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rust_type_layout_helper_bn

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An extremely experimental Binary Ninja importer for the type layout information emitted by the -Zprint-type-sizes flag of the Rust compiler.

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# Binary Ninja Rust Type Layout Helper Plugin 🦀

An extremely experimental Binary Ninja importer for the type layout information emitted by the [`-Zprint-type-sizes` flag](https://nnethercote.github.io/perf-book/type-sizes.html) of the Rust compiler.

This plugin is meant to help reverse engineers with the following:
- Getting a sense of how, in general, Rust data structures are laid out in memory.
- Getting more comfortable with certain core data structures which appear in Rust binaries.

![A screenshot of Binary Ninja's Types view in the sidebar, showing the imported definitions and layouts of several Rust types from `std::sys::windows`.](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cxiao/rust_type_layout_helper_bn/main/images/std-sys-windows-types-border.png)

## How to use this plugin

Compile some Rust code with the following options:

MacOS / Linux:

```sh
cargo clean
RUSTFLAGS=-Zprint-type-sizes cargo +nightly build -j 1 > type-sizes.txt
```

Windows (Powershell):

```powershell
cargo clean
$env:RUSTFLAGS="-Zprint-type-sizes"; cargo +nightly build -j 1 > type-sizes.txt
```

The following are all necessary for this to work:
- `cargo clean` is required before you do the build, i.e. this needs to be a completely fresh build. This is required to avoid missing information in the output.
- `-Zprint-type-sizes` in the `RUSTFLAGS` passed to rustc. This flag is what actually triggers `rustc` to produce the type information.
- `+nightly` passed to cargo, as the `print-type-sizes` flag is only supported on nightly toolchain builds.
- `-j 1` to avoid shuffled lines in the output.

You should see output like this in the generated `type-sizes.txt` file:

```
print-type-size type: `core::num::dec2flt::decimal::Decimal`: 784 bytes, alignment: 8 bytes
print-type-size     field `.digits`: 768 bytes
print-type-size     field `.num_digits`: 8 bytes
print-type-size     field `.decimal_point`: 4 bytes
print-type-size     field `.truncated`: 1 bytes
print-type-size     end padding: 3 bytes
print-type-size type: `std::result::Result<std::sys::windows::fs::ReadDir, std::io::Error>`: 616 bytes, alignment: 8 bytes
print-type-size     variant `Ok`: 616 bytes
print-type-size         field `.0`: 616 bytes
print-type-size     variant `Err`: 8 bytes
print-type-size         field `.0`: 8 bytes
print-type-size type: `std::sys::windows::fs::ReadDir`: 616 bytes, alignment: 8 bytes
print-type-size     field `.handle`: 8 bytes
print-type-size     field `.root`: 8 bytes
print-type-size     field `.first`: 596 bytes
print-type-size     end padding: 4 bytes
print-type-size type: `std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::fs::DirEntry, std::io::Error>>`: 608 bytes, alignment: 8 bytes
print-type-size     discriminant: 8 bytes
print-type-size     variant `Some`: 600 bytes
print-type-size         field `.0`: 600 bytes
print-type-size     variant `None`: 0 bytes
[...]
```

You can now use the _Plugins > Rust Type Layout Helper - Load File..._ command to import the contents of this file into Binary Ninja. The following types in Binary Ninja wil be created from the types shown in the example above:

```c
struct core::num::dec2flt::decimal::Decimal __packed
{
    char .digits[0x300];
    int64_t .num_digits;
    int32_t .decimal_point;
    char .truncated;
    char _padding[0x3];
};

struct std::result::Result<std::sys::windows::fs::ReadDir, std::io::Error> __packed
{
    union __packed
    {
        struct std::result::Result<std::sys::windows::fs::ReadDir, std::io::Error>::Ok Ok;
        struct std::result::Result<std::sys::windows::fs::ReadDir, std::io::Error>::Err Err;
    } std::result::Result<std::sys::windows::fs::ReadDir, std::io::Error>::variants;
};

struct std::result::Result<std::sys::windows::fs::ReadDir, std::io::Error>::Err __packed
{
    int64_t .0;
};

struct std::result::Result<std::sys::windows::fs::ReadDir, std::io::Error>::Ok __packed
{
    char .0[0x268];
};

struct std::sys::windows::fs::ReadDir __packed
{
    int64_t .handle;
    int64_t .root;
    char .first[0x254];
    int32_t _padding;
};

struct std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::fs::DirEntry, std::io::Error>> __packed
{
    enum std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::fs::DirEntry, std::io::Error>>::discriminant discriminant;
    union __packed
    {
        struct std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::fs::DirEntry, std::io::Error>>::Some Some;
        struct std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::fs::DirEntry, std::io::Error>>::None None;
    } std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::fs::DirEntry, std::io::Error>>::variants;
};

struct std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::fs::DirEntry, std::io::Error>>::None __packed
{
};

struct std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::fs::DirEntry, std::io::Error>>::Some __packed
{
    char .0[0x258];
};

enum std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::fs::DirEntry, std::io::Error>>::discriminant : uint64_t
{
    Some = 0xffffffffffffffff,
    None = 0xffffffffffffffff
};
```

## Caveats and future work

There are some caveats to using this:
- The layout of data types is not stable, and can change between compilations!
- Only the nightly builds of rustc supports the `print-type-sizes` flag.
- Binary Ninja's support for working with unions in the decompilation is currently quite poor (see [Vector35/binaryninja-api#1013](https://github.com/Vector35/binaryninja-api/issues/1013), [Vector35/binaryninja-api#4218](https://github.com/Vector35/binaryninja-api/issues/4218)). This may make it difficult to work with the generated `variants` unions, such as `std::option::Option<std::result::Result<std::fs::DirEntry, std::io::Error>>::variants` in the example above.
- When importing sum types (i.e. Rust enums), the discriminant value used to represent each variant in the sum type does not necessarily match the ordering of those variant in the type layout information, i.e. the first variant is not necessarily discriminant value 0, etc. The information emitted by rustc's `print-type-sizes` flag also does not include the discriminant value for each variant. Therefore, all variants are assigned a discriminant value of -1. To determine the actual determinant value, it is up to the user to reverse the code where the sum type is used.

In the future it would be nice to:
- Add scripts / plugins to import the type information into IDA and Ghidra.
- Use a Rust compiler plugin to emit better type information than we get from `-Zprint-type-sizes`? Maybe a combination of the information we get from `-Zprint-type-sizes` and `#[rustc_layout(...)]`. It would also be nice to emit the type information in a format which is slightly easier to parse (e.g. JSON).

## Installation

This plugin can be installed via either:

1) Searching for the _Rust Type Layout Helper_ plugin in Binary Ninja's built-in plugin manager (_Plugins > Manage Plugins_). _This is the recommended method._

2) Cloning this repository into your user plugins folder.
    - The [location of the user plugins folder will vary depending on the platform Binary Ninja is installed on](https://docs.binary.ninja/guide/index.html#user-folder). The easiest way to find the location of the folder is via the _Plugins > Open Plugin Folder..._ command.
    - If you are performing an installation via this method, you must also install this plugin's Python dependencies manually. This can be done by either:
        - Running the _Install python3 module..._ command (via the Command Palette), and pasting the contents of [`requirements.txt`](requirements.txt) in this repository into the dialog window.
        - Running `pip install -r requirements.txt` in the Python environment used by Binary Ninja.

This plugin requires Python >= 3.7, and Binary Ninja version >= 3.2.3814.

## Development

### Setting up a development environment

To set up a development environment, including setting up a Python virtual environment:

```
python -m venv .venv && . .venv/bin/activate
pip install -r requirements.txt
pip install -r dev-requirements.txt
python $PATH_TO_BINARY_NINJA_INSTALLATION/scripts/install_api.py
```

For formatting, linting, and running unit tests locally, install [Nox](https://nox.thea.codes/en/stable/tutorial.html), then:

```
nox
```

You can also invoke each task separately; see [noxfile.py](noxfile.py) for more details on available tasks:

```
nox -s format
nox -s lint
nox -s test
```

Linting and unit testing (both against multiple Python versions) are also set up in CI on [GitHub Actions](.github/workflows/ci.yml).

### Testing local versions of the plugin

To test the plugin locally in your own Binary Ninja installation during development, create a symbolic link between your development folder, and the [Binary Ninja user plugins folder](https://docs.binary.ninja/guide/index.html#user-folder), so that your development folder is loaded by Binary Ninja on startup as a plugin.

- MacOS:

```sh
    ln -s `pwd` ~/Library/Application\ Support/Binary\ Ninja/plugins/rust_type_layout_helper
    ```

- Linux:

```sh
    ln -s --relative . ~/.binaryninja/plugins/rust_type_layout_helper
    ```

- Windows (Powershell):
    ```powershell
    New-Item -ItemType Junction -Value $(Get-Location) -Path "$env:APPDATA\Binary Ninja\plugins\rust_type_layout_helper"
    ```

You should then change the values of the following Python settings in Binary Ninja to point to inside your development folder's virtual environment:

- `python.binaryOverride`: Set this to the path of the Python interpreter inside your development virtual environment, e.g. `$DEVELOPMENT_FOLDER/rust_type_layout_helper/.venv/bin/python/`
- `python.virtualenv`: Set this to the path of the `site-packages` directory inside your development virtual environment, e.g. `$DEVELOPMENT_FOLDER/rust_type_layout_helper/.venv/lib/python3.11/site-packages`

## Acknowledgements and resources

The compilation instructions for emitting type information are taken from the instructions in the [`top-type-sizes` crate, by Paul Loyd](https://github.com/loyd/top-type-sizes).

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