb_ss_ts-doa-p_1_12)

## Internet Archive
Sign up for a account and you can borrow books.
+ Raspberry Pi Pico [list](https://archive.org/search.php?query=Raspberry%20Pi%20Pico)
+ Arduino [list](https://archive.org/search.php?query=Arduino)
+ Microcontroller [list](https://archive.org/search.php?query=microcontroller&page=1)
+ Python [list](https://archive.org/search.php?query=Python)

<A NAME="P3"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P2">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P4">--&gt;</A>

# Project 3: Micorocontrollers in Magazines

<img width="747" height="286" src="/Images/Mags2.png">

 
## Raspberry Pi Press Free Magazines 
+ [Hackspace](https://hackspace.raspberrypi.com/) issue [39, 40, 44](https://hackspace.raspberrypi.com/issues?page=2), [52, 57, 61](https://hackspace.raspberrypi.com/issues?page=1)
+ [MagPi](https://magpi.raspberrypi.com/) issue [109](https://magpi.raspberrypi.com/issues?page=2), [119, 121](https://magpi.raspberrypi.com/issues)

## [Elektor](https://elektor.com/) magazine 
 + 2022 Dec issue, Arduino ([free 40 pages](https://www.elektormagazine.com/declassified-arduino-bonus-edition?utm_source=Elektor+International+%28English%29&utm_campaign=8eed08f225-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_1_5_2023_10_5&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_23bd160f48-8eed08f225-%5BLIST_EMAIL_ID%5D&mc_cid=8eed08f225&mc_eid=1bc428feb9) of the 140 page issue)
 + Back issues are available with a Green membership (no print, only PDFs)

## [Make](https://makezine.com/) magazine
+ Volumn 83 contains the 2022 annual Boards Guide (79 boards) on microcontrollers and SBCs. 
+ Back issues are available with a digital subscription.
+ Make maganizes are [online](https://archive.org/details/Makezine)
 + Register and have access to borrow the issue you want.
 
<A NAME="P4"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P3">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P5">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 4: Micorocontrollers Videos

<img width="256" height="57" src="/Images/YouTube_LogoS.png">

 
Videos on microcontrollers.
 
+ Exploring the Next Generation of Arduino Microcontrollers (Pico) [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOi_AYEgSmo) - Glen Popiel, KW5GP
+ YouTube
 + Raspberry Pi Pico [list](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=raspberry+pi+pico)
 + ExplainingComputers Pico [list](https://www.youtube.com/@ExplainingComputers/search?query=Pico)
 + Hamshield: Arduino meets amateur radio [video](https://youtu.be/xLTSlcZK14I)

## [Elektor TV](https://www.youtube.com/@ElektorTV)
+ Elektor Lab [Talk Arduino](https://youtu.be/rfPZvhgw_CQ) January 26, 8:00 PST
 
## Arduino [Channel](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCUpmmT1Gm_raVpqSvQYyd2Q)

## Raspberry Pi [Channel](https://www.youtube.com/raspberrypi)

## Make Magazine [Channel](https://www.youtube.com/user/makemagazine/videos)

## Adafruit Industries [Channel](https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCpOlOeQjj7EsVnDh3zuCgsA)

<A NAME="P5"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P4">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P6">--&gt;</A>

# Project 5: Forums

Forums related to microcontrollers.
    
## Groups.IO
+ SoftwareControlledHamRadio [group](https://groups.io/g/SoftwareControlledHamRadio)
  + This is the support group for the book Microcontroller Projects for Amateur Radio.
  + The [files](https://groups.io/g/SoftwareControlledHamRadio/files/Arduino%20Projects%20for%20Amateur%20Radio%20Source%20files) for book Arduino Projects for Amateur Radio are in the group files section.

<A NAME="P6"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P5">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P7">--&gt;</A>

# Project 6: Micorocontrollers Applications
 

 <img width="522" height="441" src="/Images/AD9833s50b.png">

Two AD9833 Function Generators Boards & Raspberry Pi Pico Microcontroller Board.

## Microcontrollers are used to configure and operate ICs and electronic subsystem modules.

Building electronic projects has changed over the years.  Today ICs are very samll surface mount packages that are a challenge to work with by themselves.  Sometimes the IC can be found mounted on a small circuit board with other components as is shown in the above photo of two AD9833 [21 page data sheet PDF](https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/ad9833.pdf) 0 MHz to 12.5 MHz Sine Square Wave DDS Signal Generator modules (module front side view & back side view).  Three AD9833 modules cost $12.99 with free shipping from [Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B09WV5LV3Q?ref=ppx_yo2ov_dt_b_product_details&th=1)

Therefore, enstead of building a project with ICs it is common to use modules that contain the IC.  The modules bacome functional subsystems of the project.  For example, the AD9833 module contains seven other componets (25 MHz XTAL, caps & resistors) to make the AD9833 operational and eaiser to use.  
Also, in the past ICs had dedicated pins to control their functions.  To reduce cost and size those pins were replaced by serial interfaces (I2C, SPI, etc.)  The benefits are less pins, lower cost and smaller size.  In order to use the AD9833 a serial interface to a microcontroller or microporocessor with a three wire SPI interface is needed to configure and use the AD9833.  See the AD9833 Programmable Waveform Generator YouTube [video](https://youtu.be/PWj3QBuNFv8) show how to use the AD9833 module with a Arduino microcontroller.

In the above photo, the AD9833 module interface requires Vcc, DigitalGND, AnalogGND, three wire SPI (SDATA SPI serial data, SCLK SPI serial clock, FSYNC SPI frame synchronization) and the function generator output signal is at OUT.

YouTube
+ [Hamshield: Arduino meets amateur radio](https://youtu.be/xLTSlcZK14I)

## Microcontrollers are used to read, process, log and communicate sensor data.

For example, a microcontroller with a temperature sensor can be used as a remote weather station that uses a solar cel power system and Wi-Fi to report temperature to the Internet.

<A NAME="P7"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P6">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P9">--&gt;</A>

#  Project 7: RP2040 Microcontroller Introduction

<img width="600" height="286" src="/Images/RP2040chip600.png"> 
 
 
Rasperry Pi Pico boards area new popular low cost, powerful [microcontroller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller) that was created for education, makers, hobbyiest, etc. in January 2021. In less than two years over 2 million have been sold. The RP2040 is the microcontroller IC used in the Pico boards. The RP2040 is sold for $1 and is used by many other companies to create boards that include the RP2040.

The RP2040 is a dual core, 32-bit [ARM](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture_family) [Cortex M0+](https://developer.arm.com/Processors/Cortex-M0-Plus) ([Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_Cortex-M) processor that has very low power requirements. Therefore, it is a good choice for battery operation.

The Raspberry Pi [SBC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-board_computer), single board computers, are the third most popular personal computer behind Apple Mac OS, and Window PCs.  A SBC runs an operation system to interface to the user and runs various programs.  In contrast the RP2040 is a [microcontroller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller) design to interface to hardware to do a signal task.

To use a microcontroller it is connected to additional electrical hardware using digital I/O, analog I/O, buses ([I2C](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2C), [SPI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface), [UART](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_asynchronous_receiver-transmitter), etc.). A compuer is used to develop the software to run one the microcontroller. The software is downloaded from the computer to the microcontroller board where is runs.  The software is saved on flash memory on the microcontroller board and runs when the board is power up and not connected to the computer.  When problems occur the computer is connected to the microcontroller board to debug it.

## [Raspberry Pi Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_Foundation)

Raspberry Pi Foundation helped redefine the personal computer market with the [Raspberry Pi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi) low cost single board computer running Linux.
In January 2021, Raspberry Pi Foundation entered the microcontroller market with a high performace low cost (1$ single unit) microcontroller RP2040 and its boards.  Raspberry Pi Foundation make the RP2040 available to other companies: Adafruit, Sparkfun, Ardinuo, etc. This has caused a explosion of low cost microcontroller [boards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040) that include the RP2040.

<A NAME="P9"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P7">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P10">--&gt;</A>

# Project 9: RP2040 Development Boards Lists

Goal: Identify RP2040 microcontroller development boards that are available.
    
There is greater than 40 RP2040 microcontroller boards.

+ Wikipedia list on [RP2040]([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adafruit_Industries](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040))
+ Earle F. Philhower, III GitHub [supported RP2040 boards](https://github.com/earlephilhower/arduino-pico)
+ Tom's Hardware [Best RP2040 Boards 2022](https://www.tomshardware.com/best-picks/best-rp2040-boards)
+ Electromaker [RP2040 Board Comparison - Which RP2040 Board Should You Buy](https://www.electromaker.io/blog/article/rp2040-board-comparison-which-rp2040-board-should-you-buy)
+ Electromaker [Electromakers guide to boards 2022](https://www.electromaker.io/board-guide?type=microcontroller&processor=RP2040)
+ Electromaker [Top 5 Alternatives to Raspberry Pi Pico](https://www.electromaker.io/blog/article/top-5-alternatives-to-raspberry-pi-pico)
+ Renzo Mischianti [Raspberry Pi Pico, W, and other rp2040 boards: pinout, specs, and Arduino IDE configuration – 1](https://www.mischianti.org/2022/09/26/raspberry-pi-pico-w-and-other-rp2040-boards-pinout-specs-and-arduino-ide-configuration-1/)
+ MUO [11 Alternatives to the Raspberry Pi Pico](https://www.makeuseof.com/alternatives-to-the-raspberry-pi-pico/)
+ All3DP [The Best RP2040 Boards of 2022 – Buyer’s Guide](https://all3dp.com/2/rp2040-board-buyers-guide/)

<A NAME="P10"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P9">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P11">--&gt;</A>

# Project 10: Raspberry Pi RP2040 Boards 
 

 <img width="600" height="519" src="/Images/Picos600.png"> 

The board on the bottom is a Pico and the board on the top is a Pico W. Both boards have pins soldered on them.

[Raspberry Pi Pico](https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-pico/) boards
+ [Pico $4](https://www.adafruit.com/product/4864) has RP2040, clock chip, flash chip and 3.3V regulator chip
+ [Pico H $5](https://www.adafruit.com/product/5525) adds two 20 pin headers to the Pico.
+ [Pico W $6](https://www.adafruit.com/product/5526) adds WiFy chip to the Pico
+ [Pico WH $7](https://www.adafruit.com/product/5544) adds two 20 pin headers to the Pico W.
+ [RB2040 $1](https://www.adafruit.com/product/5041) is the RP2040 chip.

Wikipedia
+ [Raspberry Pi Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi_Foundation)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi#Raspberry_Pi_Pico)
+ [RP2040](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040)

[Assembly](https://www.elektormagazine.com/articles/assembly-language-on-the-pi-pico?utm_source=Elektor+International+%28English%29&utm_campaign=b25d197646-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2_16_2023_10_4&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_23bd160f48-b25d197646-%5BLIST_EMAIL_ID%5D&mc_cid=b25d197646&mc_eid=1bc428feb9) Language on the Raspberry Pi Pico
 
 
 
<A NAME="P11"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P10">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P13">--&gt;</A>

# Project 11: [Adafruit Industries](https://www.adafruit.com/) [RP2040s](https://www.adafruit.com/?q=RP2040&sort=BestMatch) Boards

<img width="479" height="229" src="/Images/AdafruitRP2040.jpg"> 


<img align="right" width="220" height="75" src="/Images/Adafruit_logo.svg.png"> 
 
 
Adafruit [(Wikipedia)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adafruit_Industries) is develops and sells open source hardware and is localed in New Your city. Adafruit is an offical distributer of Raspberry Pi products. Therefore, they sell the Raspberry Pi Pico family of products and the Raspberry Pi SBC produccts. Also, Adafruit develops there own RP2040

Above photo left to right:
 

<img width="600" height="287" src="/Images/AdaP4884_600.png">

+ [Adafruit P4884 Feather RP2040](https://www.adafruit.com/product/4884) with STEMMA QT
  + [ First Look at the Adafruit Feather RP2040 – Great Pico Alternative?](https://youtu.be/9a9Ug4g7vic)

+ [Adafruit P4888 ItsyBitsy RP2040](https://www.adafruit.com/product/4888)
 + [Adafruit ItsyBitsy RP2040 Review - Great Mid-Size RP2040 Board!!](https://youtu.be/UCU1snzejbQ)
 

<img width="600" height="493" src="/Images/AdaP4900_600.png"> 
 
 
+ [Adafruit P4900 QT Py RP2040](https://www.adafruit.com/product/4900) with STEMMA QT
 + [First Look at the Adafruit QT Py RP2040 - Fantastic Tiny RP2040 Board!](https://youtu.be/qfbPyu_1L18)

<img width="600" height="306" src="/Images/AdaP5056_600.png"> 
 
 
+ [Adafruit P5056 Trinkey QT2040 - RP2040 USB Key with Stemma QT](https://www.adafruit.com/product/5056) with STEMMA QT
 

<img width="600" height="326" src="/Images/AdaP5302_600.png"> 
 
 
+ [Adafruit P5302 KB2040 - RP2040 Kee Boar Driver](https://www.adafruit.com/product/5302) with STEMMA QT
 + [New RP2040 Board from Adafruit – KB2040 Review!](https://youtu.be/BWsNLsmMKpY)
 
Some Adafriut product are available on Amazon.

Adafruit STEMMA QT is a easy to use (no soldering) I2C interface with small connectors on sensor boards and some RP2040 boards.
+ STEMMA QT [video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6GXRRuFuFy0)

<A NAME="P13"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P11">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P14">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 13: [Seeed Studio](https://www.seeedstudio.com/) RP2040 Boards

<img align="right" width="225" height="54" src="/Images/seedstudioLogo.png"> 

 
Some Seeed Studio products are available from [Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/s?k=Seeed+Studio&crid=PQF86EWIGSXL&sprefix=seeed+studio%2Caps%2C197&ref=nb_sb_noss_1)
+ [RP2040s](https://www.seeedstudio.com/catalogsearch/result/?q=rp2040)
+ [XIAO RP2040](https://www.seeedstudio.com/XIAO-RP2040-v1-0-p-5026.html?queryID=9178e9456690e66382d9d6934ff4ae0a&objectID=5026&indexName=bazaar_retailer_products)

<A NAME="P14"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P13">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P15">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 14: [SparkFun](https://www.sparkfun.com/) RP2040 Boards

&nbsp; 

 
Some SparkFun products are available from [Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/s?k=SparkFun&crid=6GWYUPXP9EMB&sprefix=sparkfun%2Caps%2C310&ref=nb_sb_noss_1)
 + [RP2040s](https://www.sparkfun.com/search/results?term=RP2040)
 
 
<img width="600" height="332" src="/Images/SparkFunProMicor600.png"> 
 
 
 + [SparkFun Pro Micro - RP2040](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/18288)
 + [SparkFun Pro Micro RP2040 Review: The Best Small RP2040 Board?](https://youtu.be/kzDJy8ZabRM)
 

<img width="600" height="259" src="/Images/SparkFunThingPlus600.png"> 
 
 
 + [SparkFun Thing Plus - RP2040](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17745)
 + [WizFi360-EVB-Pico](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/19959)
 + [W5500-EVB-Pico](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/19958)

<A NAME="P15"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P14">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P16">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 15: [Waveshare](https://www.waveshare.com/) RP2040 Boards

<img align="right" width="299" height="61" src="/Images/waveshareLogo.png"> 

 
Some Waveshare products are available from [Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/s?k=Waveshare&crid=AJL406YJVRKX&sprefix=waveshare%2Caps%2C136&ref=nb_sb_noss_1)
+ [RP2040s](https://www.waveshare.com/catalogsearch/result/?q=RP2040)
 

<img width="600" height="449" src="/Images/WsRP2040Zero600.png"> 

 
+ [RP2040-Zero](https://www.waveshare.com/rp2040-zero.htm)
 

<img width="600" height="334" src="/Images/RP2040One600.png"> 
 
 
+ [RP2040-One](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0BLMPDMLD/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o01_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1)
 

<img width="600" height="264" src="/Images/RP2040Plus600.png"> 
 
 
+ [RP2040-Plus Mini Board](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0B6BM7CVT?psc=1&smid=A2SA28G0M1VPHD&ref_=chk_typ_imgToDp)

<A NAME="P16"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P15">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P18">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 16: Micorocontrollers Programming 
 
Software
+ [Python](https://www.python.org/), [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language))
 - [MicroPython](https://micropython.org/)
 * [MicroPython on the Pico](https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/microcontrollers/micropython.html)
 * [Raspberry Pi Pico Python SDK](https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/pico/raspberry-pi-pico-python-sdk.pdf)
 * [Quick reference for the RP2](https://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/rp2/quickref.html)
 * [Raspberry Pi Pico RP2040 Programming in MicroPython with Examples](https://www.electroniclinic.com/raspberry-pi-pico-rp2040-programming-in-micropython-with-examples/)
 * Digi-Key Tutorials
 * Raspberry Pi Pico and RP2040 - MicroPython Part 1: Blink [tutorial](https://www.digikey.com/en/maker/projects/raspberry-pi-pico-and-rp2040-micropython-part-1-blink/58b3c31ac93649849b58824caa00529c)
 * Raspberry Pi Pico and RP2040 - MicroPython Part 2: I2C Sensor and Module [tutorial](https://www.digikey.com/en/maker/projects/raspberry-pi-pico-and-rp2040-micropython-part-2-i2c-sensor-and-module/b43e7958153f41fc9e7403df4d626ba5)
 - [CircuitPython](https://circuitpython.org/)
 * CircuitPython School 57 [videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9VJ9OpT-IPSsQUWqQcNrVJqy4LhBjPX2) by John Gallaugher
+ C, [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)) and [C++](https://isocpp.org/), [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B)
 - [The C/C++ SDK](https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/microcontrollers/c_sdk.html)
+ Arduino
 - [Web Editor](https://docs.arduino.cc/arduino-cloud/getting-started/getting-started-web-editor#getting-started-with-the-web-editor) need a Arduino Agent to communicate between the browser and Arduino board.
 * WA9ONY uses Web Editor on Chrome on Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS, Intel NUC8i7HVK computer
 - [IDE V1.8](https://www.arduino.cc/en/software) Legacy
 - [IDE V2](https://www.arduino.cc/en/software) is 64-bit
 * [Guide](https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide)
 + Supports Arduino & Raspberry Pi Pico libraries
 - [IDE V2 on Raspberry Pi](https://forum.arduino.cc/t/arduino-ide-2-0-0-on-raspberry-pi/855695)
+ Assembly
 - [RP2040 Assembly Language Programming: ARM Cortex-M0+ on the Raspberry Pi Pico](https://www.amazon.com/RP2040-Assembly-Language-Programming-Cortex-M0/dp/148427752X/ref=sr_1_1?crid=10C0D1RJF1EMB&keywords=raspberry+pi+pico+assembly+language+programming&qid=1670506014&sprefix=Raspberry+Pi+Pico+ass%2Caps%2C158&sr=8-1) 1st ed. Edition
 * Shows how to mix assembly with C in a program

<A NAME="P18"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P16">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P19">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 18: Build a Computer for Microcontroller Development

+ The computer needs to run these IDEs
  + MicroPython - Thonny IDE
  + CircuitPython - Mu IDE
 
 + Limitations
   + Arduino Web Editor is not support because the Arduino Create Agent does not run of the Raspberry Pi computers.
   + Arduino V2 has no install for the Raspberry Pi computers.
 
To use the Pico a computer with a Pico [IDE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment) is needed.
To use the Pico.
1. Create a Pico program in the IDE.
2. Download the program into the Pico.
3. Run the program.
4. Debug the program in the IDE.

Use Raspberry Pi P400 computer.
Create a new microSD card with latest OS with full install.
The full install includes Thonny and Mu.

<A NAME="P19"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P18">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P20">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 19: Setup GitHub

Goals
+ Create GitHub account
+ Create RP2040 and Arduino repo. 
+ Use GitHub web interface to create the README.md file.
 
 
[GitHub](https://github.com/) is a global home for all developers, GitHub is the complete developer platform to build, scale, and deliver secure software. Over 100 million people, including developers from 90 of the Fortune 100 companies, use GitHub to build amazing things together across 330+ million repositories. With all the collaborative features of GitHub, it’s never been easier for individuals and teams to write faster, better code.

Embedded World 2023 session: DevOps with arm Virtual Hardware enabled GitHub Actions by Clay Nelson
 
GitHub is a great way to document and share RP2040 and Arduino projects.
+ The GitHub home READ.md file provides a place to documenting the projects.
+ The GitHub provides free file storage ([repository](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repository_(version_control))) and version change control.
+ GitHub uses a web interface or a Linux CLI interface.
+ The Raspberry Pi P400 full install includes git CLI.

## GitHub Repo
+ [WA9ONY/RP2040_and_Arduino](https://github.com/WA9ONY/RP2040_and_Arduino)
+ Over 40 amateur radio Arduino [repositories](https://github.com/search?q=amateur+radio+arduino)
+ Over 40 ham radio Arduino [repositories](https://github.com/search?q=ham+radio+arduino)
+ Over 3,100 Raspberry Pi Pico [repositories](https://github.com/search?q=Raspberry+Pi+Pico)
  + [raspberrypi/pico-micropython-examples](https://github.com/raspberrypi/pico-micropython-examples)
+ Over 257,000 Arduino [repositories](https://github.com/search?q=Arduino) 
+ Over 1,100 ham radio [repositories](https://github.com/search?q=ham+radio)
+ Over 1,000 amateur radio [repositories](https://github.com/search?q=amateur+radio)
  
## Resources
+ Articles
  + Wikipedia [GitHub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub)
  + [SSH key for GitHub](https://garywoodfine.com/setting-up-ssh-keys-for-github-access/) files upload
+ Videos
  + YouTube [list](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=GitHub)
+ Books
  + Amazon [list](https://www.amazon.com/s?k=Github+in+books&crid=2SACFZLPDLFD9&sprefix=github+in+books%2Caps%2C148&ref=nb_sb_noss_1)

<A NAME="P20"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P19">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P21">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 20: Learn Micropython on the Pico

Goals
+ Learn how to program the Pico in [MicropPython](https://micropython.org/).
+ Learn how to use the [Thonny](https://thonny.org/) IDE.
+ Learn about the [Pico](https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-pico/) I/O.

## Resources
+ Articles
  + [MicroPython on the Pico](https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/microcontrollers/micropython.html)
  + [Quick reference for the RP2](https://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/rp2/quickref.html)
  + Wikipedia
    + [Raspberry Pi Pico](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi#Raspberry_Pi_Pico)
    + [RP2040](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040)
    + [MicroPython](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroPython)
    + [Thonny IDE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thonny)
+ Books
  + Get Started with MicroPython on Raspberry Pi Pico 138 pages [PDF](https://hackspace.raspberrypi.com/books/micropython-pico)
  + Raspberry Pi Pico Python SDK 46 pages [PDF](https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/pico/raspberry-pi-pico-python-sdk.pdf)
  + Python in easy steps 2nd Edition 192 pages [Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/Python-easy-steps-2nd-Covers-ebook/dp/B07FPPVWRX?ref_=ast_sto_dp)
+ Videos
  + YouTube: Raspberry Pi Pico [list](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=raspberry+pi+pico)
+ Courses
  + The Great Courses: How to Program: Computer Science Concepts and Python Exercises [video](https://www.thegreatcourses.com/courses/how-to-program-computer-science-concepts-and-python-exercises) 
+ Code
  + GitHub: [raspberrypi/pico-micropython-examples](https://github.com/raspberrypi/pico-micropython-examples)

<A NAME="P21"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P20">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P22">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 21: Setup Pico with MicroPython

Goal
+ Setup the Pico to run [MicoPython](https://micropython.org/) with the Raspberry Pi P400 computer.
+ Configure the Pico for MicoPython.
+ Use [Thonny](https://thonny.org/) to create, edit and debug MicoPython programs to run on the Pico.

Steps
+ Download the [MicoPython UF2 file](https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/microcontrollers/micropython.html).
+ Hold the Pico Boot switch down when plugging the Pico into the P400.
+ The Pico will mount as a memory device.
+ Drage and drop the MicoPython UF2 file of the Pico memory.
+ The Pico will unmount and be ready to use MicoPython with Thonny with is all ready installed on the P400.
 
Links
+ Get Started with MicroPython on Raspberry Pi Pico, 139 pages [PDF](https://hackspace.raspberrypi.com/books/micropython-pico) 
 + The best Pico book to start with.
+ [MicroPython on the Pico](https://www.raspberrypi.com/documentation/microcontrollers/micropython.html)
 
 
<A NAME="P22"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P21">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P23">--&gt;</A>

# Project 22: Run Pico on Batteries

Goal
+ Design a circuit so that the Pico automatically runs on the USB micro connector or a battery input.
+ The Pico automatically switch to the highest voltage.
+ Protect both sources from loading down the other souce.

Design
+ Vbus is the USB voltage.
+ Vsys is the Vbus with a Shottky diode on the Pico PCB.
+ Vsys goes to the Pico voltage regulator that provides 3.3 Volts to the Pico, flash and clock chips.
+ Vsys is rate for 1.8 V to 5.5 V.
+ Connect the battery Vbattery to Vsys using a Shottky diode 1N5817. Therefore, the highest voltage Vbus or Vbattery will power the Pico.
+ The above image shows [Treedix Compatible with Raspberry PI PICO Expansion Board PCB Shield Board Gold Plated Finish with Pin Header](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B08YDNMP46/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_search_asin_image?ie=UTF8&psc=1) 
 
 
<A NAME="P23"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P22">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P24">--&gt;</A>

# Project 23: Power the Pico on Solar Cells

Goal
+ Use a low cost [solar cells](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0B5G2BD5P/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_search_asin_image?ie=UTF8&psc=1) that are design for remove cameras that provide upto 5V, 5 Watts.
+ Find a solar cell with a micro USB connector that will plug directly into the Pico microcontroller board.
+ Test the solar cell/battery power configuration.
+ Find a water proof box for the Pico and battery.

Results
+ Plastic [0.30 Caliber Ammo Box](https://www.harborfreight.com/030-caliber-ammo-box-63135.html?_br_psugg_q=ammo+box)
+ The solar cell panel plugs into the Pico micro USB connector.
+ More testing will be done. 
 
 
<A NAME="P24"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P23">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P25">--&gt;</A>

# Project 24: Use Pico A/Ds to Measure Vbus, Vsys and Vbattery Voltage

Goal
+ Use the Pico three A/D converters to measure Vbus, Vsys and Vbattery voltage.
+ Design a 50% voltage divider to prevent damage to the A/D inputs that have a maximum of 3.3 Volts.
+ Test how low Vbattery can go before the Pico stops operating.
 
Implementation: 
+ The Raspberry Pi Pico A/D inputs have a maximum voltage rating of 3.3 Volts.
+ The Vbus is the USB voltage which can be upto 5.25 Volts.
+ A voltage divider of two 1 Mohm 1% 1/4 watt resistors are used to reduce the voltage in half.
+ The two  1 Mohm 1% resistors will provide a small load of 2 Mohms to the voltage sources being measured.
+ The software has a single point calibration adjustment to agree with an external DMM reading. 
+ The above image is of the six resistors and the Schottky diode (1N5817) for the battery supply portection from the USB 5 Volts. 
+ [Treedix Compatible with Raspberry PI PICO Expansion Board PCB Shield Board Gold Plated Finish with Pin Header](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B08YDNMP46/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_search_asin_image?ie=UTF8&psc=1) is being used.
+ Two AA batteries are connected to the Vsys through the 1N5817 Schottky diode.

Results 
+ Pico will operate down to ~1.9 volts on two AA batteries. This is very impressive.
+ The internal Schottky diode between Vbus and Vsys has a very low volage drop of ~.2 Volts.
+ The 1N5817 Schottky diode voltage drop is ~.4 Volts.
 
 
<A NAME="P25"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P24">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P27">--&gt;</A>

# Project 25: Use Pico A/D to Measure CPU Temperature

Goal
+ Use the A/D converter to measure CPU temperature.
+ Use the A/D converter to measure the Vbus, Vsys and Vbattery voltage.
+ Use the internal real-time clock to time mark the data readings.
+ Save time, Vbus, Vsys, Vbattery and temperature to data log on the Pico flash memory.

Data log is saved to Pico flash memory.
Below is the first few lines of the data file that was stored on the Pico flash memory.

<A NAME="P27"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P25">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P34">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 27: Using the GiHub Web Interface

The free GitHub account supports two types of interfaces.
+ GitHub web interface operated with a web browser.
+ GitHub to git interface. On a Linux computer git is a CLI command.  
  
The GitHub has a web inferface to 
+ Create the repo README.md file, this file you are reading.
+ Create, edit & delete files in the repo.  
+ Upload and delete files in the repo.
+ Create folders in the repo.

The GitHuib web interface changes to the repo all require a Commit Changes to take effect.
 
On the repo home page is a README.md file that is shown to the user when the repo is shown in a browser. The README.md explains the purpose and how to use the repao.
 
README.md file 
+ README.md file formating syntax
 + Basic writing and formatting [syntax](https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/writing-on-github/getting-started-with-writing-and-formatting-on-github/basic-writing-and-formatting-syntax)
 + GitHub Flavored Markdown [Spec](https://github.github.com/gfm)
 + markdown-it [demo](https://markdown-it.github.io/)
+ My README.md file is supported by two folders: 
 + BookContents contains PDFs and PNGs of the eight books related to ham radio.
 + Images contains images used in the README.md file.
+ Some HTML code works in the .md file.
+ To create a folder a new file is created in the new folder at the same time. 
 
 
<A NAME="P34"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P27">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P35">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 34: Steps in Building a Microcontroller Project

<img width="600" height="311" src="/Images/PicoBreadBoard600.png"> 

 
The following steps are used to create a microcontroller project.
+ Project concept
+ Determine the project requirements.
+ Select the microcontroller. 
+ Mount the microcontroller on a [breadboard](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07LFD4LT6?psc=1&ref=ppx_yo2ov_dt_b_product_details).
+ Wire up other components to the microcontroller.
+ Create and debug software on computer attached to the microcontroller USB interface.
+ Replace breadboard with [PCB](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B08YDNMP46?psc=1&ref=ppx_yo2ov_dt_b_product_details)
+ Find a case for the project. 
 
 
<A NAME="P35"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P34">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P36">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 35: Electronic Breadboards

Electronic breadboard is used in the early stages of prototyping the project. The breadboard alows wires, ICs, small PCSs with pins, etc. to be connected electrically without soldering. Electronic breadboard available in different sizes and configurations. For microcontroller projects the breadboard needs to be compatible with the microcontroller developement board with male header pins attached to it.
 
Breadboard are a plastic body holding strips of metal strips that grab the wires insterted into the breadboards.
 
On [Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07DL13RZH/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_search_asin_image?ie=UTF8&psc=1) 
 
For more information
+ [Breadboard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadboard) 
 
 
<A NAME="P36"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P35">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P42">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 36: PCBs

<img width="600" height="359" src="/Images/TempV600b.png"> 


<img width="640" height="480" src="/Images/adVoltsDivider.jpg"> 

 
PCBs ([Printed circuit board](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board)) are are used to transfer the microcontroller project from the quick breadboard to a perminet implementation.
 
PCBs are available in may sizes and configurations. I look for PCB configrations that work well with the microcontroller developemnt board. 
 
On [Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B08YN3HXX2/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_search_asin_image?ie=UTF8&psc=1) 
 
For more information
+ [PCB](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printed_circuit_board) 
+ [Hex Brass Spacer Standoff](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07PDQ7DVS/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_search_asin_image?ie=UTF8&psc=1) 
 
 
<A NAME="P42"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P36">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P47">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 42: USB

The USB interface is a commaon way to connect the computer with the IDE to the microcontroller development board. Below are several ways to check that the microcontorller board USB interface is connected to  the computer.

## Arduino Web Editor 
The above image of Arduino Web Editor shows Arduino MKR WiFi 1010 connected to Linux USB interface /dev/ttyACM0 
 
## Arduino Create Agent 
Arduino Create Agent, Open Debug Console "list" command
+ VendorID: 0x2341 is Arduino LLC
+ ProductID: 0x8054 is Arduino MKR WiFi 1010
<PRE>
list

Serial Ports:
[
 {
 "Name": "/dev/ttyACM0",
 "SerialNumber": "1EFE803450553133352E3120FF012734",
 "IsOpen": true,
 "VendorID": "0x2341",
 "ProductID": "0x8054"
 }
</PRE>

## Linux CLI "lsusb" command

<PRE>
david@wa9ony-nuc8i7hvk:~$ lsusb
Bus 001 Device 043: ID 2341:8054 Arduino SA Arduino MKR WiFi 1010 
</PRE>
 
 ## Linux CLI "sudo dmesg" command

<PRE>
david@wa9ony-nuc8i7hvk:~$ sudo dmesg 
[1475146.372531] cdc_acm 1-11.2:1.0: ttyACM0: USB ACM device
[1475150.341574] usb 1-11.2: USB disconnect, device number 41
[1475151.105206] usb 1-11.2: new full-speed USB device number 42 using xhci_hcd
[1475151.245207] usb 1-11.2: New USB device found, idVendor=2341, idProduct=8054, bcdDevice= 1.00
[1475151.245212] usb 1-11.2: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, SerialNumber=3
[1475151.245214] usb 1-11.2: Product: Arduino MKR WiFi 1010
[1475151.245216] usb 1-11.2: Manufacturer: Arduino LLC
[1475151.245217] usb 1-11.2: SerialNumber: 1EFE803450553133352E3120FF012734
</PRE> 
 
 
<A NAME="P47"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P42">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P50">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 47: AC Power Suppies for Microcontroller Boards

There are multiple ways to power a microcomputer board. 
+ USB
+ 120 Volts AC to DC Volts power supply
+ Battery
+ Solar cells
 
Different microcontroller boards accept different DC voltages.
 
For example, 
+ Arduino MEGA 2560 2.1mm center-positive plug accepts 7 to 12 volts.
 + The above image shows an used 7.5 Vdc power suppy from Goodwill that is perfect for the MEAG 2560.
 + A higher voltage results in higher temperature for the on microcontroller board voltage regulator.
 + Therefore, using a 7.5 Volts power supply is better than using a 12 Volts power supply. 
+ Raspberry Pi Pico square pins Vsys accepts 1.8 to 5.5 volts.
 + The above 7.5 power supply would damage the Pico. 
 
A good soure of used low cost 120 Volts AC to DC Volts [wall wart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_adapter) power supplies is [Goodwill](https://www.goodwill.org/).
Goodwill price tags have a color and one color is 50% off for a week. The discount color changes every Sunday. 
 
 
<A NAME="P50"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P47">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P52">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 50: WA7ABU Repeater Project Net

The weekly Project Net covers many topics including microcontroller projects. 
+ [WA7ABU](http://wa7abu.com/) Repeater Project Net
+ Salem, OR USA 
+ Tuesday evening 7:00 pm PST/PDT
+ 145.290 no tone
+ [EchoLink](https://www.echolink.org/) 59247
+ [AllStar](https://www.allstarlink.org/) link node [54326](http://status.allstarlink.org/stats/54326) 
+ WA7ABU on [RepeaterBook](https://www.repeaterbook.com/repeaters/details.php?ID=365&state_id=41)
+ Listen to [WA7ABU](https://www.broadcastify.com/listen/feed/12926) on the internet with [Broadcastify](https://www.broadcastify.com/). 
+ [WA7ABU.groups.io](https://wa7abu.groups.io/g/WA7ABU) 
 
Anateur radio operators on the net with microcontroller projects.
+ [KW7DSP](https://www.qrz.com/db/KW7DSP) Steve Pickering
 + Arduino UNO user 
+ [KJ7NWK](https://www.qrz.com/db/KJ7NWK) Nick Smith
 + He bought a LoRa T-Beam ([LILYGO SoftRF LORA32 T-Beam ESP32](http://www.lilygo.cn/claprod_view.aspx?TypeId=62&Id=1281&FId=t28:62:28)) which is based off on E32 microcontroller. It has a built in 915 mHz transceiver, built in gos as well as Bluetooth and WiFi.
 + On [Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/LILYGO-LORA32-T-Beam-Development-CH9102F/dp/B09VLFQQG4?th=1)
 + YouTube
 + [TTGO T-Beam // ESP32, GPS, LoRa & Bluetooth](https://youtu.be/xrOo5SROzD8)
 + [Tech Note 105 - ESP32 based TTGO T-Beam LoRa + GPS](https://youtu.be/fK4YQROD9Ps)
+ [KG7GDB](https://www.qrz.com/db/KG7GDB) Brett Popovich
 + [Elegoo](https://www.elegoo.com/collections/arduino-learning-sets?page=1) [The most Complete Started Kit Mega Project](https://www.elegoo.com/collections/arduino-learning-sets/products/elegoo-mega-2560-the-most-complete-starter-kit) 
 + YouTube
 + Elegoo Mega 2560 The Most Complete Kit [playlist](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLkFeYZKRTZ8abqae2cQZ1-ztcuZuIt4G7)
 + Elegoo [Code & Tutorial](https://www.elegoo.com/blogs/arduino-projects/elegoo-mega-2560-the-most-complete-starter-kit-tutorial)
 + Elegoo [Tutorial 224 page PDF](https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/D1oC-c3G5TS.pdf)
+ [WA9ONY](https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY) David Haworth
 + Raspberry Pi Pico and various Arduino microcontrollerrs [projects](README.md#INDEX). 
 
 
<A NAME="P52"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P50">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P53">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 52: Microcontroller Development Boards Price Table
 
Prices are as of January 10, 2023 
 
<TABLE>
 <TR>
 <TD>
 Model
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Manufacturer
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Store
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Price
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Notes
 </TD>
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-pico/">Pico</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.raspberrypi.com/">Raspberry Pi</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/product/4864">Adafruit</A>
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 $4.00
 </TD>
 <TD>
 
 </TD>
 </TR> 
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-pico/">Pico H</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.raspberrypi.com/">Raspberry Pi</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/product/5525">Adafruit</A>
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 $5.00
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Best lowest cost uC to start with.
 </TD>
 </TR> 
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-pico/">Pico W</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.raspberrypi.com/">Raspberry Pi</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/product/5526">Adafruit</A>
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 $6.00
 </TD>
 <TD>
 
 </TD>
 </TR> 
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-pico/">Pico WH</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.raspberrypi.com/">Raspberry Pi</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/product/5544">Adafruit</A>
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 $7.00
 </TD>
 <TD>
 
 </TD>
 </TR> 
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-uno-rev3?selectedStore=us">UNO R3</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-uno-rev3?selectedStore=us">Arduino</A>
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 $27.60
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Very old uC with the largest ecosystem. Over 10 million sold.
 </TD>
 </TR> 
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-mega-2560-rev3?selectedStore=us">MEGA 2560 Rev3</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-mega-2560-rev3?selectedStore=us">Arduino</A>
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 $48.40
 </TD>
 <TD>
 
 </TD>
 </TR> 
</TABLE>

+ Best Arduino Board 2023 • 6 Arduino Boards [Reviews](https://venturebeat.com/product-comparisons/best-arduino-board-reviews/)    
+ Which Arduino board is [best for me?](https://linuxhint.com/which-arduino-is-best/)    
+ [Which Arduino Board to Buy : Complete Guide](https://robocraze.com/blogs/post/which-arduino-board-to-buy)  
+ Google: [best arduino board](https://www.google.com/search?q=best+arduino+board&oq=Best+Arduino&aqs=chrome.4.69i57j0i512l9.8706j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#ip=1)

<A NAME="P53"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P52">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P60">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 53: Starting with Microcontrollers 
 
How to start with microcontroller depends upon the person's background and experineces.
 
Beginner
+ No electronics experiences
+ No programming experiences
+ No soldering tools and no soldering skills.

Goal
+ Low cost
+ Easy to learn
+ Lots of tutorials    
    
Assumptions
+ A person has a compute that can run IDE.
  + Free Thonny with MicroPython

Free Microcontroller training materials
+ Get Started with MicroPython on Raspberry Pi Pico, 139 pages [free PDF](https://hackspace.raspberrypi.com/books/micropython-pico)   
    
Low cost Microcontroller hardware
+ Raspberry Pi [Pico H](https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-pico/) [$5.00](https://www.adafruit.com/product/5525)    
+ micro USB cable from Dollar Tree for $1.25.

Kits
+ KEYESTUDIO: 
  + Raspberry Pi Basic PICO Starter Kit, MicroPython C/C++ 21 Lessons Easy to Learn, PICO IO Shield Easy for Beginners Hobbyists Kids [$28.00 on Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/KEYESTUDIO-Raspberry-MicroPython-Beginners-Hobbyists/dp/B0B6B5QYS3/ref=sr_1_9?crid=1T22X55NTOSKV&keywords=raspberry+pi+pico+kit&qid=1673405444&sprefix=Raspberry+Pi+Pico+%2Caps%2C165&sr=8-9)
+ SunFounder:
  + Raspberry Pi [Pico Kits](https://www.amazon.com/s?k=SunFounder+pi+pico+starter+kit&i=electronics&crid=37J6KOPAA5FBN&sprefix=sunfounder+pi+pico+starter+kit%2Celectronics%2C135&ref=nb_sb_noss) [5 kits from $45.99 to 128.49 on Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/SunFounder-Raspberry-Tutorials-Electronics-Programming/dp/B08XXHGSQ7?th=1)
+ ELECROW: 
  + Raspberry Pi Pico, ELECROW Sensor Advanced Kit for Programming, Pi Pico Micropython 32 Projects Lessons and 32 Modules with Detailed Tutorial for Programmer [$69.99 on Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/Raspberry-ELECROW-Programming-Micropython-Programmer/dp/B0BC8BVQXY/ref=sr_1_2?crid=2Z1JP0BRDA8LF&keywords=ELECROW+pico&qid=1673404503&s=electronics&sprefix=elecrow+pico%2Celectronics%2C194&sr=1-2&ufe=app_do%3Aamzn1.fos.006c50ae-5d4c-4777-9bc0-4513d670b6bc)
+ Freenove: 
  + [3 kits $24.95 to $59.95 on Azamon](https://www.amazon.com/s?k=Freenove+pi+pico+kit&i=electronics&crid=18MC2660QZ24O&sprefix=freenove+pi+pico+kit%2Celectronics%2C147&ref=nb_sb_noss)    
+  Raspberry Pi Pico Starter Kits on [Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/s?k=raspberry+pi+pico+kit&crid=1T22X55NTOSKV&sprefix=Raspberry+Pi+Pico+%2Caps%2C165&ref=nb_sb_ss_ts-doa-p_2_18)

<A NAME="P60"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P53">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P63">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 60: Fritzing
 

<img width="536" height="411" src="/Images/FritzingUnoLEDswitch.png"> 

 
## [Fritzing](https://fritzing.org/) Features
+ Prototype documentation 
 + Library include Arduino and other microcontorller boards.
 + Various breadboards are available to use.
 + Online parts to expand Fritzing library. 
 + My focus of using Fritzing is to document my prototypes to share them with others. 
+ Schematic capture
+ [Circuit simulation](https://blog.fritzing.org/2022/06/27/Simulating-Circuits-with-Fritzing)
+ Circuit board design
+ Order circuit board 
 

<img width="624" height="566" src="/Images/FritzingUNOsch.png">

## Schematic 
The above image is the schematic of the prototype documentation at the top of this project section. 
 

<img width="803" height="336" src="/Images/FritzingLEDpuff.png">

## Circuit Simulation 
The above image shows the LED burning out because of too much current.
The LED current limiting resistor is too low at 10 Ohms.
 

<img width="465" height="319" src="/Images/PicoWs2.png"> 

 
## Adding Parts to the Library
The above image shows the Raspberry Pi Pico W part that was added to the Fritzing parts library.
 
Steps to add Raspberry Pi Pico and Pico W to the Parts library.
+ [Download](https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/) parts
 + Pico-R3-Fritzing.fzpz
 + PicoW-Fritzing.fzpz
+ In Fritzing Parts, upper right corner, Import... these two files.
+ Both part show up in Mine section of Parts.
 
Fritzing Videos
+ [Fritzing Tutorial - A Beginners Guide to Making Circuit & Wiring Diagrams](https://youtu.be/-saXw1EipX0) 
+ YouTube Fritzing [tutorial list](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=fritzing+tutorial+) 
+ YouTube Fritzing [list](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=fritzing++)

## Fritzing Install on Ubuntu 
+ Price ~$9 to Paypal
+ Installed on Ubuntu 22.04 LTS.
 + Create directory: /Home/appimages
 + Add libraries: sudo apt install libfuse2
 + Download Fritzing-20221215T224353Z-001.zip into /Home/appimages
 + If necessary extract the zip file. There is only one file in the zip file.
 + Change fritzing-0.9.10-l2134-40d23c29.AppImage permissions to execute 
 + Double click on fritzing-0.9.10-l2134-40d23c29.AppImage to start Fritzing. 
 
 
<A NAME="P63"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P60">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P64">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 63: I²C-bus: Inter-Integrated Circuit Bus
 

<img width="210" height="231" src="/Images/I2Clogo.png">

Above image credit: [AN10216-01, 51 pages](https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/application-note/AN10216.pdf)    
    
I²C-bus is a two wire (SDA & SCL) serial communication bus for a controller and a target to communicate with each other.
Most microcontroller support the I²C-bus and a wide varity of senors use the I²C-bus. For example, there can be [over ten sesnors](https://www.electronicproducts.com/the-venerable-i2c-bus/) in a cell phone use the I²C-bus.

I²C-bus is a serial half-duplex protocl using two open collector/open drain wires for data and clock. 
    
Seven bit address is the most common, there is a specification for 10-bit addressing with is not commonly used.

Controller (master) controls the bus, target (slave or peripheral) waits for the controller.    
    
I²C-bus speed [history](https://www.electronicproducts.com/the-venerable-i2c-bus/)
+ 1982: 100 kHz, I²C-bus can go slower.
+ 1992: 400 kHz, High Speed mode    
+ 2007: 1 MHz Fm+, Fast-mode Plus, fastest speed for bidirectional 
+ 3.4 MHz    
+ 2012: 5 MHz UFm, Ultra Fast-mode

<img align="right" width="315" height="415" src="/Images/I2Cbook.png"> 
 
Book
+ The Book of I²C: A Guide for Adventurers, October 11, 2022, [440 pages](https://www.amazon.com/Book-I%C2%B2C-Guide-Adventurers/dp/171850246X/ref=tmm_pap_swatch_0?_encoding=UTF8&qid=1676149298&sr=1-1) 
 + The Book of I²C [On-line Chapters](https://bookofi2c.randallhyde.com/I2COnline/I2COnline.html) 
 + The Book of I²C [webesite](https://bookofi2c.randallhyde.com/)
 + Book [GitHub](https://github.com/ttribelli/TheBookofI2C/releases)
 + TheBookofI²C [GitHub](https://github.com/ttribelli/TheBookofI2C)
 + Book [forum](https://forums.randallhyde.com/viewforum.php?f=8&sid=06935a8f005937ab47ecb0973fd93711) 
 + Randall Hyde [webesite](https://www.randallhyde.com)
 
I²C-bus Specification PDFs 
+ UM10204 I²C-bus specification and user manual [Rev. 7.0 — 1 October 2021, 62 pages](https://www.pololu.com/file/0J435/UM10204.pdf) 
+ UM10204 I²C-bus specification and user manual [Rev. 03 — 19 June 2007, 50 pages](https://web.eecs.umich.edu/~prabal/teaching/resources/eecs373/NXP-I2C-Specification.pdf) 
+ THE I²C-BUS SPECIFICATION VERSION 2.1 [JANUARY 2000, 46 pages](https://www.csd.uoc.gr/~hy428/reading/i2c_spec.pdf)

NXP
+ NXP I²C Manual [AN10216-01, 51 pages](https://www.nxp.com/docs/en/application-note/AN10216.pdf) 
+ I²C-bus Components Selection Guide, 31 page [PDF](https://www.mouser.com/datasheet/2/302/75017443-260510.pdf)   
    
Analog Devices
+ I²C Primer: What is I²C? ([Part 1](https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/i2c-primer-what-is-i2c-part-1.html))     
+ I²C Timing: Definition and Specification Guide ([Part 2](https://www.analog.com/en/technical-articles/i2c-timing-definition-and-specification-guide-part-2.html))

Texas Instruments    
+ Understanding the I²C-bus ([Application Report SLVA704–June 2015, 8 pages](https://www.ti.com/lit/an/slva704/slva704.pdf?ts=1675791944920&ref_url=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252F)) 
+ Choosing the Correct I²C Device for New Designs ([Application Report SLVA787–September 2016, 12 pages](https://www.ti.com/lit/an/slva787/slva787.pdf?ts=1676148312755&ref_url=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.google.com%252F))

Reference URLs   
+ [I²C-bus-Bus](https://www.i2c-bus.org/)
+ [I²C-bus Info](https://i2c.info/i2c-bus-specification)    
+ Wikipedia [I²C-bus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C2%B2C)
    
Videos
+ YouTube [I²C-bus list](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=I2C)    
+ NXP 5 MHz UFm [video](https://www.nxp.com/video/i2c-ultra-fast-mode-ufm-debuts-on-nxp-devices:I2C-ULTRA-FASTMODE-UFM)

Tutorials 
+ Adafruit [I²C](https://learn.adafruit.com/circuitpython-basics-i2c-and-spi/i2c-devices)
+ Arduino [I²C](https://docs.arduino.cc/learn/communication/wire)
+ Seeed Studio [I2C Communication Protocol and How It Works](https://www.seeedstudio.com/blog/2022/09/02/i2c-communication-protocol-and-how-it-works/)
+ SparkFun I²C [tutorial](https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/i2c/all) 
+ TronicsBench I²C [tutorial](https://www.best-microcontroller-projects.com/i2c-tutorial.html) 
+ Circuit Basics: [BASICS OF THE I2C COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL](https://www.circuitbasics.com/basics-of-the-i2c-communication-protocol/) 
+ All About Circuits: [Introduction to the I2C Bus](https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/introduction-to-the-i2c-bus/)
+ Circuits Crush: [All About I2C](https://www.circuitcrush.com/i2c-tutorial/) 
+ How To Mechatronics: [How I2C Communication Works? Arduino and I2C Tutorial](https://howtomechatronics.com/tutorials/arduino/how-i2c-communication-works-and-how-to-use-it-with-arduino/) 
+ Robot Electronics: [Using the I2C Bus](https://www.robot-electronics.co.uk/i2c-tutorial)
+ The Geek Pub: [HOW I2C WORKS (I2C EXPLAINED SIMPLY)](https://www.thegeekpub.com/18351/how-i2c-works-i2c-explained-simply/)
 
Digi-Key
+ [Issues with the I²C (Inter-IC) Bus and How to Solve Them](https://www.digikey.com/en/articles/issues-with-the-i2c-bus-and-how-to-solve-them) 
+ I²C [list](https://www.digikey.com/en/content-search?t=i2C) 
 
Hackaday
+ [WHAT COULD GO WRONG? I2C EDITION](https://hackaday.com/2016/07/19/what-could-go-wrong-i2c-edition/) 
+ [List](https://hackaday.com/blog/?s=I2C) 
 
## I²C Product Lists
In 1998 the I²C-bus [specification](https://www.csd.uoc.gr/~hy428/reading/i2c_spec.pdf) reported "The I2C-bus has become a de facto world standard that is now implemented in over 1000 different ICs and licensed to more than 50 companies." 
 
+ Amazon I²C [list](https://www.amazon.com/s?k=I2C&crid=NLQX11HKFOC2&sprefix=i2c%2Caps%2C155&ref=nb_sb_noss_1) 
+ Adafruit I²C-bus [list](https://www.adafruit.com/?q=I2C&sort=BestMatch) 
+ Adafruit I²C-bus Address [list](https://learn.adafruit.com/i2c-addresses/the-list) 
+ Sparkfun I²C-bus [list](https://www.sparkfun.com/search/results?term=I2C)
+ Seeed Studio I²C-bus address [list](https://wiki.seeedstudio.com/I2C_And_I2C_Address_of_Seeed_Product/) 
+ I²C-bus Device [list](https://i2cdevices.org/devices) 
 
 
<A NAME="P64"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P63">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P65">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 64: SPI: Serial Peripheral Interface

SPI is a serial communication bus for short distances on a circuit board.
Most microcontroller support the SPI bus.

Tutorials    
+ SparkFun SPI [tutorial](https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/serial-peripheral-interface-spi/all)      
+ Arduino [SPI](https://docs.arduino.cc/tutorials/generic/introduction-to-the-serial-peripheral-interface)
+ Adafruit [SPI](https://learn.adafruit.com/circuitpython-basics-i2c-and-spi/spi-devices)    
+ Circuit Digest [SPI](https://circuitdigest.com/microcontroller-projects/arduino-spi-communication-tutorial)
      
Reference    
+ [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface)   
    
Videos
+ YouTube [SPI list](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=SPI)

<A NAME="P65"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P64">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P66">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 65: OLED: Organic Light-Emitting Diode

OLEDs are a common way to display information from the microcontroller

Tutorials    
+ SparkFun [OLED](https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/tags/oled) [guide](https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/micro-oled-breakout-hookup-guide/all)     
+ Arduino [OLED](https://arduinogetstarted.com/tutorials/arduino-oled)
+ Adafruit [OLED](https://learn.adafruit.com/monochrome-oled-breakouts/arduino-library-and-examples)    
+ Guide for I2C OLED Display with Arduino [OLED](https://randomnerdtutorials.com/guide-for-oled-display-with-arduino/)
      
Reference    
+ [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLED)   
    
Videos
+ YouTube [OLED list](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=OLED)

<A NAME="P66"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P65">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P67">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 66: I²C-bus: Sparkfun Qwiic
 

<img width="600" height="326" src="/Images/QWIIC600.png"> 

 
[Sparkfun](https://www.sparkfun.com/) Qwiic is a small I2C 4-pin JST connector, 1mm pitch: 3.3 V power, ground, I2C data and I2C clock. 
 
The above image is a Qwiic connection on an [OLED display](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B08H9PY88T?psc=1&ref=ppx_yo2ov_dt_b_product_details).
No soldering [Qwiic cable](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17912) between the Sparkfun SerLCD Qwiic connector to the Raspberry Pi Pico breadboard with the Qwiic cable pins.

Sparkfun Qwiic benfits
+ Small
+ I2C supports multiple devices with different I2C address.
+ Provides 3.3 V power and ground.
+ Easy to connect I2C devices with no soldering.
+ Qwiic cable kits.    
+ I2C address: 0x72 or [114 decimal](https://coolconversion.com/math/binary-octal-hexa-decimal/Convert_hex_number_72_in_decimal_+%E2%80%94+Hex+to+Decimal+Calculator+) 
+ Input voltage: 3.3V-9V (3.3V only via Qwiic connector and "+" pin)    
    
Tutorials    
+ SparkFun (OVERVIEW | PRODUCTS | FAQS | RESOURCES  ) [Qwiic](https://www.sparkfun.com/qwiic)     
    
Videos
+ YouTube [QWIIC list](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=QWIIC)

Sparkfun Qwiic product [list](https://www.sparkfun.com/qwiic#products)    
    
SparkFun Qwiic Cable Kit    
+ [Amamzon](https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07RB2LRH5/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_search_asin_image?ie=UTF8&psc=1)

Sparkfun QWIIC cable color pinout
+ Red: 3.3 Vdc
+ Black: ground
+ Blue: serial data - SDA
+ Yellow: serial clock - SCK 
 
Qwiic cable connection to Raspberry Pi Pico microcontroller development board.
+ Pin 36 3V3(OUT) - Red: 3.3 Vdc
+ Pin 38 GND - Black: ground
+ Pin 1 I2C0 SDA - Blue: serial data - SDA
+ Pin 2 I2C0 SCL - Yellow: serial clock - SCK 
 

<img width="600" height="464" src="/Images/I2CPico600.png"> 

 
Image credit
 + Get Started with MicroPython on Raspberry Pi Pico, 139 pages [PDF](https://hackspace.raspberrypi.com/books/micropython-pico) 
 + Chapter 10 Digital communication protocols: I2C and SPI 
 
 
<A NAME="P67"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P66">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P68">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 67: SparkFun 16x2 SerLCD - RGB Text (Qwiic)
 

<img width="600" height="535" src="/Images/SerLCDsplash600.png">

No soldering [Qwiic cable](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17912) between the Sparkfun SerLCD Qwiic connector to the Raspberry Pi Pico breadboard with the Qwiic cable pins.    
 
Sparkfun SerLCD features
+ Support multiple inferfaces: I2C, Qwiic connector, SPI & serial UART.
+ Has a ATmega328P AVR microcontroller
+ Black Liquid Crystal Display
+ Blacklight version available    
+ 3.3V device which works well wtih the 3.3V Raspberry Pi Pico.
    
Sparkfun
  + [SparkFun 16x2 SerLCD - RGB Text (Qwiic)](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/16397) 
  + [Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B08H9PY88T?psc=1&ref=ppx_yo2ov_dt_b_product_details)  
  + YouTube [Sparkfun SerLCD](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Sparkfun+SerLCD)
    
Raspberry Pi Pico progarmming the SerLCD
  + Get Started with MicroPython on Raspberry Pi Pico, 139 pages [PDF](https://hackspace.raspberrypi.com/books/micropython-pico) 
    + Chapter 10 Digital communication protocols: I2C and SPI
      + Sparkfun SerLCD I2C and SPI code examples

The special pipe character '|' (also called the 'or' character) is used to tell the screen to enter "settings mode". 
You then follow this command with another special character (usually "ctrl+c", ctrl+d, etc.). [Table](https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/avr-based-serial-enabled-lcds-hookup-guide/firmware-overview)

SerLCD commands from SerLCD.h
 
<PRE>

//OpenLCD command characters
#define SPECIAL_COMMAND 254  //Magic number for sending a special command
#define SETTING_COMMAND 0x7C //124, |, the pipe character: The command to change settings: baud, lines, width, backlight, splash, etc

//OpenLCD commands
#define CLEAR_COMMAND 0x2D					//45, -, the dash character: command to clear and home the display
#define CONTRAST_COMMAND 0x18				//Command to change the contrast setting
#define ADDRESS_COMMAND 0x19				//Command to change the i2c address
#define SET_RGB_COMMAND 0x2B				//43, +, the plus character: command to set backlight RGB value
#define ENABLE_SYSTEM_MESSAGE_DISPLAY 0x2E  //46, ., command to enable system messages being displayed
#define DISABLE_SYSTEM_MESSAGE_DISPLAY 0x2F //47, /, command to disable system messages being displayed
#define ENABLE_SPLASH_DISPLAY 0x30			//48, 0, command to enable splash screen at power on
#define DISABLE_SPLASH_DISPLAY 0x31			//49, 1, command to disable splash screen at power on
#define SAVE_CURRENT_DISPLAY_AS_SPLASH 0x0A //10, Ctrl+j, command to save current text on display as splash

// special commands
#define LCD_RETURNHOME 0x02
#define LCD_ENTRYMODESET 0x04
#define LCD_DISPLAYCONTROL 0x08
#define LCD_CURSORSHIFT 0x10
#define LCD_SETDDRAMADDR 0x80

// flags for display entry mode
#define LCD_ENTRYRIGHT 0x00
#define LCD_ENTRYLEFT 0x02
#define LCD_ENTRYSHIFTINCREMENT 0x01
#define LCD_ENTRYSHIFTDECREMENT 0x00

// flags for display on/off control
#define LCD_DISPLAYON 0x04
#define LCD_DISPLAYOFF 0x00
#define LCD_CURSORON 0x02
#define LCD_CURSOROFF 0x00
#define LCD_BLINKON 0x01
#define LCD_BLINKOFF 0x00

// flags for display/cursor shift
#define LCD_DISPLAYMOVE 0x08
#define LCD_CURSORMOVE 0x00
#define LCD_MOVERIGHT 0x04
#define LCD_MOVELEFT 0x00
 
</PRE> 
 
 
<A NAME="P68"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P67">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P69">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 68: Raspberry Pi Pico I²C Scan
 

<img width="600" height="304" src="/Images/SerLCDScan600.png"> 

 
The above image shows the Raspberry Pi Pico scanning I²C addresses and finding a I²C device at 114 decimal (x72 hex). 
The I²C device is the Sparkfun SerLCD.
No soldering [Qwiic cable](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17912) between the Sparkfun SerLCD Qwiic connector to the Raspberry Pi Pico breadboard with the Qwiic cable pins.
 
MicroPython program
 
<PRE>
import machine
sda=machine.Pin(0)
scl=machine.Pin(1)
i2c=machine.I2C(0,sda=sda, scl=scl, freq=400000)
print(i2c.scan()) 
</PRE>

Program credit
 + Get Started with MicroPython on Raspberry Pi Pico, 139 pages [PDF](https://hackspace.raspberrypi.com/books/micropython-pico) 
 + Chapter 10 Digital communication protocols: I2C and SPI
 + I2C scan code examples
 
 
 
<A NAME="P69"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P68">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P70">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 69: Raspberry Pi Pic to SparkFun 16x2 SerLCD Qwiic "hello"
 

<img width="600" height="529" src="/Images/SerLCDhello600.png"> 

 
Qwiic would not run at speeds greater or equal to 300 kHz. 
I2C at 200 kHz is working. 
No soldering [Qwiic cable](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17912) between the Sparkfun SerLCD Qwiic connector to the Raspberry Pi Pico breadboard with the Qwiic cable pins.

MicroPython program 
 
<PRE>

import machine
sda=machine.Pin(0)
scl=machine.Pin(1)
i2c=machine.I2C(0,sda=sda, scl=scl, freq=200000)
i2c.writeto(114, '\x7C')
i2c.writeto(114, '\x2D')
i2c.writeto(114, "hello world I2C 200kHz") 
 
</PRE>

Notes
+ "/n" does not work to advance to the second textt line.

Program credit
 + Get Started with MicroPython on Raspberry Pi Pico, 139 pages [PDF](https://hackspace.raspberrypi.com/books/micropython-pico) 
 + Chapter 10 Digital communication protocols: I2C and SPI
 + I2C hello world code examples 
 
 
<A NAME="P70"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P69">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P71">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 70: Raspberry Pi Pic to SparkFun 16x2 SerLCD Qwiic "temp"
 

<img width="600" height="528" src="/Images/SerLCDtemp600.png"> 

 
Qwiic would not run at speeds greater or equal to 300 kHz. 
I2C at 200 kHz is working. 
No soldering [Qwiic cable](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17912) between the Sparkfun SerLCD Qwiic connector to the Raspberry Pi Pico breadboard with the Qwiic cable pins.

MicroPython program 
 
<PRE>

import machine
import utime
sda=machine.Pin(0)
scl=machine.Pin(1)
i2c=machine.I2C(0,sda=sda, scl=scl, freq=200000)
adc = machine.ADC(4)
conversion_factor = 3.3 / (65535)
while True:
 reading = adc.read_u16() * conversion_factor
 temperature = 25 - (reading - 0.706)/0.001721
 i2c.writeto(114, '\x7C')
 i2c.writeto(114, '\x2D')
 out_string = "Temp: " + str(temperature)
 i2c.writeto(114, out_string)
 utime.sleep(2) 
 
</PRE>

<A NAME="P71"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P70">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P72">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 71: Raspberry Pi Pic to SparkFun 16x2 SerLCD 96 Char Test
 

<img width="618" height="847" src="/Images/SerLEDchrs618.png"> 

 
Above images are the 96 prinable [ASCII characters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII) 32 to 127. 
The following four ASCII characters are missing: \, |, }, ~ 
 
MicroPython program 
 
<PRE>

import machine
import utime
sda=machine.Pin(0)
scl=machine.Pin(1)
i2c=machine.I2C(0,sda=sda, scl=scl, freq=100000)
i2c.writeto(114, '\x7C')
i2c.writeto(114, '\x2D')

for i in range( 32, 128) :
 c = chr(i)
 i2c.writeto(114, c)
 utime.sleep(1)
 
</PRE>

Program credit
 + Get Started with MicroPython on Raspberry Pi Pico, 139 pages [PDF](https://hackspace.raspberrypi.com/books/micropython-pico) 
 + Chapter 10 Digital communication protocols: I2C and SPI
 + I2C code examples
 
 
<A NAME="P72"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P71">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P73">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 72: Raspberry Pi Pic I²C MicroPython

<img width="1162" height="621" src="/Images/I2Cscan.png"> 

 
The above image shows a Raspberry Pi Pico MicroPython I²C program scanning the I²C bus for I²C devices. A I²C device was found at I²C address 114.
The IDE is Thonny on a Raspberry Pi 400.

<img width="600" height="464" src="/Images/I2CPico600.png"> 

 
Image credit
 + Get Started with MicroPython on Raspberry Pi Pico, 139 pages [PDF](https://hackspace.raspberrypi.com/books/micropython-pico) 
 + Chapter 10 Digital communication protocols: I2C and SPI

The Raspberry Pi Pico has two I²C controllers (0 & 1) which can be assigned to various pairs of pins. The I²C controller used is 0 on pins 1 and 2 (GP0 & GP1).   
  
MicroPython Raspberry Pi Pico [functions](https://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/rp2/quickref.html)    
    
I²C MicroPython Hello World

<PRE>

I²C MicroPython Error

The below error message occured when useing I2C frequency of 200000 or greater. I use I2C frequency of 100000. 
 
<PRE>

Traceback (most recent call last):
 File "<stdin>", line 12, in <module>
OSError: [Errno 5] EIO
 
</PRE> 
 
 
Videos
+ Raspberry Pi PICO | Starting With MicroPython + Examples | I2C OLED, ADC, PWM [video](https://youtu.be/zlKJ5hvfs6s) 
 
 
 
 
<A NAME="P73"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P72">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P74">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 73: I²C-bus: Adafruit STEMMA & STEMMA QT

STEMMA QT is an easy way to connect micorcontroller development boards to sensor boards, IC boards, motor controller boards, and all kinds of boards without soldering. STEMMA QT can be connected in a dasiy chain with some STEMMA QT boards with two STEMMA QT commectors. 
STEMMA QT is a very small 4 pin connector that is popular for I2C communications plus power and ground.
 
Adafruit STEMMA QT is compatible with the <A HREF="#P66">Sparkfun Qwiic</A> I2C connector.
Adafruit STEMMA QT is compatible with the Seeed Grove via simple adapter.
 
Adafruit STEMMA & STEMMA QT products [list](https://www.adafruit.com/category/1005) 
 
Video
+ What is Stemma QT? [YouTube short](https://youtube.com/shorts/6GXRRuFuFy0?feature=share) 
+ Adafruit STEMMA & STEMMA QT Plug & play connectivity - STEMMA SUNDAY! [video](https://youtu.be/_Cu7UOcGL14)
+ Raspberry Pi School - Using STEMMA QT on a Raspberry Pi [video](https://youtu.be/-d0rOHjntAo) 
 
STEMMA QT logo
 
 
<A NAME="P74"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P73">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P75">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 74: I²C Waveforms

In the above image is
+ At the top center is a Tektrinix TDS 784C Oscilloscope to measure the I²C SDA and SCL waveforms.
 + Below the the TDS 784C is a HDMI display showing the TDS 784C display. 
+ To the right is a Raspberry Pi P 400 IDE runining Thonny with MicroPython.
+ Lower center on the white bread board is the Raspberry Pi Pico connected to Sparkfun SerLED 16 x 2 disply with Qwiic cable.
 

<img width="600" height="476" src="/Images/PicoSerLED600.png"> 

 
 
<img width="600" height="338" src="/Images/I2Cboard600.png"> 

 
 
Sparkfun QWIIC cable connects the Sparkfun SerLED to the Raspberry Pi Pico. The Qwiix color pinout is 
+ Red: 3.3 Vdc to Pico 3V3(out) pin 36
+ Black: ground to Pico GND pin 38
+ Blue: serial data - SDA to Pico I2C0 SDA pin 1, oscilloscope channel 2 green waveform
+ Yellow: serial clock - SCK to Pico I2C0 SCL pin 2, oscilloscope channel 3 yellow waveform

## I²C-bus No Activity, Pico & SerLED

<img width="600" height="338" src="/Images/I2Cwfm0-600.png"> 

 
+ Both the Raspberry Pi Pico development board and the Sparkfun SerLED are 3.3 V devices. 
 + Therefore, the two I2C lines SDA and SCL have pull up resistors to ~3.3 V. 
+ Oscilloscope channel 2 (top green trace) is attached to the I²C SDA line. 
 + The oscilloscope measures SDA high to be 3.28 V which is close to the 3.3 V.
+ Oscilloscope channel 3 (middel yellow trace) is attached to the I²C SCL line. 
 + The oscilloscope measures SCL high to be 3.16 V which is close to the 3.3 V.
 
 
## I²C-bus Pico controller sending Address 114, write & SerLED slave Nack 

<img width="600" height="338" src="/Images/I2Cwfm0b-600.png">

The above screen shot shows the Raspberry Pi Pico I2C controller is requesting to write to the Sparkfun SerLED I²C slave at address 114. The Sparkfun SerLED responded with a not acknowledge. If the Sparkfun SerLED I²C slave did not understand the request an automatic not acknowledge is the default response if the slave does nothing. 
 
+ Both the Raspberry Pi Pico development board and the Sparkfun SerLED are 3.3 V devices. Therefore, the two I2C lines SDA and SCL have pull up resistors to ~3.3 V. 
+ Oscilloscope channel 2 (green) is attached to the I²C SDA line. 
+ Oscilloscope channel 3 (yellow) is attached to the I²C SCL line. 
I²C start is when the SDA goes low when the SCL is high. The oscilloscope first cursor is position at the first vertical division.
+ This I²C packet is composed of nine SCL pulses. SDA changes when SCL is low. SDA is stable and is read when SCL is high. 
+ The first seven SCL are for the seven bit I2C address (0 to 127).
+ Sparkfun I²C address is 114, x32, b1110010. MSB (most significant bit) is sent first. 
+ The eight SCL after the I²C address is the read/write bit. 
+ The ninth SCL bit is for the Sparkfun SerLED to acknowledge the I²C master Raspberry Pi Pico controller. Nak (not acknowledge) is when the SDA is high as shown in the above the screen shot. 
+ The end of the I²C packet is at 6.5 division, cursor #2. The end is when the SDA rises when SCL is high.
 
## I²C-bus Pico controller sending Address 114, write & SerLED slave Ack

<img width="600" height="338" src="/Images/I2Cwfm1-600.png">

+ The oscilloscope two vertical cursors (vertical solid and dash lines) bracket the eight data clock pulses and the ninth nack/ack clock pulse. 
+ Data is valid when clock is high.
+ Nack/ack is valid when clock is high. 
+ Ack is held low by the SerLED indicating it is ready for data from the Pico controller. 
 
## I²C-bus Pico Controller Writing x7C hex (b01111100) data to the SerLED slave with Ack

<img width="600" height="338" src="/Images/I2Cwfm2-600.png">

+ The oscilloscope two vertical cursors (vertical solid and dash lines) bracket the eight data clock pulses and the ninth nack/ack clock pulse. 
+ Data is valid when clock is high.
+ Nack/ack is valid when ninth clock bit is high. Ack is a low. 
 
 
## I²C-bus Pico Controller Writing x2D hex (b00101101) data to the SerLED slave with Ack

<img width="600" height="338" src="/Images/I2Cwfm4-600.png">

+ The oscilloscope two vertical cursors (vertical solid and dash lines) bracket the eight data clock pulses and the ninth nack/ack clock pulse. 
+ Data is valid when clock is high.
+ Nack/ack is valid when ninth clock bit is high. Ack is a low. 
+ Ack is held low by the SerLED indicating it received the x2D hex data from the Pico controller 
 
<A NAME="P75"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P74">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P76">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 75: Tennsy 4.1 Microcontroller Board
 

<img width="600" height="188" src="/Images/Teensy41s600.png"> 
 
 
The Teensy® 4.1 microcontroller development board is a high performance small microcontroller.
 
PJRCD
 + [Teensy® 4.1 Development Board](https://www.pjrc.com/store/teensy41.html) 
 
Other store
 + Adafruit [Teensy® 4.1](https://www.adafruit.com/product/4622)
 + Sparkfun [Teensy® 4.1](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/16771) 
 + Amazon [Teensy® 4.1 list](https://www.amazon.com/s?k=teensy+4.1&crid=2XYX0KYR8OWUQ&sprefix=Teensy%C2%AE+4.1%2Caps%2C155&ref=nb_sb_ss_ts-doa-p_1_10)
 
Videos
 + Sparkfun [Teensy® 4.1](https://youtu.be/jDihQXEuhzI)
 + Adafruit [Teensy® 4.1](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5nnlxpkdxTQ&t=334s) 
 + YouTube Tennsy 4.1 [list](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Tennsy+4.1)
 
Applications
+ Auto-Return Parachute Comes Back To The Launch Site Every Time [URL](https://makezine.com/projects/auto-return-parachute-comes-back-to-the-launch-site-every-time/?vgo_ee=JqOazlLQme%2F%2BP1FmQeul%2Fw%3D%3D)

URLs
+ Forum [Is there a Teensy 4.1 Reference Book ?](https://forum.pjrc.com/threads/71287-Is-there-a-Teensy-4-1-Reference-Book?s=cdc5792e526fda920336a39827568fd5) 
 
MicroPython [functions](https://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/mimxrt/quickref.html#) for the Tennsy 4.1. 
 
 
 
<A NAME="P76"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P75">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P77">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 76: I²C-bus: 7-bit Address Table
 

<img width="291" height="1814" src="/Images/I2Ctable.png"> 
 
 
 
<A NAME="P77"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P76">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P78">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 77: Microcontroller Boards Table

Table contains 28 microcontroller boards.    
       
Table notes
  + Mfg: 9 microcontroll development board manufacturer
    + Adafruit, Aideepen, Arduino, Elegoo, Lafvin, PJRCD, Raspberry Pi, Seeed Studio & Waveshare
  + MCU: microcontroller model
  + MCU bus: 
    + 8-bits or 32-bits (better)
  + MCU MHz: 
    + 16 MHz to 600 MHz (better)  
  + SRAM: Static Random Access Memory, memory contents is lost when not power, program run time memory: stacks, variables, arrays, etc.
    + 2KB to 8MB (better)
  + Flash memory: memory containing the program, memory contents is retained with no power, program memory for C object code, Python, assembly code, etc.
    + 2 KB to 8 MB (better)
  + EEPROM: Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, memory contents is retained with no power, non volatile program data memory: program constants, data tables, images, etc.
    + None to 4 KB (better)
  + IDE: Integrated Development Environment:  Work station to develop microcontroller software
    + Arduino, CircuitPython, MicroPython & C/C++
  + Price
    + $ 2.99 (better) to $ 120.00
  + Notes: 
    + FPU - Floating Point Unit  
    + USB interface: A, micro, C & A Plug

<TABLE>
 <TR>
 <TD>
 Mfg
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Model
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller">MCU</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 MCU bus
 </TD>
 <TD>
 MCU MHz
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_random-access_memory">SRAM</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory">Flash Memory</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROM">EEPROM</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment">IDE</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Price
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Notes
 </TD>
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.pjrc.com/store/teensy41.html">PJRCD</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.pjrc.com/store/teensy41.html">Tennsy 4.1</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="[https://www.pjrc.com/store/teensy41.html](https://www.pjrc.com/store/teensy41.html#processor)">ARM Cortex-M7</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 32
 </TD>
 <TD>
 600
 </TD>
 <TD>
 1024K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 7936K
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 4K 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>, <A HREF="https://www.pjrc.com/store/teensy41.html#software">CircuitPython, etc.</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.pjrc.com/store/teensy41.html">$31.50</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_unit">FPU</A>, Good high performance/price 
 </TD>
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-pico/">Raspberry Pi</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/picow/pico-w-datasheet.pdf">Pico W</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Dual ARM Cortex-M0+, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040">RP2040</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 32
 </TD>
 <TD>
 133
 </TD>
 <TD>
 264K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 2MB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 None 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 MicroPython, C++, <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/product/4864">$6.00</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi">Wifi</A>, great performance/price, good ecosystem 
 </TD> 
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-pico/">Raspberry Pi</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/pico/pico-datasheet.pdf">Pico</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Dual ARM Cortex-M0+, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040">RP2040</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 32
 </TD>
 <TD>
 133
 </TD>
 <TD>
 264K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 2MB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 None 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 MicroPython, C++, <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/product/4864">$4.00</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Low price, Best performance/price, good ecosystem 
 </TD> 
 </TR>

<TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/">Adafruit</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/product/4884">Feather RP2040</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Dual ARM Cortex-M0+, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040">RP2040</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 32
 </TD>
 <TD>
 125
 </TD>
 <TD>
 264K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 8MB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 None 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://circuitpython.org/">CircuitPython</A>, <A HREF="https://micropython.org/">MicroPython</A>, C++, <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/product/4884">$11.95</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://learn.adafruit.com/introducing-adafruit-stemma-qt">STEMMA QT</A> 
 </TD> 
 </TR>

<TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/">Adafruit</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/product/4888">ItsyBitsy RP2040</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Dual ARM Cortex-M0+, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040">RP2040</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 32
 </TD>
 <TD>
 125
 </TD>
 <TD>
 264K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 8MB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 None 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://circuitpython.org/">CircuitPython</A>, <A HREF="https://micropython.org/">MicroPython</A>, C++
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/product/4888">$9.95</A>
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 </TD> 
 </TR>

<TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/">Adafruit</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/product/4900">QT Py RP2040</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Dual ARM Cortex-M0+, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040">RP2040</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 32
 </TD>
 <TD>
 125
 </TD>
 <TD>
 264K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 8MB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 None 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://circuitpython.org/">CircuitPython</A>, <A HREF="https://micropython.org/">MicroPython</A>, C++, <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/product/4900">$9.95</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://learn.adafruit.com/introducing-adafruit-stemma-qt">STEMMA QT</A>, small 
 </TD> 
 </TR>

<TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/">Adafruit</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/product/5056">Trinkey QT2040</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Dual ARM Cortex-M0+, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040">RP2040</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 32
 </TD>
 <TD>
 ~125
 </TD>
 <TD>
 264K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 8MB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 None 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://circuitpython.org/">CircuitPython</A>, <A HREF="https://micropython.org/">MicroPython</A>, C++
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/product/5056">$7.95</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://learn.adafruit.com/introducing-adafruit-stemma-qt">STEMMA QT</A>, USB A Plug 
 </TD> 
 </TR>

<TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/">Adafruit</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/product/5302">KB2040</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Dual ARM Cortex-M0+, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040">RP2040</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 32
 </TD>
 <TD>
 ~125
 </TD>
 <TD>
 264K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 8MB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 None 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://circuitpython.org/">CircuitPython</A>, <A HREF="https://micropython.org/">MicroPython</A>, C++, 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.adafruit.com/product/5302">$8.95</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://learn.adafruit.com/introducing-adafruit-stemma-qt">STEMMA QT</A> 
 </TD> 
 </TR>

<TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.seeedstudio.com">Seeed Studio</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.seeedstudio.com/XIAO-RP2040-v1-0-p-5026.html?queryID=7ed441843e0b7946433bca4170396d69&objectID=5026&indexName=bazaar_retailer_products">XIAO RP2040</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Dual ARM Cortex-M0+, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040">RP2040</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 32
 </TD>
 <TD>
 133
 </TD>
 <TD>
 264K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 2MB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 None 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://circuitpython.org/">CircuitPython</A>, <A HREF="https://micropython.org/">MicroPython</A>, C++, 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.seeedstudio.com/XIAO-RP2040-v1-0-p-5026.html?queryID=7ed441843e0b7946433bca4170396d69&objectID=5026&indexName=bazaar_retailer_products">$5.40</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.seeedstudio.com/XIAO-c-1964.html">XIAO series</A> 
 </TD> 
 </TR>

<TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.waveshare.com/">Waveshare</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.waveshare.com/rp2040-zero.htm">RP2040-Zero</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Dual ARM Cortex-M0+, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040">RP2040</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 32
 </TD>
 <TD>
 133
 </TD>
 <TD>
 264K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 2MB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 None 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://micropython.org/">MicroPython</A>, C++
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.waveshare.com/rp2040-zero.htm?sku=20187">$4.49</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Small, USB-C 
 </TD> 
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.waveshare.com/">Waveshare</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.waveshare.com/rp2040-one.htm">RP2040-One</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Dual ARM Cortex-M0+, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040">RP2040</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 32
 </TD>
 <TD>
 133
 </TD>
 <TD>
 264K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 4MB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 None 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://micropython.org/">MicroPython</A>, C++
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.waveshare.com/rp2040-one.htm">$4.49</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Small, USB-A Plug 
 </TD> 
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.waveshare.com/">Waveshare</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.waveshare.com/rp2040-plus.htm">RP2040-Plus</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Dual ARM Cortex-M0+, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040">RP2040</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 32
 </TD>
 <TD>
 133
 </TD>
 <TD>
 264K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 4MB/16MB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 None 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://micropython.org/">MicroPython</A>, C++
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.waveshare.com/rp2040-plus.htm">$8.89</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 USB-C, higher current DC-DC chip, Lithium battery recharging
 </TD> 
 </TR>
 
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.waveshare.com/">Waveshare</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.waveshare.com/rp2040-lcd-0.96.htm">RP2040-LCD-0.96</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Dual ARM Cortex-M0+, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040">RP2040</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 32
 </TD>
 <TD>
 133
 </TD>
 <TD>
 264K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 2MB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 None 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://micropython.org/">MicroPython</A>, C++
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.waveshare.com/rp2040-lcd-0.96.htm">$11.99</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 0.96" 160×80 pixels IPS display, USB-C, higher current DC-DC chip, Lithium battery recharging
 </TD> 
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/pro/hardware-product-portenta-h7/">Portenta H7</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Dual-core STM32H747 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 32
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Cortex® M7 at 480, Cortex® M4 at 240
 </TD>
 <TD>
 8MB
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 16MB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 None 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>, MicroPython, JavaScript 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B088KPDM8S?psc=1&ref=ppx_yo2ov_dt_b_product_details">$120.00</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi">Wifi</A> 
 </TD> 
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-nano-rp2040-connect-with-headers?selectedStore=us">Nano RP2040 Connect</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Dual ARM Cortex-M0+, <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040">RP2040</A> & <A HREF="https://content.u-blox.com/sites/default/files/NINA-W10_DataSheet_UBX-17065507.pdf">Nina W102 uBlox module</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 32
 </TD>
 <TD>
 133
 </TD>
 <TD>
 264K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 16MB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 None 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-nano-rp2040-connect-with-headers?selectedStore=us">$30.60</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi">Wifi</A>, Max RP2040 Flash, good ecosystem 
 </TD> 
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-nano-33-ble?selectedStore=us">NANO 33 BLE</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RP2040](https://content.arduino.cc/assets/Nano_BLE_MCU-nRF52840_PS_v1.1.pdf)">nRF52840 (ARM® Cortex®-M4)</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 32
 </TD>
 <TD>
 64
 </TD>
 <TD>
 256K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 1MB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 None 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-nano-33-ble?selectedStore=us">$26.30</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Bluetooth, 9 axis inertial sensor 
 </TD> 
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-mkr-wifi-1010?selectedStore=us">MKR1010 WiFi</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://content.arduino.cc/assets/mkr-microchip_samd21_family_full_datasheet-ds40001882d.pdf">SAMD21 (Cortex®-M0+)</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 32
 </TD>
 <TD>
 48
 </TD>
 <TD>
 32 KB
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 256K
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 None 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-mkr-wifi-1010?selectedStore=us">$38.60</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 WiFi 
 </TD> 
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://docs.arduino.cc/hardware/mkr-1000-wifi">MKR1000 WiFi</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://cdn.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Dev/Arduino/Boards/Atmel-42181-SAM-D21_Datasheet.pdf)">ATSAMD21 (Cortex®-M0+)</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 32
 </TD>
 <TD>
 48
 </TD>
 <TD>
 256K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 32KB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 None 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B071LRYYHH?psc=1&ref=ppx_yo2ov_dt_b_product_details">$44.00</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 WiFi 
 </TD> 
 </TR> 
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-nano?selectedStore=us">Nano 3.x</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/Atmel-7810-Automotive-Microcontrollers-ATmega328P_Datasheet.pdf">ATmega328</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 8
 </TD>
 <TD>
 16
 </TD>
 <TD>
 2K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 32KB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 1 KB 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-nano?selectedStore=us">$24.90</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-micro?selectedStore=us">Micro</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/Atmel-7766-8-bit-AVR-ATmega16U4-32U4_Datasheet.pdf">ATmega32U4</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 8
 </TD>
 <TD>
 16
 </TD>
 <TD>
 2.5K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 32KB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 1 KB 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-micro?selectedStore=us">$24.90</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 &nbsp; 
 </TD> 
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-mega-2560-rev3?selectedStore=us">Mega 2560 Rev3</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/ATmega640-1280-1281-2560-2561-Datasheet-DS40002211A.pdf">ATmega2560</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 8
 </TD>
 <TD>
 16
 </TD>
 <TD>
 8K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 256KB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 4 KB 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-mega-2560-rev3?selectedStore=us">$48.40</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Second most popular, good ecosystem 
 </TD> 
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/">Arduino</A
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-uno-wifi-rev2?selectedStore=us">UNO WiFi REV2</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/ATmega4808-4809-Data-Sheet-DS40002173A.pdf">ATmega4809</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 8
 </TD>
 <TD>
 16
 </TD>
 <TD>
 6,144 
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 48 KB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 256 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-uno-wifi-rev2?selectedStore=us">$53.80</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 WiFi 
 </TD> 
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/">Arduino</A
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-uno-rev3-smd">UNO Rev3 SMD</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/ATmega48A-PA-88A-PA-168A-PA-328-P-DS-DS40002061A.pdf">ATmega328P</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 8
 </TD>
 <TD>
 20
 </TD>
 <TD>
 2K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 32KB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 1 KB 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-uno-rev3-smd">$26.30</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Most popular, > 10 M sold, best ecosystem, SMD MCU 
 </TD> 
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/">Arduino</A
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-uno-rev3?selectedStore=us">UNO R3</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/ATmega48A-PA-88A-PA-168A-PA-328-P-DS-DS40002061A.pdf">ATmega328P</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 8
 </TD>
 <TD>
 20
 </TD>
 <TD>
 2K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 32KB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 1 KB 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://store-usa.arduino.cc/products/arduino-uno-rev3?selectedStore=us">$27.60</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Most popular, > 10 M sold, best ecosystem 
 </TD> 
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.elegoo.com/">Elegoo</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.elegoo.com/collections/arduino-learning-sets/products/elegoo-mega-2560-r3-board">Mega 2560 Rev3</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/ATmega640-1280-1281-2560-2561-Datasheet-DS40002211A.pdf">ATmega2560</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 8
 </TD>
 <TD>
 16
 </TD>
 <TD>
 8K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 256KB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 4 KB 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.elegoo.com/collections/arduino-learning-sets/products/elegoo-mega-2560-r3-board">$15.99</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Clone 
 </TD> 
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.elegoo.com/">Elegoo</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.elegoo.com/collections/arduino-learning-sets/products/elegoo-uno-r3-board">UNO R3</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="http://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/ATmega48A-PA-88A-PA-168A-PA-328-P-DS-DS40002061A.pdf">ATmega328P</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 8
 </TD>
 <TD>
 20
 </TD>
 <TD>
 2K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 32KB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 1 KB 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.elegoo.com/collections/arduino-learning-sets/products/elegoo-uno-r3-board">$12.98</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 Low cost UNO R3 clone with <A HREF="https://www.elegoo.com/collections/arduino-learning-sets">STEM kits</A> 
 </TD> 
 </TR>
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://lafvintech.com/">Lafvin</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://lafvintech.com/products/nano-3-0-atmega328p-controller-board-ch340-usb-driver-with-cable-for-arduino?pr_prod_strat=copurchase_transfer_learning&pr_rec_id=e40316a41&pr_rec_pid=7384142053564&pr_ref_pid=7384142151868&pr_seq=uniform">Nano 3.0</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/Atmel-7810-Automotive-Microcontrollers-ATmega328P_Datasheet.pdf">ATmega328</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 8
 </TD>
 <TD>
 16
 </TD>
 <TD>
 2K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 32KB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 1 KB 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://lafvintech.com/products/nano-3-0-atmega328p-controller-board-ch340-usb-driver-with-cable-for-arduino?pr_prod_strat=copurchase_transfer_learning&pr_rec_id=e40316a41&pr_rec_pid=7384142053564&pr_ref_pid=7384142151868&pr_seq=uniform">3 at $10.50</A>
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 Clone
 </TD>
 </TR> 
 
 <TR>
 <TD> 
 <A HREF="https://www.aideepen.com/">Aideepen</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.aideepen.com/products/nano-mini-usb-with-bootloader-compatible-nano-3-0-controller-board-for-arduino-ch340-usb-driver-16mhz-nano-v3-0-atmega328p">Nano 3.0</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://ww1.microchip.com/downloads/en/DeviceDoc/Atmel-7810-Automotive-Microcontrollers-ATmega328P_Datasheet.pdf">ATmega328</A> 
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 8
 </TD>
 <TD>
 16
 </TD>
 <TD>
 2K
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 32KB
 </TD> 
 <TD>
 1 KB 
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.arduino.cc/en/software">Arduino</A>
 </TD>
 <TD>
 <A HREF="https://www.aideepen.com/products/nano-mini-usb-with-bootloader-compatible-nano-3-0-controller-board-for-arduino-ch340-usb-driver-16mhz-nano-v3-0-atmega328p">$2.99</A>
 </TD>
 <TD> 
 Clone
 </TD>
 </TR> 
</TABLE> 
 
 
<A NAME="P78"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P77">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P79">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 78: KiCad Circuit Simulation
 

<img width="444" height="124" src="/Images/KiCADicons.png"> 
<img align="right" width="108" height="121" src="/Images/UbuntuSWicon.png">

KiCad is installed on Linux computer, NUC8i7HVK Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS.

My focus is to use KiCAD for electronic circuit simulation.  KiCAD functions also include PCB laytout.

[KiCad](https://www.kicad.org/) version
  + Version: 6.0.10-86aedd382b~118~ubuntu22.04.1, release build
    
Videos
  + YouTube KiCad 6 [video](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=kiCAD+6)
  + KiCad 5.0 Changes and New Features [video](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLEBQazB0HUyQmF4Vf0WEeGAGDH0th3wYf)  
    
Books
  + Amazon KiCad 6 [list](https://www.amazon.com/s?k=kicad+6&crid=3KKIJUIOJ6QK0&sprefix=kiCAD%2Caps%2C153&ref=nb_sb_ss_ts-doa-p_3_5)

Groups.io
 + Kicad Users [kicad-users@groups.io](https://groups.io/g/kicad-users)
 

<img width="431" height="708" src="/Images/KiCADrp2040b.png"> 

 
Above is the RP2040 in KiCAD. 
 
 
<A NAME="P79"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P78">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P80">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 79: Adafruit 2FA: Two-Factor Authentication
 

<img width="195" height="177" src="/Images/GAicon.png">

Google Authenticator app on the iPad. 
 

<img width="600" height="193" src="/Images/GA600.png"> 

 
Adafruit has implemented [2FA](https://learn.adafruit.com/how-to-set-up-2-factor-authentication-on-adafruit) for some items. After logging into Adafruit 2FA will request a six digits code that is generated by the Google Authenticator app.

The Google Authenticator 2FA code change every ~15 seconds. A timer icon on the above scree shot right side gets smaller as it times out.
 
If you fail to log in to the 2FA, you cannot login to Adafruit.
 
Some Adafruit items are available on Amazon.
 
 
 
<A NAME="P80"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P79">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P81">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 80: Qucs: Quite Universal Circuit Simulator
 

<img align="center" width="137" height="138" src="/Images/QucsIcon.png"> 
<img align="right" width="108" height="121" src="/Images/UbuntuSWicon.png">

[Qucs](https://qucs.sourceforge.net/index.html) v 0.0.19 running on NUC8i7HVK Ubuntu 22.04.1 LTS.  
  + [User manual](https://qucs.sourceforge.net/docs.html)
  + [Rreference manual](http://qucs.github.io/qucs-manual/0.0.19/html-en/index.html) 
    
Videos
  + YouTube Qucs [list](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=qucs+simulation)

Circuit Simulation Software    
  + [10 Best Circuit Simulation Software- 2022(Free and Paid)](https://www.etechnophiles.com/best-circuit-simulation-software/)
  + [TOP 10 ONLINE CIRCUIT SIMULATORS](https://www.electronics-lab.com/top-ten-online-circuit-simulators/)  
  + [Top 10 Electronic Circuit Simulation Software](https://www.techyv.com/tips/top-10-electronic-circuit-simulation-software/)
  + [Best free analog circuit simulators](https://www.designworldonline.com/best-free-analog-circuit-simulators/)

<A NAME="P81"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P80">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P82">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 81: I²C-bus: Seeed Studio Grove System
 
[Seeed Studio](https://www.seeedstudio.com/) Grove system is a four wire connector system with four different interfaces (I2C, digital, analog & UART) to make it easier to connect microcontroller boards to various devices (displays, sesnors, A/D, D/A, etc.). The Grove system was launched in 2010.
 
Seeed Studio Grove System 
 + Grove [System](https://wiki.seeedstudio.com/Grove_System/)
 + Product [list, ~380](https://www.seeedstudio.com/XIAO-c-1964.html?) 
 
Video
 + 2020 [Grove 10th Anniversary Documentary](https://youtu.be/r-W0XYhVdTk)
 + Grove - Starter Kit for Arduino - Unboxing & Getting Started [video](https://youtu.be/1Rc_OiebDPo)
 + YouTube Grove [list](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=seeed+studio+grove) 
 
Four types of Grove interfaces
 + Grove I2C
 + Grove Digital
 + Grove Analog
 + Grove UART 
 
Grove I²C connector & cable colors
 + Pin 1: I²C-bus SCL, yellow
 + Pin 2: I²C-bus SDA, white
 + Pin 3: Vcc 5V/3.3V, red
 + Pin 4: GND, black 
 
 
<A NAME="P82"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P81">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P83">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 82: MicroPython Pico Functions

<img align="center" width="295" height="300" src="/Images/Micropython-logo.svgs50.png"> 

 
[MicroPython](https://micropython.org/) is on of the [Raspberry Pi](https://www.raspberrypi.com/) support programming languages for the [Pico](https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-pico/). The free Get Started with MicroPython on Raspberry Pi Pico [139 pages PDF](https://hackspace.raspberrypi.com/books/micropython-pico) uses MicroPython.
 
 MicroPython [Quick reference](https://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/rp2/quickref.html) for the RP2 
 
 MicroPython Pico modules 
 + [machine module](https://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/library/machine.html#module-machine) 
 + [rp2 module](https://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/library/rp2.html#module-rp2)
 + [time module](https://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/library/time.html#module-time)
 + [neopixel module](https://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/rp2/quickref.html) at the bottom of the web page.
 + [apa106 module](https://docs.micropython.org/en/latest/rp2/quickref.html) at the bottom of the web page. 
 
 Books
 + Amazon Raspberry Pi Pico MicroPython in books [lsit](https://www.amazon.com/s?k=raspberry+Pi+Pico+micropython+in+books&crid=3A0WGYH5NH3LY&sprefix=raspberry+pi+pico+micropython+in+book%2Caps%2C168&ref=nb_sb_noss_2)

<A NAME="P83"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P82">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P84">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 83: Book: Programming the Pico, Dr.Simon Monk

<img align="center" width="233" height="348" src="/Images/PrgmPico.png"> 

 
I enjoy [Dr.Simon Monk]() writting style and I seek out his books.

Programming the Pico 
+ MicroPython and IDE Thonny
+ 2022 
+ 146 pages
+ 12 chapters 
+ Photo are black and white. 
+ Contents see Amazon [lock inside](https://www.amazon.com/Programming-Pico-Coding-Electronics-Raspberry/dp/B09HG2JYS9/ref=sr_1_13?crid=3A0WGYH5NH3LY&keywords=raspberry+Pi+Pico+micropython+in+books&qid=1677112425&sprefix=raspberry+pi+pico+micropython+in+book%2Caps%2C168&sr=8-13) 
+ Book [errors](http://simonmonk.org/prog_pico/)
+ Pico book [kit](https://www.monkmakes.com/pico_kit1.html) 
 
Programming the Pico: Learn Coding and Electronics with the Raspberry Pi Pico [Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/Programming-Pico-Coding-Electronics-Raspberry/dp/B09HG2JYS9/ref=sr_1_1?crid=152FZL25KYQP2&keywords=Programming+the+Pico%2C+Dr.Simon+Monk&qid=1680140265&sprefix=programming+the+pico%2C+dr.simon+monk%2Caps%2C154&sr=8-1)
 
 
<A NAME="P84"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P83">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P85">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 84: I²C-bus: SparkFun Qwiic MultiPort

<img align="center" width="600" height="338" src="/Images/MultiportTop600.png"> 
<img align="center" width="600" height="338" src="/Images/MultiportConn600.png"> 
<img align="center" width="600" height="338" src="/Images/MultiportBot600.png">

Qwiic MultiPort is a good way to connect additional I²C-bus devices to the microcontroller. 
 
<A HREF="#P63">I²C-bus: Inter-Integrated Circuit Bus</A> is a two wire open collector/drain bus: SDA data and SCL clock. 
 
[SparkFun](https://www.sparkfun.com/) [Qwiic MultiPort](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/18012)
+ [Hookup Guide](https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/qwiic-multiport-hookup-guide)

Qwiic is a four wire connector system with I²C-bus SDA & SCL and 3.3 V power & GND.
    
In the top photos the twisted cable is a SparkFun Qwiic cable and the flat cable on the other side of the MultiPort is Adafruit STEMM QT cable.
STEMM QT cable works on Qwiic but STEMM QT may have 5V or 3.3V on the Vcc wire.  5V is not compatible with Qwiic. Qwiic is only 3.3V.
Therefore, you can mix and match 3.3 V STEMM QT devices with 3.3 v Qwiic devices.

+ Qwiic cable wires are small and have a max current of about [226mA](https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/qwiic-multiport-hookup-guide#note1) 
+ Maximum I²C-bus capacitance is 400 pf.
+ the faster the I²C-bus clock frequency, The lower the pull up resistance. 
+ I²C-bus pull up resistors range 1K to 4.7 K.
+ I²C-bus at the [Hardware Level](https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/i2c/all#i2c-at-the-hardware-level)
 
Video
 + SparkFun Qwiic [video](https://youtu.be/x0RDEHqFIF8)
 + Adafruit STEMMA & STEMMA QT Plug & play connectivity - STEMMA SUNDAY! [video](https://youtu.be/_Cu7UOcGL14)
 + Product Showcase: SparkFun Qwiic MultiStar [MultiPort](https://youtu.be/rZdpmfQWeIg)
 
URLs
 + SparkFun Qwiic [cable list](https://www.sparkfun.com/search/results?term=Qwiic+Cable)
 + Adafruit STEMMA QT [cable list](https://www.adafruit.com/?q=Stemma+qt+cable&sort=BestMatch) 
 + Adafruit [What is STEMMA QT?](https://learn.adafruit.com/introducing-adafruit-stemma-qt/what-is-stemma-qt)
 
 
<A NAME="P85"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P84">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P86">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 85: Tinkercad Circuits

<img align="center" width="124" height="126" src="/Images/TinkercadLogoB.png"> 

 
[Tinkercad](https://www.tinkercad.com/) [Circuits](https://www.tinkercad.com/circuits) [community gallery](https://www.tinkercad.com/things?type=circuits). 
 
What is great
 + Anduino microcontrollers is in the library.
 
Limitations
 + No transform in the library.
 + No AC power sources.

<A NAME="P86"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P85">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P87">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 86: Tinkercad Codeblocks

<img align="center" width="124" height="126" src="/Images/TinkercadLogoB.png"> 

 
[Tinkercad](https://www.tinkercad.com/) [Codeblocks](https://www.tinkercad.com/codeblocks) [community gallery](https://www.tinkercad.com/things?type=blocks). 
 
 
<A NAME="P87"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P86">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P102">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 87: Tinkercad 3D Design

<img align="center" width="124" height="126" src="/Images/TinkercadLogoB.png"> 

 
[Tinkercad](https://www.tinkercad.com/) [3D Design](https://www.tinkercad.com/3d-design) [community gallery](https://www.tinkercad.com/things?type=designs). 
 
Tinkercad main function is 3D Design for [3D printing(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_printing)
 
 
<A NAME="P102"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P87">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P137">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 102: List of YouTube Playlists

<img width="256" height="57" src="/Images/YouTube_LogoS.png">

This a list of playlist and over one hour videos.
    
    
### Raspberry Pi Pico playlists
+ [A journey with Raspberry Pi Pico beginner to Advance Level, 19 vidoes](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLOYsAys6a6mk6Aq24_7ZbBE7rsiWtzqB4)
+ [En iyi Raspberry Pi Pico Projeleri, 23 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLK2SeKwythXiUcLgUnZJn5elohD2pgoA1)
+ [Free Raspberry Pi Tutorials for Absolute Beginnerss, 67 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGs0VKk2DiYxdMjCJmcP6jt4Yw6OHK85O)
+ [Getting Started with Raspberry pi PICO, 17 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLevbm8D2ENuhjgNFEWW2VlIwDylPSEH_A)
+ [Getting Started With Raspberry Pi Pico, 6 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLhUAJCBA66XJhmafJLEbS1oEylKKqkKak)
+ [HackadayU: Raspberry Pi Pico and RP2040 - The Deep Dive, 6 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL_tws4AXg7auiZHZsL-qfrXoMiUONBB0U)
+ [Intro to Raspberry Pi Pico and RP2040, 11 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLEBQazB0HUyQO6rJxKr2umPCgmfAU-cqR)
+ [Physical Computing with Raspberry Pi Pico & Micropython, 28 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLrJp3bvNEFaWtttqk0eVx2NZ97cG8Y8-x)
+ [Pico Learning Kit for Raspberry Pi, 13 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLvCUFipQZCUveZEy05Sh2x2gdqpOZJ72y)
+ [Raspberry Pi and Python Tutorials, 8 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQVvvaa0QuDesV8WWHLLXW_avmTzHmJLv)
+ [Raspberry Pi for Absolute Beginners using a Pico, 19 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLWJsuyqCiVXOlL2FMW89ASuS-4BdNNDTj)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico & RP2040 - RP2040 microcontroller projects, 6 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLWNDWPAClRVoo0Z-QtCkXuM15jdb2Q54N)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico (2022) - Microncontroller, 17 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLd8uNPGNmEMfk124qRFPhhkkZr52dY7xm)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico (RP2040) Experiments, 22 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDqMkB5cbBA4W8_FkjXW4WdzXWH0-Xyny)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico (RP2040) Student Projects, 39 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDqMkB5cbBA6AwYC_DElkDStUdOsTuIL7)
+ [Raspberry Pi PICO - RP2040, 49 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-EErZRpDPIU8H2tSqPeXFPj6lbTWOwb6)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico, CNC, Electronics, Sensors, Arduino, Raspberry PI, Python, 87 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-ur-Ff6MS1KKPZHBH3Inp67_HWgeiTJ4)
+ [Raspberry pi pico DDS VFO design and installation start to finish, 8 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLnuAK5K1WFOr5alu7r2Wke1lXrASDerE6)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico DIY Workshop, 12 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLeLcvrwLe1876p8VSnAcjQHILdgOsZaNQ)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico for Beginners, 37 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLU9tksFlQRipG1Lql5Gs3sYnMDEvRySa-)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico Fun Projects, 6 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLxyM2a_cfnzhQTSwBlAAtoLMd27C6WvbD)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico Guides, 20 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsXiFSHBPgKPeerLzhLOJxf5uw2mPG0Iz)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico intermediate level, 10 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLMiq3XEGA89BbINtIxPKYCg39ugCAFu_g)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico Lectures, 28 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLDqMkB5cbBA5oDg8VXM110GKc-CmvUqEZ)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico, OpenCat and MicroPython, 25 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLU9tksFlQRioZufqhQ53Oi8LYWPJDgNLh)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico PIO, 20 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLiRALtgGsxmZs_LXGkh09Zr2NUmk_mtEI)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico Programming, 15 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKAB78-HH7CZDVrBwvS81cbCVF6rQuwA3)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico Projects, 28 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLO4ZbWctTPUJKBk5rVGFkk5J67sAAZ5Ej)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico Projects, 15 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLQU9L7ydBHibwL_KdYDJj4uHWfGZQEpSa)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico Projects, 9 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLH4VHv8nSARABVT4ssxTqcDrcDlTyxzVq)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico Power!, 10 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLdmirEcV7DnFXjH8bjE4zbfjmIh68gJb5)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico using C/C++, 6 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUwmiNOPP-7hAXx4AmiWiWTyBqumqbIKT)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico using MicroPython, 6 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLUwmiNOPP-7h9B5LB3iMBIyfKgj5bZFpG)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico W, 13 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLE1qlkmzXrwS87INBzUwAyGC6S2TQV_K5)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico W Lessons for Absolute Beginners, 13 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGs0VKk2DiYz8js1SJog21cDhkBqyAhC5)
+ [raspberry pi pico ws2812b, 8 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLcCKmeWXkrzRoul43A6f0xf8baJPggiu0)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico, 232 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLnmqCNHsjnLFo54JEJmcEcaTvuB28tOwP)
+ [Raspberry pi Pico, 60 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLm2hvFSkZCPHc6ySNxmzdh4zmoAac2g-G)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico, 32 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLlM9OOPrciP4C4EB4RK-9aCrnq5PM7mT6)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico, 27 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLZ77QYmqJkKvOHuEFgP63xKJphqzjs4RD)
+ [raspberry pi pico, 26 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLPWVx-vIgYRfn4igL4xks4TiWPVHdktXi)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico, 24 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsXiFSHBPgKMIiWfJuCuxQ3ZVZnUw_UK1)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico, 11 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLWzI9--TMWEyBrZXitloH5UPn-P7cBVUK)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico, 15 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLzYOzhIctkyUNe-9KHacF7sCp2zaxFNJM)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico, 14 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLagGm6SEKe6wmlJf6CSxMnxbWMsqZ0Zxz)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico, 14 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXxP0FUTG0FlgTQOCfGbDUw1x9vBOGkZ9)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico, 13 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLxGj5QMILu9Hvqp8LAHx_g37gvO9lISWX)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico, 10 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLc7W4b0WHTAV6EYRVayb9c9dEsq-NeXAt)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico, 10 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLFCgd2W4GPjmOmfQ-ZlXZAPvNf5tHpSMp)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico, 10 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLn__0BqzWEWPFoMM7P7LSvUvnynle63uA)    
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico, 9 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLvOT6zBnJyYFavcPtSEYU1l0rBoQixcPg)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico, 8 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwF0yC5nSNDNOu0kT8FhLgBgNuMdeaDEe)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico, 7 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLGhvWnPsCr594OZQG0GE2X-jsXl83K2gg)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico, 6 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL2m2YvnrOYxImbuCEE14DQquBSUu9SUgU)
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico, 6 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLa1mQJh1F7R_b7-tec0XR-Tifomy0OEqR)
+ [raspberry pi pico, 6 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL2rtAVvB6y_Te4-XHmmDxg3dQKBKjQ4SM)
+ [Retro Gaming with Raspberry Pi Pico, 6 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLBbKMWuBNXkBsjkyLOdf-I4Wf2-QZHxXB)
+ [Showing off the Power of the Raspberry Pi Pico/RP2040 & PIO, 16 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL-_wCtHUfdDOvB9edAA1Jge1ZUbgnf4Tu)
+ [The 12 Days of Codemas - Raspberry Pi Pico Advent Calendar 2022, 13 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXxP0FUTG0FnEQz4X2yPWCAsAZEDCnxYG)
+ Google YouTube search for [Raspberry Pi Pico, >3 million videos](https://www.google.com/search?q=youtube+raspberry+pi+pico&oq=YouTube+Raspberry+Pi+Pico&aqs=chrome.0.0i512l2j0i22i30j0i390l5j69i64.5101j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8#ip=1)
    
### MicroPython playlists
+ [MicroPythons, 6 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL6F17pWypPy_KSmpnR5CV8x78QhAiKBIl)
+ [Learn MicroPythons, 6 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL2935W76vRNEV6PwvxiqJf47JVrbGzTkC)
+ [ESP32 MicroPython, 28 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLw0SimokefZ3uWQoRsyf-gKNSs4Td-0k6)
+ [Introduction to MicroPython, 32 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLXwAdcOl0lCpKRep_Gb_YVDfYjcaqZSvA)
        
### CircuitPython playlists
+ [Circuit Python Tutorials, 74 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9VJ9OpT-IPSsQUWqQcNrVJqy4LhBjPX2)
+ [CircuitPython & Circuit Playground Express Tutorials, 16 videos](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9VJ9OpT-IPRo77roCKMzIh4q4Mu2dCBU)

<A NAME="P137"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P102">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P138">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 137: Thonny

<img align="center" width="1169" height="689" src="/Images/ThonneyVersions.png"> 

 
[Thonny](https://thonny.org/) is an IDE for 
 + [Python](https://www.python.org/)
 + [MicroPython](https://micropython.org/) for Raspberry Pi Pico, etc.

## Thonny on [Ubuntu](https://ubuntu.com/) 20.04.2 LTS 
 
Use the standard Ubuntu software to install Thonney.
 + Open show applications 
 + Open Ubuntu Software
 + Search for Thonny
 + Select Thonny-IDE and install
 + The above screenshot shows Thony version and Python version. 
 
 
<A NAME="P138"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P137">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P139">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 138: CircuitPython

<img align="center" width="600" height="228" src="/Images/CircuitPython.png"> 

 
 
+ [100 CircuitPython Community Libraries!](https://blog.adafruit.com/2023/03/22/100-circuitpython-community-libraries-circuitpython-python-circuitpython/?utm_source=Adafruit+Products+Newsletter&utm_campaign=99ae4b98f4-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2023_03_28_03_04&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_-99ae4b98f4-%5BLIST_EMAIL_ID%5D) 
 
 
<A NAME="P139"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P138">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P140">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 139: Groups.IO Microcontrollers
 
[Microcontrollers at Groups.IO](https://groups.io/g/Microcontrollers): Pico, Arduino, RP2040, ESP32, STM32, Atmega328P, UNO, Feather, etc.

This group is where you can share you experiences with using microcontrollers in your projects.  Examples of microcontrollers include Raspberry Pi Pico, Arduino family of microcontrollers and any other microcontrollers that you are using.

Microcontrollers are tiny computers that run a single program usually without an operating system software to control various electrical and mechanical devices.

A hot area today is using microcontrollers in IoT (Internet of Things) devices.

Group owner David Haworth WA9ONY
 
<A NAME="P140"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P139">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P141">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 140: Discord

<img align="center" width="640" height="122" src="/Images/Discord_logo.png">

Discord is a VoIP and instant messaging social platform that is used by the ecosystems of Adafruit, Arduino, etc.    
    
[Discord](https://discord.com/) on [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discord)

YouTube
  + [How to Use Discord - Beginner's Guide](https://youtu.be/rnYGrq95ezA)

There aer serveral Discord groups on machine learning and TensorFlow.
    
### Adafruit Discord
    
The [Adafruit Discord](https://blog.adafruit.com/2017/07/20/adafruit-is-on-discord-discordapp-adafruit-discord-adafruit/) server is a 24/7/365  makerspace for folks all around the world (>5K Online, >37K Members).

<img align="center" width="973" height="1067" src="/Images/AdafruitDiscord.png"> 

 
## Arduino Discord

+ Discord members >5K Online, >45K Members

<img align="center" width="973" height="1067" src="/Images/ArduinoDiscord.png"> 

 
### Raspberry Pi Discord

+ Discord members >2K Online, >15K Members

<img align="center" width="973" height="1067" src="/Images/RaspberryPiDiscord.png"> 

 
### Seeed Discord

+ Discord members >500 Online, >5K Members

<img align="center" width="973" height="1067" src="/Images/SeeedDiscord.png"> 

 
## Python Discord

+ Discord members >41K Online, >375K Members 
 

<img align="center" width="973" height="1067" src="/Images/PythonDiscord.png">

<A NAME="P141"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P140">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P142">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 141: RP2040 DVI

The RP2040 can output DVI siganls.
    
The electrical DVI video signals are the same as HDMI.  DVI does not have audio.  HDMI has audio.    
    
[Elektor](https://www.elektormagazine.com/articles/dvi-on-the-rp2040-mcu-raspberry-pi-luke-wren?utm_source=Elektor+International+%28English%29&utm_campaign=842ef349b6-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_4_6_2023_9_29&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_23bd160f48-842ef349b6-%5BLIST_EMAIL_ID%5D&mc_cid=842ef349b6&mc_eid=1bc428feb9)
  + DVI on the RP2040 MCU: A Q&A with Raspberry Pi's Luke Wren

[Adafruit](https://www.adafruit.com/product/5710)
  + DVI on the RP2040 MCU: A Q&A with Raspberry Pi's Luke Wren
  + [YouTube](https://youtu.be/Nsvf5gnYErs) NOYDA - RP2040 with DVI output first output test
  + [YouTube](https://youtu.be/GyZS_efRyiY) Raspberry Pi Pico, HDMI on a breadboard 
  + [YouTube](https://youtu.be/oNi_D_TUs88) Desk of Ladyada - overtime edition! RP2040 DVI Feather from Bones
  + [YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/live/V4DwelANTGs?feature=share) Desk of Ladyada - First Bones Board Proto Assembled! DVI Output from RP2040

[YouTube](https://youtu.be/a5T4pjG-vnM) Raspberry Pi Pico DVI Sock! 
    
Google search 
  +  [RP2040 DVI](https://www.google.com/search?q=rp2040+dvi&oq=RP2040+DVI&aqs=chrome.0.0i512j0i390i650l2j69i61j69i60l2.5759j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8)
  +  [DVI](https://www.google.com/search?q=DVI&sxsrf=APwXEdf6L6Ny3ujfXdBu4QPrOCHoWKKLqQ%3A1680877253767&ei=xSYwZK69LqLI9AOfmpOYDA&ved=0ahUKEwjus_zc-5f-AhUiJH0KHR_NBMMQ4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=DVI&gs_lcp=Cgxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAQAzIKCAAQigUQsQMQQzIKCAAQigUQsQMQQzIHCAAQigUQQzIKCAAQigUQsQMQQzIKCAAQigUQsQMQQzIICAAQigUQkQIyCggAEIoFELEDEEMyDQgAEIoFELEDEIMBEEMyCwgAEIAEELEDEIMBMggIABCABBCxA0oECEEYAFAAWABgyRRoAHABeACAAX-IAX-SAQMwLjGYAQCgAQKgAQHAAQE&sclient=gws-wiz-serp)

Wikipedia 
 + [DVI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface)
 + [HDMI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDMI)
 
 
<A NAME="P142"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P141">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P143">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 142: RP2040 PIO
 
RP2040 has PIO (Programmable Input Output)

The PIO is used to output sound, vidoe or other hardware spedific protocols.    
    
PIO is 4 independent state machines.

PIO 4 stata machines can access all GPIOs.
PIO notifies the processors with interrupts or polling. 
PIO programming language. 
 
Google
 + [RP2040 PIO](https://www.google.com/search?q=rp2040+pio&oq=RP2040+PIO&aqs=chrome.0.0i512l10.8932j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8) 
 
 
<A NAME="P143"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P142">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P145">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 143: Wire
 
Nuts and Volts
 + [THE SECRET LIFE OF A WIRE](https://www.nutsvolts.com/magazine/article/the_secret_life_of_a_wire?utm_medium=email&_hsmi=253509918&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-8g9jN8w_dGu7WV5y46VtOddGXF4NCeZwsfvan3aCPS8iebkCEw_GKtD71O6Rp2IrUPiQKx-SXrOAicCnZjmtVZM54VnA&utm_content=253509918&utm_source=hs_email)

<A NAME="P145"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P143">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P169">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 145: Pico Vsys Power Test

<img align="center" width="600" height="338" src="/Images/PicoVsys1_600.png">

Above image is the Raspberry Pi Pico with power supplied to Vsys pin 39 and ground pin 38. 
 
Test conditions
 + No other circuits attached to the Pico.
 + Test program [main.py](Project145/main.py) cycles the onboard LED on for 5 seconds and then off for 5 seconds.
 + Test data [VsysMw.ods](Project145/VsysMw.ods)
 + Vsys: 1.8 V to 5.5 V. 
 

<img align="center" width="779" height="295" src="/Images/PicoPowerchain.png">

Image credit: Raspberry Pi Pico [Datasheet Page 18 ](https://datasheets.raspberrypi.com/pico/pico-datasheet.pdf)

Vsys pin 39 goes directly to the Pico voltage regulator. 
 
### Plot Vsys Current LED On/OFF 

<img align="center" width="600" height="332" src="/Images/3VsysCurrent600.png">

### Plot Vsys Power LED On/OFF 

<img align="center" width="600" height="361" src="/Images/4VsysPower600.png">

Best low power is when Vsys is ~2.4 V to ~3.1 V. 
 
## Table Vsys Current and Power LED On/OFF 

<img align="center" width="600" height="605" src="/Images/2VsysTable600.png">

The LED currnet is ~3 mA and LED power is ~10 mW.

Test data [VsysMw.ods](Project145/VsysMw.ods)    
    
YouTube
  + [Power for the Raspberry Pi Pico - Guide to using VBUS, VSYS and 3V3 for external power circuits](https://youtu.be/3PH9jzRsb5E)

<A NAME="P169"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P145">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P174">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 169: MicroSD Cards for SBC
 

<img width="600" height="305" src="/Images/MicroSD600.png">

I use 64 GB, 128 GB and 256 GB SanDisk High Endurance Card for SBCs.

SanDisk High Endurance Card
  + [Data sheet](https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/sandisk/product/memory-cards/high-endurance-uhs-i-microsd/data-sheet-high-endurance-uhs-i-microsd.pdf)    
  + [Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07P4HBRMV?ref=ppx_yo2ov_dt_b_product_details&th=1)

SanDisk Max Endurance Card cost about twice as much at the High Endurance Cards   
  + [Data sheet](https://documents.westerndigital.com/content/dam/doc-library/en_us/assets/public/sandisk/product/memory-cards/max-endurance-uhs-i-microsd/data-sheet-max-endurance-uhs-i-microsd.pdf)    
  + [Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/SanDisk-Endurance-microSDXC-Adapter-Security/dp/B084CJ9T2R/ref=sr_1_1?crid=24AELU3KRAMA3&keywords=SanDisk+MAX+Endurance&qid=1683854728&s=electronics&sprefix=sandisk+max+endurance%2Celectronics%2C286&sr=1-1)
    
YouTube
  + ExplainingComputers [Top SBC Micro SD Card (Group Benchmark)](https://youtu.be/YUResed38uo)

Tom's Hardware    
  + [Best microSD Cards for Raspberry Pi 2023](https://www.tomshardware.com/best-picks/raspberry-pi-microsd-cards)    
    
Reverse-engineering and analysis of SanDisk High Endurance microSDXC card [URL](https://ripitapart.com/2020/07/16/reverse-engineering-and-analysis-of-sandisk-high-endurance-microsdxc-card/)  
    
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): What is a High Endurance Video microSDXC Card?
    
A High Endurance Video microSDXC (Secure Digital Extended Capacity) card is a type of memory card specifically designed for applications that require continuous and high-quality video recording. It is built to withstand the rigorous demands of constant video recording, making it ideal for use in surveillance cameras, dashcams, body cameras, drones, and other devices that require extended durability.

The key feature of a High Endurance Video microSDXC card is its ability to handle a high number of write cycles without experiencing performance degradation or failure. Regular microSD cards are typically designed for general-purpose use and may not be able to sustain continuous video recording for extended periods.

High Endurance Video microSDXC cards are built with high-quality NAND flash memory and advanced firmware algorithms, which allow them to handle the constant write operations associated with video recording. They have enhanced durability, better temperature resistance, and improved error correction capabilities to ensure data integrity over long periods.

These cards often come with specific endurance ratings, denoting the number of hours or terabytes written (TBW) that the card can endure. The endurance rating helps users estimate the card's lifespan and choose an appropriate card based on their recording needs.

It's important to note that High Endurance Video microSDXC cards may have slower read and write speeds compared to regular microSD cards optimized for other applications, such as fast data transfer or high-resolution photography. Therefore, when choosing a memory card, it's crucial to consider the intended purpose and prioritize endurance and reliability over speed.    
    
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): Compare a normal microSD Card with a High Endurance Video microSDXC card when they wear out.
    
When a normal microSD card and a High Endurance Video microSDXC card reach their maximum write endurance and wear out, there are some key differences in their behavior and performance. Here's a comparison:

1. Endurance: A normal microSD card typically has a lower endurance rating compared to a High Endurance Video microSDXC card. The high endurance card is specifically designed to withstand continuous and intensive write operations associated with video recording, so it generally has a much higher endurance rating, measured in terms of hours or terabytes written (TBW).

2. Lifespan: Due to its higher endurance, a High Endurance Video microSDXC card has a longer lifespan than a regular microSD card. It can sustain a significantly larger number of write cycles before reaching its wear-out point. This means that it can be used for longer periods of time without needing replacement.

3. Performance degradation: When a normal microSD card reaches its wear-out point, it may start experiencing performance degradation. This can manifest as slower write speeds, increased errors, or even data corruption. On the other hand, a High Endurance Video microSDXC card is designed to maintain its performance and data integrity even after extensive use. While it will eventually wear out like any other storage medium, it tends to offer more consistent and reliable performance throughout its lifespan.

4. Failure modes: When a normal microSD card reaches the end of its life, it is more prone to sudden failures or becoming unreadable. This can result in data loss or the card becoming unusable. In contrast, a High Endurance Video microSDXC card is engineered to have robust error correction capabilities and better reliability, minimizing the risk of sudden failures.

In summary, a High Endurance Video microSDXC card outperforms a regular microSD card in terms of endurance, lifespan, performance consistency, and reliability. It is specifically designed to handle the demands of continuous video recording without experiencing rapid degradation or failure, providing a more reliable storage solution for applications that require extended durability.
    
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): Compare Sandisk max endurance card with Sandisk high endurance card. 
    
SanDisk offers two popular lines of memory cards designed for continuous video recording: the SanDisk Max Endurance card and the SanDisk High Endurance card. Here's a comparison between these two product lines:

1. Endurance Rating: Both cards are designed for extended durability, but they have different endurance ratings. The SanDisk Max Endurance card typically offers a higher endurance rating compared to the SanDisk High Endurance card. The exact endurance ratings can vary depending on the specific models, but generally, the Max Endurance cards are designed to handle more write cycles and have a longer lifespan.

2. Usage Scenarios: The SanDisk Max Endurance card is aimed at demanding applications that require long-lasting endurance, such as continuous video surveillance or high-resolution video recording. It is suitable for use in devices like security cameras, dashcams, or drones that require reliable and robust storage. The SanDisk High Endurance card, on the other hand, is also designed for continuous video recording but is typically targeted at more consumer-grade applications, including dashcams and home security cameras.

3. Capacities: Both card lines offer a range of storage capacities to suit different needs. They are available in capacities ranging from 32GB to 256GB, allowing users to choose the appropriate size based on their storage requirements.

4. Performance: In terms of performance, both card lines offer similar read and write speeds, ensuring smooth and consistent video recording. The specific speed ratings may vary between different models within each line, but they generally meet the necessary requirements for recording high-quality video.

5. Warranty: SanDisk typically offers a warranty for both the Max Endurance and High Endurance cards. The warranty duration can vary, so it's important to check the product specifications and terms provided by SanDisk.

Overall, while both the SanDisk Max Endurance and SanDisk High Endurance cards are designed for continuous video recording, the Max Endurance line generally offers a higher endurance rating and is geared towards more demanding professional applications. The High Endurance line, while still reliable, caters to consumer-grade needs and offers a slightly lower endurance rating. It's important to consider your specific requirements and choose the card that best fits your usage scenario and endurance needs.    
    
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): What is the lifespan of a normal microSD card?
    
The lifespan of a normal microSD card can vary depending on several factors, including the quality of the card, usage patterns, and environmental conditions. Generally, microSD cards have a finite lifespan determined by the number of write cycles they can endure before wearing out. Write cycles refer to the process of writing data onto the card.

The lifespan of a microSD card is often specified by its endurance rating, which is an estimation of the total amount of data that can be written to the card before it reaches its wear-out point. Endurance ratings are typically expressed in terms of hours of video recording or terabytes written (TBW).

For regular consumer-grade microSD cards, the endurance ratings can vary widely. Lower-endurance cards may have ratings ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand hours of video recording or a few tens to hundreds of terabytes written. Higher-endurance cards, including those designed for continuous video recording, can have ratings in the range of thousands of hours or several hundred terabytes written.

It's important to note that the lifespan of a microSD card is not solely determined by its endurance rating. Factors such as the frequency and intensity of usage, the type of data being written, and environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, etc.) can also impact its lifespan. Additionally, as the card ages, it may experience gradual performance degradation even before reaching its wear-out point.

To maximize the lifespan of a microSD card, it's recommended to follow best practices such as avoiding frequent and unnecessary data overwrites, using the card within its specified temperature range, and safely ejecting the card before removing it from devices. Regularly backing up important data from the card is also a good practice to prevent data loss.

Overall, while the lifespan of a normal microSD card can vary, it is generally advisable to choose a card with a higher endurance rating if you anticipate extensive or continuous usage to ensure long-term reliability.
    
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): What is the lifespan of a microSD card used in a Raspberry Pi computer?

The lifespan of a microSD card used in a Raspberry Pi computer can vary depending on several factors. Raspberry Pi computers often perform numerous read and write operations on the microSD card, which can impact its lifespan. Here are some factors that can influence the lifespan:

1. Quality of the microSD card: Higher-quality microSD cards generally tend to have better durability and endurance, meaning they can withstand more write cycles before wearing out. Opting for a reputable brand and choosing a card specifically designed for endurance, such as those labeled as "High Endurance" or "Industrial Grade," can contribute to a longer lifespan.

2. Operating system optimizations: The choice of operating system and its configuration can affect the number of write operations performed on the microSD card. Some operating systems, like Raspbian (now Raspberry Pi OS), implement measures to minimize unnecessary writes and optimize performance, which can extend the lifespan of the microSD card.

3. Write-intensive applications: If you're running applications on your Raspberry Pi that involve frequent and intensive writing to the microSD card, such as databases or logging systems, it can accelerate the wear on the card. These types of applications may lead to a shorter lifespan compared to less write-intensive uses.

4. Power loss and improper shutdowns: Abrupt power losses or improper shutdowns (e.g., pulling the power plug without shutting down the Raspberry Pi properly) can increase the risk of data corruption and potentially shorten the lifespan of the microSD card. It's important to ensure proper power management and shutdown procedures to minimize these risks.

Given these factors, it's challenging to provide an exact lifespan for a microSD card used in a Raspberry Pi. However, with regular usage and assuming a reasonably good quality microSD card, it's generally expected that the card should last for at least several months to a few years, depending on usage patterns and other factors.

To improve the lifespan of the microSD card in a Raspberry Pi, consider implementing the following best practices:

1. Choose a high-quality microSD card with good endurance ratings.
2. Optimize the operating system settings to minimize unnecessary writes.
3. Minimize write-intensive applications or consider utilizing external storage options.
4. Ensure proper power management and shutdown procedures.
5. Regularly back up important data to mitigate potential data loss.

By following these guidelines, you can help maximize the lifespan of the microSD card used in your Raspberry Pi and enhance its overall reliability.

<A NAME="P174"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P169">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P179">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 174: YouTube Channel [W2AEW](https://www.youtube.com/@w2aew)
 

<img width="176" height="176" src="/Images/Allen.jpg"> 

 
Alan Wolke, Application Engineer at Tektronix, [W2AEW](https://www.qrz.com/db/W2AEW) has a great electronics and ham radio YouTube videos.
 + 17 page index of >360 videos [PDF](https://www.qsl.net/w2aew/youtube/W2AEW_video_index.pdf)

<A NAME="P179"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P174">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P186">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 179: CAN Bus 
 
CAN Bus 
 + [CAN Bus Made Easy: Projects and Examples with Arduino Uno and Raspberry Pi](https://www.elektormagazine.com/articles/can-bus-companion-book?utm_source=Elektor+International+%28English%29&utm_campaign=f38fbc5b78-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_5_17_2023_9_0&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_23bd160f48-f38fbc5b78-%5BLIST_EMAIL_ID%5D&mc_cid=f38fbc5b78&mc_eid=1bc428feb9) 
 + [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAN_bus) 
 + [History of CAN technology](https://www.can-cia.org/can-knowledge/can/can-history/) 
 + [The CAN Bus Companion (E-book)](https://www.elektor.com/the-can-bus-companion-e-book)

<A NAME="P186"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P179">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P187">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 186: Raspberry Pi Pico GPIO Current

<img align="center" width="600" height="338" src="/Images/PicoVsys1_600.png">

+ Sourcing or sinking up to 25 mA (milliamperes) of current individually,    
  + A total limit of 150 mA for all GPIO pins combined.
    
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): What is the maximum digital output current of a Raspberry Pi Pico?
    
The Raspberry Pi Pico is a microcontroller board that is powered by a RP2040 microcontroller chip. The RP2040 chip itself does not have a specified maximum digital output current. However, the GPIO pins on the Raspberry Pi Pico are capable of sourcing or sinking up to 25 mA (milliamperes) of current individually, with a total limit of 150 mA for all GPIO pins combined.

It's important to note that exceeding these limits can cause damage to the board or connected components. If you require higher current capabilities, you may need to use external components such as buffers, transistors, or dedicated driver circuits to handle the increased current requirements.

### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): What is is the Mimi resistor value to use from the GPIO pin to ground?

When connecting a resistor from a GPIO pin to ground, it is commonly referred to as a pull-down resistor. The purpose of a pull-down resistor is to ensure that the GPIO pin has a defined logic level (LOW) when it is not being actively driven by the microcontroller.

For the Raspberry Pi Pico, the GPIO pins have an internal pull-down resistor that can be enabled through software configuration. This means that you do not necessarily need to add an external pull-down resistor if you enable the internal pull-down resistor in your code.

To enable the internal pull-down resistor for a GPIO pin on the Raspberry Pi Pico using MicroPython, you can use the following code:

```python
import machine

# Configure GPIO pin 0 with pull-down resistor
pin = machine.Pin(0, machine.Pin.IN, machine.Pin.PULL_DOWN)
```

If you prefer to use an external pull-down resistor, a commonly used value is around 10 kΩ (kiloohms). However, the actual resistor value depends on the specific requirements of your circuit and the devices connected to the GPIO pin. You may need to choose a different value based on factors such as the electrical characteristics of the connected components, desired noise immunity, and power consumption.
    
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): How much current flows in the 10 kΩ external pull-down resistor when the GPIO pin is high?

When the GPIO pin is set to a HIGH logic level (3.3V for the Raspberry Pi Pico), there will be a voltage potential difference across the external pull-down resistor. To determine the current flowing through the resistor, you can use Ohm's Law, which states that current (I) is equal to the voltage (V) divided by the resistance (R):

I = V / R

In this case, the voltage across the resistor is the supply voltage minus the GPIO pin voltage. Assuming a 3.3V supply voltage and a HIGH logic level of 3.3V for the GPIO pin, the voltage across the resistor would be:

V = 3.3V - 3.3V = 0V

Substituting the values into Ohm's Law, we have:

I = 0V / 10 kΩ = 0A

Therefore, when the GPIO pin is set to a HIGH logic level, no current will flow through the 10 kΩ external pull-down resistor.
    
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): How much current flows in the 10 kΩ external pull-down resistor when the GPIO pin is low?

When the GPIO pin is set to a LOW logic level (0V for the Raspberry Pi Pico), there will be a voltage potential difference across the external pull-down resistor. To determine the current flowing through the resistor, you can again use Ohm's Law:

I = V / R

In this case, the voltage across the resistor is the supply voltage (3.3V for the Raspberry Pi Pico) minus the GPIO pin voltage (0V). Thus, the voltage across the resistor is:

V = 3.3V - 0V = 3.3V

Substituting the values into Ohm's Law, we have:

I = 3.3V / 10 kΩ = 0.33 mA

Therefore, when the GPIO pin is set to a LOW logic level, approximately 0.33 mA (milliamperes) of current will flow through the 10 kΩ external pull-down resistor.
    
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): What is the shortest pulse that the GPIO pin can output?

The Raspberry Pi Pico, with its RP2040 microcontroller, has highly flexible and programmable GPIO pins. The actual shortest pulse that a GPIO pin can output depends on various factors such as the programming language used, the specific code implementation, and the system clock frequency.

By default, the RP2040 microcontroller on the Raspberry Pi Pico has a system clock frequency of 125 MHz. This means that the shortest pulse that can be generated is determined by the clock period of 1/125 MHz, which is approximately 8 nanoseconds (ns).

However, achieving such a short pulse width may be challenging in practice due to various factors such as code execution time, interrupt latency, and the limitations of the programming language itself. Additionally, the accuracy and precision of the pulse width may also be influenced by external factors like the connected circuitry and its response time.

Therefore, while the theoretical shortest pulse width can be as short as 8 ns based on the system clock frequency, achieving and accurately measuring such short pulses may be difficult in practical scenarios.

<A NAME="P187"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P186">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P188">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 187: Raspberry Pi Pico GPIO Square Wave

<img align="center" width="600" height="338" src="/Images/PicoVsys1_600.png">

### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): Create a MicroPython program to generate a square wave 1 Hz on a GPIO pin.

Certainly! Here's an example MicroPython program to generate a square wave with a frequency of 1 Hz on a GPIO pin of the Raspberry Pi Pico:

```python
import machine
import utime

# Define the GPIO pin number
gpio_pin = 2

# Configure the GPIO pin for output
pin = machine.Pin(gpio_pin, machine.Pin.OUT)

# Generate a square wave
while True:
    pin.value(1)  # Set the pin to HIGH
    utime.sleep(0.5)  # Delay for half a second
    
    pin.value(0)  # Set the pin to LOW
    utime.sleep(0.5)  # Delay for half a second
```

In this program, we first import the necessary modules `machine` for GPIO control and `utime` for time-related functions. Then, we define the GPIO pin number (`gpio_pin`) to which the square wave will be output.

We configure the GPIO pin as an output pin using `machine.Pin(gpio_pin, machine.Pin.OUT)`. The `pin` object represents the GPIO pin and allows us to set its value.

Inside the `while True` loop, we alternate between setting the pin value to 1 (HIGH) and 0 (LOW) using `pin.value(1)` and `pin.value(0)`, respectively. We then use `utime.sleep(0.5)` to introduce a delay of half a second, resulting in a square wave with a frequency of 1 Hz (one cycle per second).

You can modify the `gpio_pin` variable to match the GPIO pin number you intend to use for generating the square wave.
    
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): Change the program by adding a variable to set the square wave frequency.

Certainly! Here's an updated version of the MicroPython program that includes a variable to set the square wave frequency:

```python
import machine
import utime

# Define the GPIO pin number
gpio_pin = 2

# Define the square wave frequency in Hz
frequency = 1

# Calculate the time period based on the frequency
period = 1 / frequency

# Configure the GPIO pin for output
pin = machine.Pin(gpio_pin, machine.Pin.OUT)

# Generate a square wave
while True:
    pin.value(1)  # Set the pin to HIGH
    utime.sleep(period / 2)  # Delay for half of the time period
    
    pin.value(0)  # Set the pin to LOW
    utime.sleep(period / 2)  # Delay for half of the time period
```

In this updated program, we added a new variable `frequency` that represents the desired square wave frequency in Hz. You can modify this variable to set the desired frequency.

Based on the specified frequency, we calculate the time period of each cycle using the formula `period = 1 / frequency`.

Inside the `while True` loop, we use `pin.value(1)` to set the GPIO pin to HIGH and `pin.value(0)` to set it to LOW. The `utime.sleep()` function is used to introduce a delay of half of the time period (`period / 2`). This ensures that the total time for each cycle (HIGH + LOW) is equal to the specified time period.

By adjusting the `frequency` variable, you can set the square wave to your desired frequency.
    
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): What is the highest frequency that can be used?

The highest frequency that can be generated by a GPIO pin on the Raspberry Pi Pico is influenced by various factors, including the capabilities of the RP2040 microcontroller, the programming language used, and the specific code implementation.

In general, the RP2040 microcontroller used in the Raspberry Pi Pico has a maximum clock frequency of 133 MHz. This clock frequency determines the execution speed of the code and, consequently, the fastest achievable square wave frequency.

However, it's important to note that generating very high-frequency square waves using general-purpose GPIO pins might be challenging due to factors such as the execution time of the code, interrupt latency, and the limitations of the programming language itself. Additionally, other factors, such as the electrical characteristics of the connected circuitry and the response time of the components, can also affect the achievable frequency.

Therefore, while the theoretical maximum frequency could be quite high, practical limitations make it difficult to provide a specific value. It's best to consider the specific requirements of your application and perform testing to determine the highest achievable frequency within the given constraints.
    
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): What is the lowest frequency that can be used in the program?

The lowest frequency that can be used in the program depends on several factors, including the capabilities of the RP2040 microcontroller, the programming language used, and the specific code implementation.

In general, the RP2040 microcontroller used in the Raspberry Pi Pico is capable of generating square waves with very low frequencies. The `utime.sleep()` function is commonly used to introduce delays in MicroPython code. However, the accuracy and precision of the delay introduced by `utime.sleep()` can vary based on the specific implementation and system clock frequency.

The `utime.sleep()` function typically operates with a resolution of milliseconds or microseconds, depending on the platform and the specific version of MicroPython. Achieving delays in the range of seconds or longer can be challenging with `utime.sleep()` alone.

To generate lower frequencies, you may need to use alternative approaches, such as using timers or hardware-specific features. By utilizing timer interrupts and advanced features of the RP2040 microcontroller, you can achieve lower frequencies with greater accuracy and precision.

In summary, the lowest frequency that can be used in the program is subject to various factors, including the specific implementation and the techniques employed. However, with appropriate utilization of timer interrupts and other advanced features, you can achieve lower frequencies with improved accuracy and precision.

<A NAME="P188"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P187">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P189">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 188: Raspberry Pi Pico GPIO PIO

<img align="center" width="600" height="338" src="/Images/PicoVsys1_600.png">

[Raspberry Pi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi) Pico GPIO [PIO](https://www.raspberrypi.com/news/what-is-pio/)
  + YouTube
    + [What is PIO | Programmable I/O on Raspberry Pi Pico](https://youtu.be/ODlB05xMg04)
    
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): What is Raspberry Pi Pico GPIO PIO?

The Raspberry Pi Pico is a microcontroller board developed by the Raspberry Pi Foundation. It features the RP2040 microcontroller chip, which is specifically designed for low-cost microcontrollers and is the first microcontroller product from the Raspberry Pi Foundation.

GPIO (General-Purpose Input/Output) refers to the pins on the Raspberry Pi Pico that can be programmed to either read digital inputs or control digital outputs. These pins can be used to interface with various electronic components, such as sensors, buttons, LEDs, and more.

PIO (Programmable Input/Output) is a unique feature of the RP2040 microcontroller on the Raspberry Pi Pico. It is a versatile state machine system that allows you to implement custom digital interfaces and protocols with precise timing and control. The PIO subsystem provides a way to offload time-critical tasks from the CPU, allowing for more efficient and deterministic operation.

The PIO feature enables you to program the GPIO pins to perform specific tasks in real-time, such as generating precise timing signals, implementing custom communication protocols, or driving addressable LED strips. It provides a flexible and powerful way to extend the capabilities of the Raspberry Pi Pico beyond basic GPIO functionality.

You can write programs for the PIO subsystem using the PIO assembler language or by using the PIO API provided by the official Raspberry Pi Pico SDK. The SDK includes examples and documentation to help you get started with using the PIO feature on the Raspberry Pi Pico.
    
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): Please provide more details on the PIO state machine.

Certainly! The PIO (Programmable Input/Output) state machine on the Raspberry Pi Pico is a powerful feature that allows you to implement custom digital interfaces and protocols with precise timing and control. It is a versatile subsystem designed to offload time-critical tasks from the CPU, enabling more efficient and deterministic operation.

Here are some key details about the PIO state machine:

1. Architecture: The PIO subsystem on the Raspberry Pi Pico consists of two programmable state machines (PIO0 and PIO1) that can operate independently. Each state machine has four instruction memory slots and 32 general-purpose registers.

2. Instruction Execution: The state machine executes instructions in a loop, with each instruction corresponding to a single clock cycle. Instructions can perform operations such as reading/writing GPIO pins, shifting data, conditional branching, and more.

3. Instruction Set: The PIO instruction set is designed to efficiently handle various I/O operations. It includes instructions for pin input/output, bitwise operations, shift and delay operations, and conditional branching. The instruction set provides flexibility for implementing a wide range of digital interfaces.

4. FIFOs: Each state machine has two FIFOs (First-In, First-Out) that can hold up to 32 bits of data each. These FIFOs enable efficient data transfer between the state machine and the CPU or other peripherals.

5. Programmability: You can program the PIO state machine using the PIO assembler language or the PIO API provided by the Raspberry Pi Pico SDK. The PIO assembler language is a low-level language specifically designed for programming the state machine. The SDK also provides higher-level abstractions and libraries to simplify PIO programming.

6. Synchronization: Multiple PIO state machines on different pins can be synchronized to work together, enabling complex and synchronized digital protocols. This feature is particularly useful for applications involving precise timing requirements or multi-channel communication.

7. Versatility: The PIO subsystem is highly versatile and can be used for various applications. It can be employed for tasks such as generating precise timing signals, implementing communication protocols (UART, SPI, I2C, etc.), driving addressable LED strips, and more.

The PIO feature on the Raspberry Pi Pico provides a unique level of control and flexibility, allowing you to implement complex digital interfaces and protocols efficiently. It is a powerful tool for expanding the capabilities of the Raspberry Pi Pico and exploring advanced microcontroller projects.   
   
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): Create a study outline for a beginner on how to use the PIO.

Sure! Here's a study outline for a beginner to learn how to use the PIO (Programmable Input/Output) on the Raspberry Pi Pico:

1. Introduction to PIO:
   - Understand the concept of PIO and its benefits.
   - Learn about the PIO subsystem on the Raspberry Pi Pico and its capabilities.

2. Getting Started:
   - Set up the development environment for Raspberry Pi Pico programming.
   - Install the necessary software, such as the Raspberry Pi Pico SDK and development tools.

3. PIO Architecture:
   - Explore the architecture of the PIO subsystem.
   - Understand the role of state machines, instruction memory, registers, and FIFOs.

4. PIO Programming Basics:
   - Learn about the PIO assembler language and its syntax.
   - Understand the basic instructions for pin I/O, shifting data, and conditional branching.

5. Simple GPIO Control:
   - Start with simple GPIO control using the PIO state machines.
   - Write programs to control GPIO pins for input and output operations.

6. Understanding Timing:
   - Explore the concept of timing in PIO programs.
   - Learn how to generate precise timing signals using delay instructions.

7. Data Transfer with FIFOs:
   - Understand the FIFOs in the PIO state machines.
   - Learn how to use FIFOs for efficient data transfer between the state machine and the CPU.

8. Advanced GPIO Techniques:
   - Dive deeper into GPIO operations using PIO.
   - Explore advanced techniques such as edge detection, debouncing, and precise I/O control.

9. Implementing Digital Interfaces:
   - Learn how to implement common digital interfaces using PIO.
   - Examples include UART, SPI, I2C, and other protocols.

10. Synchronization and Multi-Channel Communication:
    - Understand the synchronization capabilities of multiple PIO state machines.
    - Learn how to synchronize multiple state machines for multi-channel communication.

11. Real-World Applications:
    - Explore real-world applications of PIO on Raspberry Pi Pico.
    - Examples may include driving addressable LED strips, motor control, sensor interfacing, etc.

12. Project Development:
    - Apply the knowledge gained to develop your own PIO-based projects.
    - Start with simple projects and gradually increase complexity.

13. Resources and Documentation:
    - Explore additional resources, documentation, and examples provided by the Raspberry Pi Pico community.
    - Participate in online forums and communities to seek help and share experiences.

Remember to practice regularly, experiment with different examples, and gradually build your understanding and skills with PIO programming on the Raspberry Pi Pico. Good luck with your studies!   
   
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): List the study resource such as videos, books, articles, labs, sample programs, etc.

Certainly! Here's a list of study resources that can help you learn how to use the PIO on the Raspberry Pi Pico:

1. Official Raspberry Pi Pico Documentation:
   - Raspberry Pi Pico Datasheet: Provides detailed technical information about the Raspberry Pi Pico and its RP2040 microcontroller chip.
   - Raspberry Pi Pico C/C++ SDK Documentation: Includes information on the PIO subsystem, PIO programming, and related APIs.
   - Raspberry Pi Pico Python SDK Documentation: Offers guidance on PIO programming using Python.

2. Raspberry Pi Foundation's Learning Resources:
   - Raspberry Pi Pico Getting Started Guide: A step-by-step guide to setting up the Raspberry Pi Pico and getting started with programming.
   - Raspberry Pi Pico and PIO YouTube Playlist: Features official tutorial videos on various aspects of Raspberry Pi Pico and PIO programming.

3. Online Tutorials and Articles:
   - Raspberry Pi Pico PIO Examples on GitHub: Provides a collection of PIO example programs and projects to explore and learn from.
   - Hackster.io Raspberry Pi Pico Projects: Offers a range of projects, including PIO-based projects, with step-by-step instructions and code examples.
   - Official Raspberry Pi Forums: Join the active community forums to seek guidance, share experiences, and learn from fellow enthusiasts.

4. Video Tutorials:
   - "Introduction to Raspberry Pi Pico" by The Raspberry Pi Guy: A beginner-friendly introduction to the Raspberry Pi Pico, including an overview of PIO programming.
   - "Raspberry Pi Pico - PIO" by ExplainingComputers: Provides an in-depth explanation of the PIO subsystem and programming on the Raspberry Pi Pico.

5. Books:
   - "Programming Raspberry Pi Pico with MicroPython" by Simon Monk: Offers a comprehensive guide to programming the Raspberry Pi Pico, including a section on PIO programming.

6. Online Courses and Labs:
   - Coursera: Raspberry Pi Pico - Beginner's Guide: A comprehensive online course covering various aspects of Raspberry Pi Pico programming, including PIO.
   - Pi Hut's Pico-Projects: Provides a collection of guided projects with detailed instructions and code examples, including PIO-based projects.

Remember, the Raspberry Pi Pico and PIO are relatively new, and the available resources are continuously expanding. Exploring the official documentation, community forums, and online platforms will help you stay up to date with the latest resources, sample programs, and project ideas.

Happy learning and experimenting with the Raspberry Pi Pico and PIO!   
      
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): Create a MicroPython program that uses the PIO to output a squarewave 10 kHz on a GPIO pin.

To generate a square wave of 10 kHz using the Programmable I/O (PIO) on the Raspberry Pi Pico with MicroPython, you can utilize the PIO's state machines and programmable waveform generator. Here's an example program to accomplish this:

```python
import rp2pio
from machine import Pin

# Define the frequency and pin configuration
frequency = 10000  # 10 kHz
gpio_pin = 2

# Define the PIO program
pio_program = rp2pio.StateMachine(0, 
    freq=4 * frequency, 
    sideset_base=Pin(gpio_pin))

pio_program.init(
    rp2pio.asm_pio(
        """
        mov x, osr
        mov y, osr
        jmp loop
        
        wrap_target:
        nop
        wrap
        
        loop:
        jmp x-- wrap_target
        jmp y-- loop
        """
    ),
    freq=4 * frequency,
)

# Run the PIO program
pio_program.active(1)

# Wait indefinitely
while True:
    pass
```

In this program, we first import the necessary modules, including `rp2pio` for PIO functionality and `machine.Pin` for GPIO pin configuration. We define the desired frequency (`frequency`) as 10 kHz and specify the GPIO pin to be used (`gpio_pin`).

Next, we define the PIO program using the `rp2pio.StateMachine` class. We set the frequency of the PIO program to be four times the desired frequency (`4 * frequency`). The `sideset_base` parameter is set to the specified GPIO pin.

The PIO program itself is written in assembly language using `rp2pio.asm_pio`. It consists of a loop that toggles the state of the GPIO pin. The `wrap` instructions ensure that the program continuously loops.

We initialize the PIO program with `pio_program.init()` and set the frequency to match the desired frequency.

Finally, we activate the PIO program with `pio_program.active(1)` to start generating the square wave. The program then enters an infinite loop with `while True` to keep it running indefinitely.

This program utilizes the PIO to generate a square wave of approximately 10 kHz on the specified GPIO pin.

<A NAME="P189"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P188">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P190">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 189: CircuitPython

Adafruit CircuitPython is based on [Python](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)) and is a fork of [MicroPython](https://micropython.org/) that support the Adafruit RP2040 boards, Raspberry Pi Pico boards (Adafruit sells them) and the large selection of Adafriut sensors boards.  CircuitPython works great with the Mu IDE.  CircuitPython has RP2040 functions like deep sleep that are not in CircuitPython.
+ [CircuitPython](https://circuitpython.org/)
  + [Getting Started with Raspberry Pi Pico and CircuitPython](https://learn.adafruit.com/getting-started-with-raspberry-pi-pico-circuitpython)
  + [CircuitPython library](https://www.adafruit.com/category/956) >280 Python libraries.
  + [CircuitPython 8.1.0 Released!](https://blog.adafruit.com/2023/05/22/circuitpython-8-1-0-released/?utm_source=Adafruit+Products+Newsletter&utm_campaign=e427965b13-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2023_05_23_03_38&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_-e427965b13-%5BLIST_EMAIL_ID%5D)
   
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): What is CircuitPython?

CircuitPython is an open-source programming language and platform designed for microcontrollers and small computing devices. It is based on the Python programming language, which makes it accessible to beginners and experienced developers alike. CircuitPython provides a simplified and beginner-friendly interface for interacting with hardware components, such as sensors, actuators, and other electronic devices.

Unlike traditional programming languages for microcontrollers, CircuitPython does not require compiling code before running it on the target device. Instead, it uses an interactive interpreter that allows you to write and execute code directly on the microcontroller. This makes the development process more efficient and beginner-friendly.

CircuitPython is specifically tailored for hardware prototyping and projects involving electronics. It provides a high-level abstraction layer that simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers, allowing developers to focus on the functionality and interactions with sensors and other devices rather than low-level hardware details.

The CircuitPython platform supports a wide range of microcontrollers, including popular boards like Adafruit's Feather, Trinket, and Circuit Playground. It offers a unified API (Application Programming Interface) across different devices, making it easier to transfer projects between supported hardware platforms.

One of the key advantages of CircuitPython is its extensive library support. There are numerous pre-built libraries available for various sensors, actuators, displays, and communication protocols. These libraries provide ready-to-use code snippets and functions that simplify the process of integrating hardware components into your projects.

CircuitPython also has an active and supportive community, which provides tutorials, documentation, and examples to help users get started and troubleshoot any issues they may encounter. This makes it a great choice for beginners and hobbyists who want to explore the world of electronics and physical computing using an easy-to-learn programming language.
    
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): Create a study outline for a beginner on how to use CircuitPython.

Sure! Here's a study outline for a beginner to learn how to use CircuitPython:

1. Introduction to CircuitPython
   - What is CircuitPython?
   - Advantages and features of CircuitPython
   - Supported microcontrollers and hardware platforms

2. Setting Up the Development Environment
   - Installing CircuitPython on a microcontroller board
   - Connecting the microcontroller to your computer
   - Basic overview of the code editor and file structure

3. Hello, CircuitPython!
   - Writing and running your first CircuitPython script
   - Understanding the structure of a CircuitPython program
   - Interacting with the REPL (Read-Eval-Print Loop) prompt

4. Working with Digital Inputs and Outputs
   - Controlling LEDs and digital pins
   - Reading button inputs and switches
   - Using digital inputs and outputs to create simple circuits

5. Analog Inputs and Outputs
   - Understanding analog-to-digital conversion
   - Reading values from analog sensors (e.g., light sensor, temperature sensor)
   - Controlling analog outputs (e.g., PWM, analog voltage)

6. Working with External Libraries
   - Introduction to CircuitPython libraries
   - Installing and managing libraries
   - Exploring popular libraries for sensors, displays, and communication protocols

7. Serial Communication and Interfacing
   - Sending and receiving data using UART, I2C, and SPI protocols
   - Interfacing with external devices (e.g., sensors, displays)
   - Communicating with a computer via USB serial

8. Creating Projects and Prototypes
   - Planning and designing your CircuitPython project
   - Integrating various hardware components
   - Building interactive and responsive applications

9. Troubleshooting and Debugging
   - Common issues and how to solve them
   - Using debugging techniques and tools
   - Reading error messages and troubleshooting tips

10. Community and Resources
    - Joining the CircuitPython community
    - Exploring online forums, tutorials, and projects
    - Sharing and collaborating with other CircuitPython enthusiasts

Remember, this outline is just a starting point, and you can adjust it based on your learning pace and interests. As you progress through the outline, it's important to practice what you learn by working on small projects and experimenting with different hardware components to deepen your understanding of CircuitPython.
    
### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): List the study resource such as videos, books, articles, labs, sample programs, etc.

Certainly! Here's a list of study resources including videos, books, articles, labs, and sample programs that can be helpful for learning CircuitPython:

Videos:
1. CircuitPython YouTube [Playlist](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=+CircuitPython+Playlist)
2. Getting Started with CircuitPython [Playlist](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Getting+Started+with+CircuitPython)
3. CircuitPython [search](https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=CircuitPython)

Books:
1. "Getting Started with Adafruit Circuit Playground Express" by Mike Barela on [Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/Getting-Started-Adafruit-Circuit-Playground/dp/1680454889)
2. "Python for Microcontrollers: Getting Started with MicroPython" by Donald Norrison on [Amazon](https://www.amazon.com/Python-Microcontrollers-Getting-Started-MicroPython/dp/1259644537)

Articles and Guides:
1. Adafruit Learning System: https://learn.adafruit.com/category/circuitpython
2. CircuitPython Documentation: https://circuitpython.readthedocs.io/
3. "CircuitPython Essentials" Guide: https://learn.adafruit.com/circuitpython-essentials

Labs and Hands-on Activities:
1. Adafruit CircuitPython Guides: https://learn.adafruit.com/category/circuitpython-guides
2. Adafruit Learn CircuitPython Projects: https://learn.adafruit.com/category/circuitpython-projects
3. CircuitPython Weekly Newsletter (includes projects and community highlights): https://www.adafruitdaily.com/category/circuitpython/

Sample Programs and Code Snippets:
1. Adafruit CircuitPython GitHub Repository: https://github.com/adafruit/circuitpython
2. Adafruit CircuitPython Library Bundle: https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_CircuitPython_Bundle

These resources cover a wide range of topics and provide hands-on learning experiences to help you understand and explore CircuitPython effectively. Remember to combine theoretical knowledge with practical application by working on projects and experimenting with different hardware components to gain proficiency in CircuitPython. 
 
 
<A NAME="P190"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P189">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P191">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 190: Prof. John Gallaugher

YouTube
+ [John Gallaugher](https://www.youtube.com/@profgallaugher)
  + [Website](http://gallaugher.com/)
  + [Twitter](https://twitter.com/gallaugher)
  + [Instagram](https://www.instagram.com/john.gallaugher/)
+ Physical Computing Students [video](https://www.instagram.com/p/Cura92FMkG5/)

<A NAME="P191"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P190">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P192">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 191: Circuit Playground CircuitPython<

Adafruit Circuit Playground Express [Learn](https://learn.adafruit.com/adafruit-circuit-playground-express)
+ Update boot loader.
+ Update CircuitPython.
+ Install the latest version of Mu the IDE for CircuitPython.

[Circuit Playground](https://www.adafruit.com/product/3333)
  + Rest double click enters bootloarder directory CPYAYBOOT, all LEDs are green.
  + Rest once enters Python directory, code.py file is the CircuitPython code, lib directory is the CircuitPython, boot_out.txt is the CircuitPython version.

Mu is the recommended IDE for CircuitPython.

YouTube tutorials
+ [John Gallaugher](https://www.youtube.com/@profgallaugher)
  + Circuit Python Tutorials by [John Gallaugher](https://twitter.com/gallaugher) [82 videos playlist](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9VJ9OpT-IPSsQUWqQcNrVJqy4LhBjPX2)

URLs
+ [CircuitPython](https://circuitpython.org/)

## Learn CircuitPython with Circuit Playground

+ Circuit Playground [learn](https://learn.adafruit.com/category/circuit-playground)
+ [Forum](https://forums.adafruit.com/)

## CPLAYBOOT INDO_UF2.TXT

<PRE>

UF2 Bootloader v3.15.0 SFHWRO
Model: CPlay Express
Board-ID: SAMD21G18A-CPlay-v0
 
</PRE>PRE>

## CIRCUITPY boot_out.txt

<PRE>

Adafruit CircuitPython 8.2.0 on 2023-07-05; Adafruit CircuitPlayground Express with samd21g18
Board ID:circuitplayground_express
UID:D542BEA85851555020312E372F1F0DFF
 
</PRE>PRE>
 
## [Mu](https://codewith.mu/en/) V1.2.0 on Ubuntu 20.04.2 LTS

+ Serial button
+ CircuitPython REPL

<PRE>

Visit circuitpython.org for more information.

To list built-in modules type `help("modules")`.
>>> 
>>> help("modules")
__future__ adafruit_hid/keycode collections pwmio
__main__ adafruit_hid/mouse countio rainbowio
adafruit_bus_device adafruit_lis3dh digitalio random
adafruit_bus_device.i2c_device adafruit_pixelbuf errno rotaryio
adafruit_bus_device.spi_device adafruit_thermistor gc rtc
adafruit_circuitplayground/__init__ analogio math storage
adafruit_circuitplayground/circuit_playground_base array microcontroller struct
adafruit_circuitplayground/express audiobusio micropython supervisor
adafruit_hid/__init__ audiocore neopixel sys
adafruit_hid/consumer_control audioio neopixel_write time
adafruit_hid/consumer_control_code bitbangio nvm touchio
adafruit_hid/keyboard board onewireio usb_cdc
adafruit_hid/keyboard_layout_base builtins os usb_hid
adafruit_hid/keyboard_layout_us busio pulseio usb_midi
Plus any modules on the filesystem
>>> 
 
</PRE>
 
<A NAME="P192"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P191">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#P193">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 192: Pico CircuitPython

YouTube
+ [John Gallaugher](https://www.youtube.com/@profgallaugher)
  + Raspberry Pi Pico / Pico W Tutorials [31 videos playlist](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL9VJ9OpT-IPTfjeA45Ab_-9IY1VGnNY0K)
 
+ [Raspberry Pi Pico Pinout](https://pico.pinout.xyz/)

<A NAME="P193"></A>
<HR>
<A HREF="#P191">&lt;--</A> <A HREF="https://www.qrz.com/db/WA9ONY">WA9ONY</A> - <A HREF="https://www.youtube.com/user/DavidAHaworth">YouTube</A> - <A HREF="README.md#INDEX">Index</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/RPi/index.html">RPi</A> - <A HREF="http://www.stargazing.net/david/index.html">Website</A> <A HREF="#INDEX">--&gt;</A> 
 
# Project 193: MicroPython benchmark programs

### [ChatGPT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ChatGPT): List benchmark programs for MicroPython.

As of my last update in September 2021, the availability of benchmark programs for MicroPython might have changed. However, I can provide you with some benchmark programs that were commonly used for MicroPython at that time:

1. **pystone**: Pystone is a popular benchmark used to measure the speed of Python interpreters. It is widely used in the Python community, including MicroPython.
  + [Python speed, benchmarks, 2v3](https://forums.raspberrypi.com/viewtopic.php?t=183829)
  + YouTube Pystone [Search}(https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=pyston)
    
2. **pybench**: Pybench is another benchmark suite used for Python, including MicroPython. It measures various aspects of Python performance, such as computation and memory usage.
  + [Pybench](https://openbenchmarking.org/test/pts/pybench)
  + YouTube Pybench [Search}(https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=PyBench)

3. **coremark**: Coremark is a widely-used benchmark for evaluating the performance of CPUs and compilers. It includes a version specifically for MicroPython.

4. **dhrystone**: Dhrystone is a synthetic computing benchmark that has been used for many years to measure CPU performance.

5. **uPyBench**: uPyBench is a MicroPython-specific benchmark that aims to measure the performance of MicroPython on embedded systems.

6. **timeit**: Although not a benchmark suite, Python's built-in `timeit` module can be used to measure the execution time of small code snippets, which can help you compare different approaches and optimizations in MicroPython.

It's essential to note that MicroPython's performance heavily depends on the hardware it runs on, as it's often used on resource-constrained embedded systems. For accurate benchmarking, you should run these programs on the specific hardware and version of MicroPython you are interested in.

To find the latest and most up-to-date benchmark programs for MicroPython, I recommend checking the MicroPython community forums, GitHub repositories, or official websites for the MicroPython project. Also, keep in mind that new benchmarking tools and suites might have emerged since my last update.

CircuitPython-Pi-Calculation-Benchmark 
+ YouTube [Raspberry Pi Pico VS ESP32 S2 speed comparison benchmark using CircuitPython](https://youtu.be/bTYQ_Jrpz6Y)
+ GitHub code [educ8s/CircuitPython-Pi-Calculation-Benchmark](https://github.com/educ8s/CircuitPython-Pi-Calculation-Benchmark) 
<PRE>
import board, busio, os, time, terminalio, displayio, microcontroller

def calculate_pi(n):
    """
    Calculate the value of pi using the Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe formula.
    """
    pi = 0
    k = 0
    for k in range(n):
        pi += (1 / 16.**k) * ((4 / (8 * k + 1)) - (2 / (8 * k + 4)) - (1 / (8 * k + 5)) - (1 / (8 * k + 6)))
        k += 1
        if k%50 == 0:
            drawPercent(k/n)
    return pi

start_time = time.monotonic()
pi = calculate_pi(60000)
end_time = time.monotonic()
execution_time = round(end_time - start_time,4)

</PRE>

Pico-RP2040

Explore Similar Repositories

Was this content helpful?

Recent Feedback

Download README